Place:Edirne

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Short description: City in Edirne, Turkey

Template:Infobox Turkey place Edirne (US: /eɪˈdɪərnə, ɛˈ-/,[1][2] Turkish: [ediɾˈne]) is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace. Situated 7 km (4.3 mi) from the Greek and 20 km (12 mi) from the Bulgarian borders, Edirne was the second capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1369 to 1453,[3] before Constantinople became its capital.

The city is a commercial centre for woven textiles, silks, carpets and agricultural products and has a growing tourism industry. It is the seat of Edirne Province and Edirne District.[4] Its population is 180,002 (2022).[5]

The town is famous in Turkey for its liver.[6] Ciğer tava (breaded and deep-fried liver) is often served with a side of cacık, a dish of diluted strained yogurt with chopped cucumber.

Names and etymology

The city was founded and named after the Roman emperor Hadrian as Hadrianopolis (Adrianople in English, /ˌeɪdriəˈnoʊpəl/; Ἁδριανούπολις in Greek) on the site of the Greek city of Orestias, which was itself founded on an earlier Thracian settlement named Uskudama.[7] The Ottoman name Edrine (ادرنه) is derived from the Greek name. The name Adrianople was used in English until the Turkish adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928, after which Edirne became the internationally recognised name.

History

Selimiye Mosque exterior. Architect Sinan called the Şehzade Mosque in Istanbul his apprentice work, the Süleymaniye his journeyman work, and the Selimiye his masterpiece. He was 85 when he finished it.
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1400s70,000—    
1500s105,000+50.0%
1700s35,000−66.7%
1800s33,000−5.7%
1900s68,661+108.1%
192734,528−49.7%
196578,161+126.4%
197084,531+8.1%
197594,449+11.7%
1980105,503+11.7%
1985120,663+14.4%
1990124,361+3.1%
2000140,830+13.2%
2010152,993+8.6%
2014165,979+8.5%
2022180,002+8.4%

The area around Edirne has been the site of numerous major battles and sieges starting from the days of the Roman Empire. The vagaries of the border region between Asia and Europe gave rise to Edirne's claim to be the most frequently contested spot on earth.[8]

Antiquity

The city was reestablished by the Roman Emperor Hadrian on the site of Orestias (named after its mythological founder Orestes), which was itself built on a previous Thracian settlement known as Uskadama, Uskudama, Uskodama or Uscudama.[7] Hadrian developed it, adorned it with monuments, and changed its name to Hadrianopolis (which would later be pronounced Adrianopolis and Anglicised as Adrianople). Licinius was defeated here by Constantine I in 324, and Emperor Valens was killed by the Goths here during the Battle of Adrianople in 378.

The remains of Roman and Byzantine fortifications next to the so-called "Macedonian tower".

Medieval and early Ottoman periods

In 813, the city was temporarily seized by Khan Krum of Bulgaria who moved its inhabitants to the Bulgarian lands north of the Danube.[9]

During the period of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, the Crusaders were defeated by the Bulgarian Emperor Kaloyan at the Battle of Adrianople in 1205. In 1206 the Latin regime gave Adrianople and the surrounding area to the Byzantine aristocrat Theodore Branas as a hereditary fief.[10] Theodore Komnenos, Despot of Epirus, took possession of it in 1227, but three years later was defeated at Klokotnitsa by Emperor Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.

In 1362, the Ottomans under Sultan Murad I invaded Thrace and Murad captured Adrianople, probably in 1369 (the date is disputed). The city became "Edirne" in Turkish, reflecting the Turkish pronunciation[11] and Murad moved the Ottoman capital here from Bursa. Mehmed the Conqueror (Sultan Mehmed II) was born in Adrianople, where he came under the influence of Hurufis dismissed by Taşköprüzade in the Şakaiki Numaniye as 'certain accursed ones of no significance', who were burnt as heretics by Mahmud Pasha.[12]

The city remained the seat of Ottoman power until 1453, when Mehmed II took Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) and moved the capital there. The importance of Edirne to the early Ottomans explains the plethora of early Ottoman mosques, medreses and other monuments that have survived until today although the Eski Sarayı (Old Palace) was largely destroyed, leaving only relatively slight remains. Also, there is evidence of a scriptorium in the Ottoman's Edirne palace during this period.[13]

Uzunköprü Bridge, the world's longest medieval stone bridge, connects Anatolia with the Balkans on the Ergene River and was erected between 1426 and 1443 by the primary architect, Müslihiddin, during the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat II.[14]

Later Ottoman period

That Adrianople/Edirne continued to hold an important place in Ottoman hearts is reflected in the fact that Sultan Mehmed IV left the Topkapı Palace in Constantinople to die here in 1693. The wife of the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, spent six weeks in Edirne (then Adrianople) in the spring of 1717 and left an account of her experiences there in her The Turkish Embassy Letters. Wearing Turkish dress, Montagu witnessed the passage of Sultan Ahmed III to the mosque, visited the young wife-to-be of his vizier, Damad Ibrahim Pasha and was shown around the Selimiye Mosque.[15]

Selimiye Mosque in Edirne in the first quarter of the 20th century.
Zappeion Greek Girls' Central School of Adrianople, the Greek Girls' School in Edirne (1884).

Adrianople was briefly occupied by imperial Russian troops in 1829 during the Greek War of Independence and in 1878 during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The city suffered a fire in 1905. At that time it had about 80,000 inhabitants, of whom 30,000 were Turks; 22,000 Greeks; 10,000 Bulgarians; 4,000 Armenians; 12,000 Jews; and 2,000 more citizens of unclassified ethnic/religious backgrounds.[citation needed]

Adalet Tower part of Edirne Palace Complex.
Macedonia Tower after its transformation into the Edirne Clock Tower in the first quarter of the 20th century.

Adrianople was a vital fortress defending Constantinople and Eastern Thrace during the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. It was briefly occupied by the Bulgarians in 1913, following the Siege of Adrianople. The Great Powers – Britain, Italy, France and Russia – attempted to coerce the Ottoman Empire into ceding Adrianople to Bulgaria during the temporary winter truce of the First Balkan War. The belief that the government was willing to give up the city created a scandal for the Ottoman government in Constantinople (as Adrianople was a former capital of the Empire), leading to the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état led by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) under Enver Pasha. Although it was victorious in the coup, the CUP was unable to stop the Bulgarians from capturing the city after fighting resumed in the spring. Despite relentless pressure from the Great Powers, the Ottoman empire never officially ceded the city to Bulgaria.

Edirne was swiftly reconquered by the Ottomans during the Second Balkan War under the leadership of Enver Pasha (who proclaimed himself the "second conqueror of Adrianople" after Murad I) following the collapse of the Bulgarian army in the region.

The entire Armenian population of the city was deported to Syria and Mesopotamia during the Armenian genocide on 27–28 October 1915 and 17–18 February 1916. Their property and businesses were sold at low prices to Turkish Muslims.[16]

During the Greek War of Independence, the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), Balkan-Muslims fled to Edirne and became known as Muhacir.[17]

Administrative arrangements

Adrianople was a sanjak centre during the Ottoman period and was bound to, successively, the Rumeli Eyalet and Silistre Eyalet before becoming a provincial capital of the Eyalet of Edirne at the beginning of the 19th century; until 1878, the Eyalet of Adrianople comprised the sanjaks of Edirne, Tekfurdağı, Gelibolu, Filibe, and İslimye. After land reforms in 1867, the Eyalet of Adrianople became the Vilayet of Adrianople.

Turkish Republic

Adrianople/Edirne was ceded to Greece by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, but recaptured and annexed by Turkey after the Greek defeat at the end of the Greco-Turkish War, also known as the Western Front of the larger Turkish War of Independence, in 1922. Under the Greek administration, Edirne (officially known as Adrianople) was the capital of the Adrianople Prefecture.

From 1934 onwards Edirne was the seat of the Second Inspectorate General, in which an Inspector General governed the provinces of Edirne, Çanakkale, Tekirdaĝ and Kırklareli.[18] The Inspectorate Generals governmental posts were abandoned in 1948,[19] but the legal framework for them was only abolished in 1952 during the government of the Democrat Party.[20]

Ecclesiastical history

An example of Ottoman architecture in Edirne

Adrianople was made the seat of a Greek metropolitan and of an Armenian bishop. It is also the centre of a Bulgarian diocese but this is not recognised and has been deprived of a bishop. The city also had some Protestants. The few, mainly foreign Latin Catholics were dependent on the vicariate-apostolic of Constantinople. Adrianople also contained the parish of St. Anthony of Padua (Minors Conventual) and a school for girls conducted by the Sisters of Charity of Agram. The suburb of Karaağaç contained a church (Minor Conventuals), a school for boys (Assumptionists) and a school for girls (Oblates of the Assumption). Each of its mission stations, at Tekirdağ and Alexandroupoli, had a school (Minor Conventuals), and there was one at Gallipoli (the Assumptionists).

Around 1850, from the standpoint of the Eastern Catholic Churches, Adrianople was the residence of a Bulgarian vicar-apostolic for the 4,600 Eastern Catholics of the Ottoman vilayet (province) of Thrace and after 1878 - of the principality of Bulgaria. They had eighteen parishes or missions, six of which were in the principality, with twenty churches or chapels, thirty-one priests, of whom six were Assumptionists and six were Resurrectionists; and eleven schools with 670 pupils. In Adrianople itself there were only a few United Bulgarians, with an Episcopal church of St. Elias, and the churches of St. Demetrius and Sts. Cyril and Methodius. The last is served by the Resurrectionists, who also have a college with ninety pupils. In the suburb of Karaağaç, the Assumptionists have a parish and a seminary with fifty pupils. Besides the Eastern Catholic Bulgarians, the above statistics included the Greek Catholic missions of Malgara (now Malkara) and Daoudili (now Davuteli village in Malkara), with four priests and 200 faithful, because from the civil point of view belonged to the Bulgarian Vicariate.

Later however, the Roman Catholic diocese was discontinued, and exists only in name as a titular metropolitan archbishopric, under the full name Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto to distinguish it from several other titular sees named Hadrianopolis.

In 2018, archaeologists discovered remains of a Byzantine church. The church was built around 500 AD and it was an early Byzantine period building.[21]

Panoramic view of the city from Selimiye Mosque.

Geography

Climate

Edirne has a borderline humid subtropical (Cfa) and hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) in the Köppen climate classification, and a temperate oceanic climate (Do) in the Trewartha climate classification. Edirne has hot, moderately dry summers and chilly, wet and often snowy winters.

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Quarters

Edirne consists of 24 quarters:[23]


Attractions

Grand Synagogue of Edirne after restoration in 2015
Administrative building behind the Grand Synagogue of Edirne
Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum in the Karaağaç suburb of Edirne

Edirne is famed for its many mosques, medreses and other Ottoman monuments.

Mosques

The Selimiye Mosque, built in 1575 and designed by Turkey's greatest architect, Mimar Sinan (c. 1489/1490–1588), is the most important monument in the city and became a UNESCO world heritage site in 2011.[24] It used to have the highest minarets in Turkey, at 70.90 m (232.6 ft) before the completion of the Çamlıca Mosque in 2019 which features minarets standing at 107.1 m (351 ft) tall. Sinan himself believed the dome to be higher than that of Hagia Sophia, the former Byzantine Orthodox Cathedral in Istanbul, but modern measuring methods seem to suggest otherwise. Named after Sultan Selim II (r. 1566–1574) who commissioned it but did not live to see its completion, the mosque is decorated with Turkish marble and magnificent İznik tiles. It is the centre of a considerable complex of contemporary buildings.[25]

Work started on the Eski Cami (Old Mosque) in1403 but was not completed until 1422. It was designed is what is usually thought of as the Bursa style. Even finer is the Üç Şerefli Mosque (Three-Balconied Mosque) which was built between 1437 and 1447 for Sultan Murad II. It was the largest mosque built in the Ottoman provinces before the conquest of Constantinople. Both these mosques are in the centre of Edirne.[26]

Further away from the centre, the complex of Sultan Beyazid II, built between 184 and 1488, and has a lovely semi-rural location. It is the most complete surviving mosque complex in Edirne, consisting of an imaret (soup kitchen), darüşşifa (hospital), timarhane (asylum), hospice, tıp medrese (medical school), tabhane (accommodation for dervishes) bakery and assorted depots. Some parts of the complex now house a museum to the history of Islamic medicine.[27]

Edirne Palace

Edirne Palace (Ottoman Turkish: Saray-ı Cedid-i Amire‎ for "New Imperial Palace") in the Sarayiçi quarter, was built in the reign of Murad II (r. 1421–1444) but was destroyed in 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War. The palace gate and kitchen have since been restored. The Kasr-ı Adalet ("Justice Castle"), originally built as part of the palace complex, stands intact next to the small Fatih Bridge over the Tunca river.[28] The splendid appearance of the palace in the late 1460s when it glistened with gold, silver and marble was described by Kritovoulos of İmbros in his History of Mehmed the Conqueror.

Other religious monuments

Dating back to 1909, the Grand Synagogue of Edirne was restored and re-opened in March 2015.[29][30][31] A Roman Catholic and two Bulgarian Orthodox churches are also to be found in the city.

Other historic monuments

Edirne has three historic covered bazaars: the Kavaflar Arastası (Cobblers Arcade), next to the Selimiye Mosque and constructed to bring in an income to support the külliye; the Bedesten next to the Eski Cami which was supported by the income from the shops; and the Semiz Ali Paşa Çarşısı (Ali Pasha Bazaar, AKA Kapalı Çarşı), another work of Sinan dating back to 1568.[32] The Kavaflar Arastası is the place to come to buy miniature versions of the handmade brooms with mirrors set into them that used to play a part in marriage ceremonies as well as to buy soap in the shape of fruits.

Of the original Roman Hadrianopolis only slight remains of the fortifications survive near the so-called Macedonian Tower,[33] itself probably a part of the defences although much patched-up and altered over the ensuing centuries.

Edirne Museum (Edirne Müzesi) contains collections of local archaeology and ethnography. In the grounds outside can be seen an example of the sort of dolmen to be seen at nearby Lalapaşa.

In the town centre stand the Rüstem Pasha (1560–61) and Ekmekcioğlu Ahmed Pasha caravanserais, designed to accommodate travellers - in the case of the Rüstem Pasha by Mimar Sinan - in the 16th century. The Rüstem Pasha Caravanerai now serves as the Kervansaray Hotel.

The Balkan Wars Memorial Cemetery is located close to the ruins of the Edirne Palace, with an Unknown Soldier monument featuring an Ottoman soldier in front of its entrance.[34]

The Meriç and Tunca rivers, which flow around west and south of the city, are crossed by elegant arched bridges dating back to early Ottoman times.

The historic Karaağaç railway station has been restored to house Trakya University's Faculty of Fine Arts.[34] The Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum are in the surrounding park.[35]

Festivals

Oil-wrestling at Kırkpınar

The Kırkpınar oil-wrestling tournament is held every year in late June or early July.[36]

Kakava, an international festival celebrated by the Romani people in Turkey is held on 5–6 May each year.[37]

Bocuk Gecesi is a festival of Balkan origin celebrated in mid-January on what is expected to be the coldest day of the year. It is a sort of Turkish take on Halloween.[38]

Economy

A shopping market in Edirne
Edirne High School
Faculty of Fine Arts building of Trakya University, originally built as Karaağaç railway station.
Main building of Trakya University
Ali Paşa Çarşısı (Ali Pasha Bazaar)

Edirne's economy largely depends on agriculture. 73% of the working population work in agriculture, fishing, forests and hunting. The lowlands are productive. Corn, sugar beets and sunflowers are the leading crops. Melons, watermelons, rice, tomatoes, eggplants and viniculture are important.

The through highway that connects Europe to Istanbul, Anatolia and the Middle East passes through Edirne.

Industry is developing. Agriculture-based industries (agro-industries) are especially important for the city's economy.

Education

Universities

  • Trakya University, which is linked with Lörrach University through the Erasmus programme of the EU.

High schools

  • Beykent Educational Institutions
  • 80th Year of Republic Anatolian High School (80. Yıl Cumhuriyet Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Anatolian Teacher Training High School (Edirne Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi in Turkish: It has been transformed into Edirne Social Sciences High School)
  • Edirne Anatolian Technical High School (Edirne Anadolu Teknik Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Beykent High School of Science (Özel Edirne Beykent Fen Lisesi)
  • Edirne Beykent High School of Anatolian (Özel Edirne Beykent Anadolu Lisesi)
  • Edirne High School (Anatolian High School) (Edirne Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Ilhami Ertem High School (Edirne İlhami Ertem Lİsesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Industrial Vocational High School (Edirne Endüstri Meslek Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Milli Piyango Trade Profession High School (Edirne Milli Piyango Ticaret Meslek Lisesi)
  • Edirne Suleyman Demirel Science & Maths High School (Edirne Fen Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Yildirim Anatolian High School (Edirne Anadolu Lisesi - Yıldırım Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
  • Edirne Fine Arts High School (Edirne Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi in Turkish)

Gallery

  • Interior view of the Grand Synagogue of Edirne

  • Interior view of the Selimiye Mosque, Edirne

  • View of the Selimiye Mosque, Edirne

  • View of the Selimiye Mosque, Edirne

  • A house in Edirne from the Ottoman period

  • Interior of Eski Cami (Old Mosque)

  • A historic elementary school building

  • Meriç Bridge

  • Edirne Main Street

  • Mehmet IV Hunting Lodge

  • St. George church, Edirne

  • Sts. Constantine and Helena Bulgarian Church

  • Fatih Bridge over the Tunca River, with the Kasr-ı Adalet (Justice Pavilion) tower in the background

  • Ghazi Mihal Mosque

  • Part of Muradiye Mosque mihrab

  • Muradiye Mosque front

  • Maarif Su Terazisi in Edirne.

  • Macedonia Tower, A Roman Tower that was formerly converted into a clock tower that is still standing.

Twin cities

Notable people

Sultans
  • Bayezid I (1360—1403), Ottoman sultan from 1389 to 1402
  • Mahmud I (1696—1754), Ottoman sultan from 1730 to 1754
  • Mehmed the Conqueror (1432–1481), Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople (today Istanbul)
  • Mustafa II (1664–1703), Ottoman sultan from 1695 to 1703
  • Osman III (1699—1757), Ottoman sultan from 1754 to 1757
  • Şahin Giray (1745-1787), last khan of Crimea
Historical
  • Caleb Afendopolo (before 1430-1499), Jewish polyhistor
  • Athanasius I of Constantinople (1230—1310), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
  • Athanasius V of Jerusalem (died 1844), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
  • Hagop Baronian (1843—1891), Ottoman Armenian writer, satirist, educator
  • Elijah Bashyazi (c. 1420—1490), Karaite Jewish hakham
  • Theodore Branas, Byzantine general
  • Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch), Byzantine general
  • Abraham ben Raphael Caro, 18th-century Ottoman rabbi
  • Karpos Papadopoulos (1790s-1871), Member of the Filiki Eteria
  • Anthim the Iberian (1650-1716), Georgian theologian, scholar, calligrapher, philosopher; assassinated by Ottomans in Edirne.
  • Theoklitos Polyeidis (1698-1759), Greek scholar, teacher, translator, priest and monk
  • Dionysius V of Constantinople (1820-1891), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
  • Joseph Halévy (1827—1917), Ottoman-born Jewish-French Orientalist and traveler
  • Abdulcelil Levni (died 1732), Ottoman court painter and miniaturist
  • Neşâtî (?–1674), Ottoman poet
  • Georgi Valkovich (1833—1892), Bulgarian physician, diplomat and politician
  • Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi (died 1732), Ottoman Georgian statesman and ambassador
  • Stefanos Koumanoudis (1818-1899), Greek archaeologist, university teacher, writer and translator
  • Charles XII, Swedish king who stayed in the city for most of 1713[39] during his exile in the Ottoman Empire
  • Baháʼu'lláh, founder of the Baháʼí faith, lived in Edirne from 1863 to 1868. He was exiled here by the Ottoman Empire before being banished to the Ottoman penal colony in Akka. Referred to Adrianople in his writings as the "Land of Mystery".[40]
Contemporary
  • Cem Adrian (born 1980), Turkish singer-songwriter, author, producer and film director
  • Şevket Süreyya Aydemir (1897—1976), Turkish writer, intellectual, economist, historian
  • Atılay Canel (born 1955), Turkish football coach
  • Cavit Erdel (1884—1933), Ottoman Army officer and Turkish Army general
  • Hüsrev Gerede (1884-1962), Ottoman and Turkish Army officer, politician and diplomat
  • Avra Theodoropoulou (1880-1863), Greek musician and activist
  • Ragıp Gümüşpala (1897-1964), 11th Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces
  • Acun Ilıcalı (born 1969), Turkish television personality and producer
  • Haşim İşcan (1898-1968), Turkish high school teacher, province governor and the first elected mayor of Istanbul
  • Kemal Kerinçsiz (born 1960), Turkish ultra-nationalist lawyer
  • Özlem Kolat (born 1984), Turkish classical clarinet player
  • Michael Petkov (1850-1921), Bulgarian Eastern Catholic priest
  • Muharrem Korhan Yamaç (born 1972), Paralympics, world and European champion disabled sport shooter
  • Nikos Zachariadis (1903—1973), General Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece

See also

  • List of battles of Adrianople
  • List of treaties of Adrianople
  • Trakya University

References

https://www.academia.edu/23674853/Edirne_Ta%C5%9F_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCleri_Edirne_Stone_Bridges

  1. ↑ "Edirne". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/edirne. 
  2. ↑ "Edirne". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Edirne. Retrieved 3 August 2019. 
  3. ↑ "In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014. Contradicted by refs cited in Conquest of Adrianople
  4. ↑ İl Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  5. ↑ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (in en) (XLS). TÜİK. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en. 
  6. ↑ Gazete, Banka (15 November 2021). "Edirne'de tava ciğeri fiyatı 43 lira oldu". Gazete Banka. https://gazetebanka.com/edirne-de-tava-cigeri-fiyati-43-lira-oldu/10974/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Edirne". Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Edirne. 
  8. ↑ Keegan, John (1993). A History of Warfare. Random House. pp. 70–71. ISBN 0-7126-9850-7. 
  9. ↑ Hupchick, Dennis (2017). The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: silver-lined skulls and blinded armies. US: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 107. ISBN 9783319562056. 
  10. ↑ Saint-Guillain, G. (1216) Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204, Routledge, p. 66
  11. ↑ "It served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 until 1458 and flourished as an administrative, commercial, and cultural centre." "Edirne" Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 December 2014
  12. ↑ John Kingsley Birge, The Bektashi Order of Dervishes, 1982 (p 60 - 62)
  13. ↑ A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010-05-21) (in en). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 266. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&dq=nakka%C5%9F+sinan+bey&pg=PA266. 
  14. ↑ "Edirne, the city of history and culture" (in en). 2020-11-03. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/edirne-the-city-of-history-and-culture-159672. 
  15. ↑ Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1994) (in English). The Turkish Embassy Letters (1st ed.). London: Virago. ISBN 1853816795. 
  16. ↑ Kévorkian, Raymond (2011) (in en). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 546–548. ISBN 978-0-85771-930-0. 
  17. ↑ "Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans". http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/forced-ethnic-migration/berna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans. 
  18. ↑ Cagaptay, Soner (2006). Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey; Who is a Turk. Routledge. pp. 47. 
  19. ↑ Bayir, Derya (2016-04-22) (in en). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8. 
  20. ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2008-04-17). Fleet, Kate. ed (in en). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3. 
  21. ↑ Remains of 1500-year old Byzantine church found in Turkey's northwest
  22. ↑ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in tr). Turkish State Meteorological Service. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=EDIRNE. 
  23. ↑ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  24. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex" (in en). https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1366/. 
  25. ↑ Freely, John (1998) (in English). Turkey Around The Marmara (1st ed.). Istanbul: SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayincılık. pp. 48–54. ISBN 978-9758176199. 
  26. ↑ Freely, John (1998) (in English). Turkey Around The Marmara (1st ed.). Istanbul: SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık. pp. 40–2, 46–7. ISBN 978-9758176199. 
  27. ↑ Freely, John (1998) (in English). Turkey Around the Marmara (1st ed.). Istanbul: SEV Matbaacılıl ve Yayıncılık. pp. 59–63. ISBN 978-9758176199. 
  28. ↑ "Saraylar" (in tr). Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı. 25 December 2006. http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/saraylar.html. 
  29. ↑ "Edirne Sinagogu 46 yıl sonra yeniden ibadete açıldı" (in tr). Sabah. 26 March 2015. http://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2015/03/26/edirne-sinagogu-46-yil-sonra-yeniden-ibadete-acildi. 
  30. ↑ "Büyük Sinagog'da 46 yıl sonra ilk ibadet" (in tr). CNN Türk. 26 March 2015. http://www.cnnturk.com/fotogaleri/turkiye/buyuk-sinagogda-46-yil-sonra-ilk-ibadet. 
  31. ↑ Özmen, Engin (25 March 2015). "Edirne'de Büyük Sinagog açılışa hazır" (in tr). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/28547762.asp. 
  32. ↑ Freely, John (1998) (in English). Turkey Around the Marmara (1st ed.). Istanbul: SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık. pp. 42, 43, 48–9. ISBN 978-9758176199. 
  33. ↑ "Fortifications and Macedonian Tower in Edirne | Turkish Archaeological News". https://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/fortifications-and-macedonian-tower-edirne. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Anıtlar" (in tr). Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı. 25 December 2006. http://edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/anitlar.html. 
  35. ↑ "Edirne Anıtları-Lozan Anıtı" (in tr). Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı. 25 December 2006. http://www.edirnevdb.gov.tr/kultur/anitlar.html. 
  36. ↑ Hong, Fan (2017). Sport in the Middle East: Power, Politics, Ideology and Religion. Routledge. pp. 58. ISBN 978-1351547963. 
  37. ↑ "Kakava'da ateş yakıldı" (in tr). http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/kakava-da-ates-yakildi-17719447. 
  38. ↑ YÜCEL/KEŞAN (Edirne), (DHA), Ünsal. "Balkan geleneği 'Bocuk Gecesi', 15 Ocak'ta yapılacak" (in tr). https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/balkan-gelenegi-bocuk-gecesi-15-ocakta-yapilacak-41962318. 
  39. ↑ "Adrianopel" in Nordisk familjebok (2nd edition, 1904)
  40. ↑ "Bahaʼi Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Page 196". Reference.bahai.org. 31 December 2010. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-80.html. 

Further reading

External links

Template:Edirne



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