Engineering:Quantum Experiments at Space Scale
| Names | Quantum Space Satellite Micius / Mozi |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Technology demonstrator |
| Operator | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| COSPAR ID | 2016-051A[1] |
| Mission duration | 2 years (planned) |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Manufacturer | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| BOL mass | 631 kg (1,391 lb) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 17:40 UTC, 16 August 2016[2] |
| Rocket | Long March 2D |
| Launch site | Jiuquan LA-4 |
| Contractor | Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Regime | Sun-synchronous |
| Perigee altitude | 488 km (303 mi)[2] |
| Apogee altitude | 584 km (363 mi)[2] |
| Inclination | 97.4 degrees[2] |
| Transponders | |
| Band | Ultraviolet[3] |
| Instruments | |
| Sagnac interferometer | |
Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS; Chinese: 量子科学实验卫星; pinyin: Liàngzǐ kēxué shíyàn wèixīng; literally: 'Quantum Science Experiment Satellite'), is a Chinese research project in the field of quantum physics.
Tiangong-2 is China's second Space Laboratory module which was launched on 15 September 2016. Tiangong-2 carries a total of 14 mission[4] and experiment packages, including Space-Earth quantum key distribution (Chinese: 量子密钥分发) and laser communications experiment to facilitate space-to-ground quantum communication.[5]
A satellite, nicknamed Micius or Mozi (Chinese: 墨子) after the ancient Chinese philosopher, is operated by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as ground stations in China. The University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences are running the satellite's European receiving stations.[6][7]
QUESS is a proof-of-concept mission designed to facilitate quantum optics experiments over long distances to allow the development of quantum encryption and quantum teleportation technology.[8][9][10][11][7] Quantum encryption uses the principle of entanglement to facilitate communication that can absolutely detect whether a third party has intercepted a message in transit thus denying undetected decryption. By producing pairs of entangled photons, QUESS will allow ground stations separated by many thousands of kilometres to establish secure quantum channels.[3] QUESS itself has limited communication capabilities: it needs line-of-sight, and can only operate when not in sunlight.[12]
Further Micius satellites were planned, including a global network by 2030.[12][13]
The mission cost was around US$100 million in total.[2]
Mission
The initial experiment demonstrated quantum key distribution (QKD) between Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory near Ürümqi and Xinglong Observatory near Beijing – a great-circle distance of approximately 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi).[3] In addition, QUESS tested Bell's inequality at a distance of 1,200 km (750 mi) – further than any experiment to date – and teleported a photon state between Shiquanhe Observatory in Ali, Tibet Autonomous Region, and the satellite.[3] This requires very accurate orbital maneuvering and satellite tracking so the base stations can keep line-of-sight with the craft.[3][14] In 2021 full quantum state teleportation was demonstrated over 1,200 km (750 mi) at ground, based on entanglement distributed by the satellite.[15]
Once experiments within China concluded, QUESS created an international QKD channel between China and the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Vienna, Austria − a ground distance of 7,500 km (4,700 mi), enabling the first intercontinental secure quantum video call in 2016.[3][6]
Launch
The launch was initially scheduled for July 2016, but was rescheduled to August, with notification of the launch being sent just a few days in advance.[16] The spacecraft was launched by a Long March 2D rocket from Jiuquan Launch Pad 603, Launch Area 4 on 17 August 2016, at 17:40 UTC (01:40 local time).[2]
Multi-payload mission
The launch was a multi-payload mission shared with QUESS, LiXing-1 research satellite, and ³Cat-2 Spanish science satellite.
- LiXing-1: LiXing-1 is a Chinese satellite designed to measure upper atmospheric density by lowering its orbit to 100–150 km. Its mass is 110 kg. On 19 August 2016, the satellite reentered into the atmosphere, so the mission is closed.
- ³Cat-2: The 3Cat-2 (spelled "cube-cat-two") is the second satellite in the 3Cat series and the second satellite developed in Catalonia at Polytechnic University of Catalonia’s NanoSat Lab. It is a 6-Unit CubeSat flying a novel GNSS Reflectometer (GNSS-R) payload for Earth observation. Its mass is 7.1 kg.
Secure key distribution
The main instrument on board QUESS is a "Sagnac effect" interferometer.[3] This is a device which generates pairs of entangled photons, allowing one of each to be transmitted to the ground. This will allow QUESS to perform Quantum key distribution (QKD) – the transmission of a secure cryptographic key that can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages – to two ground stations. QKD theoretically offers truly secure communication. In QKD, two parties who want to communicate share a random secret key transmitted using pairs of entangled photons sent with random polarization, with each party receiving one half of the pair. This secret key can then be used as a one-time pad, allowing the two parties to communicate securely through normal channels. Any attempt to eavesdrop on the key will disturb the entangled state in a detectable way.[13] QKD has been attempted on Earth, both with direct line-of-sight between two observatories, and using fibre optic cables to transmit the photons. However, fibre optics and the atmosphere both cause scattering which destroys the entangled state, and this limits the distance over which QKD can be carried out. Sending the keys from an orbiting satellite results in less scattering, which allows QKD to be performed over much greater distances.[3]
In addition, QUESS could tests some of the basic foundations of quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem says that no local hidden-variable theory can ever reproduce the predictions of quantum physics, and QUESS was able to test the principle of locality over 1,200 km (750 mi).[9][3]
Analysis
QUESS lead scientist Pan Jianwei told Reuters that the project has "enormous prospects" in the defence sphere.[17] The satellite will provide secure communications between Beijing and Ürümqi, capital of Xinjiang, the remote western region of China.[17] The US Department of Defense believes China is aiming to achieve the capability to counter the use of enemy space technology.[17] Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping has prioritised China's space program, which has included anti-satellite missile tests, and the New York Times noted that quantum technology was a focus of the thirteenth five-year plan, which the China government set out earlier that year.[18] The Wall Street Journal said that the launch put China ahead of rivals, and brought them closer to "hack-proof communications".[19] Several outlets identified Edward Snowden's leak of US surveillance documents as an impetus for the development of QUESS, with Popular Science calling it "a satellite for the post-Snowden age".[14][20][21]
Similar projects
QUESS is the first spacecraft launched capable of generating entangled photons in space,[7] although transmission of single photons via satellites has previously been demonstrated by reflecting photons generated at ground-based stations off orbiting satellites.[22] While not generating fully entangled photons, correlated pairs of photons have been produced in space using a cubesat by the National University of Singapore and the University of Strathclyde.[22] A German consortium has performed quantum measurements of optical signals from the geostationary Alphasat Laser Communication Terminal.[23] The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) launched the Quiness macroscopic quantum communications project to catalyze the development of an end-to-end global quantum internet in 2012.
In 2024, ESA intends to launch the Eagle-1 quantum key distribution satellite, with a goal similar to that of the Chinese QUESS. It will be part of the development and deployment of the European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI).[24]
See also
- Chinese space program
- Quantum information science
- Quantum information
References
- ↑ "QSS (Mozi)". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/qss.htm.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "QUESS launched from the cosmodrome on Gobi desert". 17 August 2016. http://spaceflights.news/?p=42332.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Lin Xing (16 August 2016). "China launches world's first quantum science satellite". Physics World (Institute of Physics). https://physicsworld.com/a/china-launches-worlds-first-quantum-science-satellite/.
- ↑ "Tiangong2". China Space Report. 28 April 2017. https://chinaspacereport.com/spacecraft/tiangong2/.
- ↑ huaxia (16 September 2016). "Tiangong-2 takes China one step closer to space station". chinaspacereport. https://chinaspacereport.com/spacecraft/tiangong2/.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "First Quantum Satellite Successfully Launched". 16 August 2016. http://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/events-communication/public-relations-communication/public-relations-communication/ausgewaehlte-oeaw-pressemeldungen/press-releases/first-quantum-satellite-successfully-launched/.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Wall, Mike (16 August 2016). "China Launches Pioneering 'Hack-Proof' Quantum-Communications Satellite". Purch. http://www.space.com/33760-china-launches-quantum-communications-satellite.html.
- ↑ Ren, Ji-Gang; Xu, Ping; Yong, Hai-Lin; Zhang, Liang; Liao, Sheng-Kai; Yin, Juan; Liu, Wei-Yue; Cai, Wen-Qi et al. (2017-08-09). "Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation" (in en). Nature 549 (7670): 70–73. doi:10.1038/nature23675. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 28825708. Bibcode: 2017Natur.549...70R.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Juan Yin; Yuan Cao; Yu-Huai Li; Sheng-Kai Liao; Liang Zhang; Ji-Gang Ren; Wen-Qi Cai; Wei-Yue Liu et al. (2017). "Satellite-based entanglement distribution over 1200 kilometers". Quantum Optics 356 (6343): 1140–1144. doi:10.1126/science.aan3211. PMID 28619937.
- ↑ Billings, Lee. "China Shatters "Spooky Action at a Distance" Record, Preps for Quantum Internet". https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-shatters-ldquo-spooky-action-at-a-distance-rdquo-record-preps-for-quantum-internet/.
- ↑ Popkin, Gabriel (15 June 2017). "China's quantum satellite achieves 'spooky action' at record distance". https://www.science.org/content/article/china-s-quantum-satellite-achieves-spooky-action-record-distance.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 huaxia (16 August 2016). "China Focus: China's space satellites make quantum leap". Xinhua. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-08/16/c_135604287.htm.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Jeffrey Lin; P.W. Singer; John Costello (3 March 2016). "China's Quantum Satellite Could Change Cryptography Forever". Popular Science. http://www.popsci.com/chinas-quantum-satellite-could-change-cryptography-forever.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "China's launch of quantum satellite major step in space race". Associated Press. 16 August 2016. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/533a4f56ef664f8081a4bbb4aed00f79/chinas-launch-quantum-satellite-major-step-space-race.
- ↑ Li, Bo; Cao, Yuan; Li, Yu-Huai; Cai, Wen-Qi; Liu, Wei-Yue; Ren, Ji-Gang; Liao, Sheng-Kai; Wu, Hui-Nan et al. (2022-04-26). "Quantum State Transfer over 1200 km Assisted by Prior Distributed Entanglement" (in en). Physical Review Letters 128 (17): 170501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.170501. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 35570417. Bibcode: 2022PhRvL.128q0501L. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.170501.
- ↑ Tomasz Nowakowski (16 August 2016). "China launches world's first quantum communications satellite into space". Spaceflight Insider. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-news/china-launches-world-first-quantum-communications-satellite/.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "China launches 'hack-proof' communications satellite". Reuters. 2016-08-16. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-space-satellite-idUKKCN10R073.
- ↑ Edward Wong (16 August 2016). "China Launches Quantum Satellite in Bid to Pioneer Secure Communications". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/17/world/asia/china-quantum-satellite-mozi.html?_r=0.
- ↑ Josh Chin (16 August 2016). "China's Latest Leap Forward Isn't Just Great—It's Quantum". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-latest-leap-forward-isnt-just-greatits-quantum-1471269555?mod=rss_Technology.
- ↑ Jeffrey Lin; P.W. Singer (17 August 2016). "China Launches Quantum Satellite In Search Of Unhackable Communications". http://www.popsci.com/china-launches-quantum-satellite-in-search-for-unhackable-communications.
- ↑ Lucy Hornby, Clive Cookson (16 August 2016). "China launches quantum satellite in battle against hackers". http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f333dbea-6371-11e6-a08a-c7ac04ef00aa.html#axzz4Hm0TcdSW.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Elizabeth Gibney (27 July 2016). "Chinese satellite is one giant step for the quantum internet". Nature 535 (7613): 478–479. doi:10.1038/535478a. PMID 27466107. Bibcode: 2016Natur.535..478G.
- ↑ Günthner, Kevin; Khan, Imran; Elser, Dominique; Stiller, Birgit; Bayraktar, Ömer; Müller, Christian R; Saucke, Karen; Tröndle, Daniel et al. (2017). "Quantum-limited measurements of optical signals from a geostationary satellite". Optica 4 (6): 611–616. doi:10.1364/OPTICA.4.000611. Bibcode: 2017Optic...4..611G.
- ↑ "Quantum encryption to boost European autonomy". ESA. 22 September 2022. https://www.esa.int/Applications/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Quantum_encryption_to_boost_European_autonomy.
External links
- QUESS Launching (Chinese)
- 3Cat-2 Satellite web site at Polytechnic University of Catalonia
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