Engineering:Big Three (television networks)
In television networks, the Big Three are the three major traditional commercial broadcast television networks in the United States: CBS (the Columbia Broadcasting System), NBC (the National Broadcasting Company), and ABC (the American Broadcasting Company). The Big Three networks dominated American television until the 1990s,[1] and they are still considered major U.S. broadcast companies.
Backgrounds
The National Broadcasting Company and Columbia Broadcasting System were both founded as radio networks in the 1920s, with NBC eventually encompassing two national radio networks, the prestige Red Network and the lower-profile Blue Network. They gradually began experimental television stations in the 1930s, with commercial broadcasts being allowed by the Federal Communications Commission on July 1, 1941.[2] In 1943, the U.S. government determined that NBC's two-network setup was anticompetitive and forced it to spin off one of the networks; NBC chose to sell the Blue Network operations, which became the American Broadcasting Company.[3]
All three networks began regular, commercial television broadcasts in the 1940s. NBC and CBS began commercial operations in 1941, followed by ABC in 1948. A smaller fourth network, the DuMont Television Network, launched in 1944.[4] The three networks originally controlled only a few local television stations, but they quickly affiliated with other stations to cover almost the entire U.S. country by the late 1950s. Several of these stations affiliated with all three major networks and DuMont, or some combination of the four, in markets where only one or two television stations operated in the early years of commercial television; this resulted in several network shows, often those with lower national viewership, receiving scattershot market clearances, since in addition to maintaining limited broadcast schedules early on, affiliates that shoehorned programming from many networks had to also make room for locally produced content. As other stations signed on in larger cities, ABC, NBC, and CBS were eventually able to carry at least a sizeable portion of their programming on one station.
Of the four original networks, only DuMont did not have a corresponding radio network. Ironically, the fourth major radio network of the era, the Mutual Broadcasting System, had briefly discovered the idea of launching a television network, with consideration being made to have film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer supply programming talent. In fact, Bamberger Broadcasting's WOR-TV & WOIC (both stations affiliated with Mutual, the latter a Washington, D.C., video outlet) maintained letterhead with "Mutual Television" decorating their identifications. Beyond this, there is no confirmation, however, that a cooperative video service was ever seriously considered, although Mutual's component stations launched television outlets in their home cities. Some of Mutual's component stations bought a stake in the Overmyer Network in 1967, but other than a single late-night talk show, The Las Vegas Show, which lasted one month, that network never made it to its full launch.
Network competition
Early era
For most of the history of television in the United States, the Big Three dominated, controlling the vast majority of television broadcasting.[5] DuMont ceased regular programming in 1955; the NTA Film Network, unusual in that its programming, all pre-recorded, was distributed by mail instead of through communications wires, signed on in 1956 and lasted until 1961. From 1961, and lasting until the early 1990s, there were only three major networks. Every hit series appearing in the Nielsen top 20 television programs and every successful commercial network telecast of a major feature film was aired by one of the Big Three networks.[6]
There were attempts by other companies, such as the Overmyer Network, to enter the television medium, but all of these ventures lasted only for brief periods. The prohibitive cost of starting a broadcast network, coupled with the difficulty of competing with the massive distribution of the Big Three networks, and the infancy and complexities of UHF broadcasting before cable television became commonplace in the 1980s, led to the downfall of almost all new network ventures; most media markets were limited to no more than three VHF channels, and even after the All-Channel Receiver Act was passed in 1961, the VHF stations were far more efficient and their signals could reach a greater range than their UHF counterparts . As the Big Three networks had recently affiliated with most of the more desirable VHF stations, and the full-service approach of the time meant that the networks programmed almost the entire broadcast day, leaving little room for even off-prime-time programming, that left any upstart network to settle for the inferior UHF outlets. Those networks that could have had the resources to compete, such as Canadian CTV Television Network, which briefly attempted an U.S. expansion via WNYB (channel 26 in Buffalo, New York, now a religious station), were forced off the air through legal threats.[citation needed]
Fox
A viable fourth television network in the commercial sense would not again become competitive with the Big Three until Fox was founded in October 1986 from some of the assets and remnants of the DuMont network, which had become Metromedia after DuMont folded, and were acquired by News Corporation earlier in 1986.[7] Fox, which began as a distant fourth network, rose to major network status in 1994 after must-carry rules took effect; the rules allowed Fox affiliates to force their way onto cable lineups, and the network's affiliation deal with New World Communications, which it later purchased in 1996, and the acquisition of National Football League broadcast rights brought a wave of new Fox affiliates.
Since its founding, Fox has surpassed ABC and NBC in the ratings during the early primetime hours in which it competes against the longer-established networks, becoming the second most-watched network behind CBS during the 2000s. During the 2007–08 season, Fox was the highest-rated of the major broadcast networks, as well as the first non-Big Three network to reach first place, but it lost the spot in the 2008–09 season and dropped to a close second. From 2004 to 2012, Fox also dominated American television in the lucrative and viewer-rich 18–49 age demographics, in large part due to the success of its NFL coverage and its top rated prime time program, American Idol. Given the network's success in its prime time and sports offerings, it has been occasionally included with the Big Three, in which case the phrase "Big Four" is used.
Although Fox has firmly established itself as the nation's fourth major network with its ratings success, it is not considered part of the Big Three. Among Fox's differences with the Big Three is its reduced weekday programming. It lacks national morning and evening news programs; Fox has a news division consisting of cable and radio operations, but does not provide content for the broadcast television network other than a weekly news analysis program, limited special breaking news reports and an affiliate news service for its stations called Fox News Edge. Fox does not feature any daytime programming, a third hour of primetime, late-night talk shows, or Saturday morning children's programming. Fox had an extensive lineup of children's programs throughout the 1990s called Fox Kids, but sold the division to The Walt Disney Company (acquired 18 years later) in 2001 as part of its sale of cable network Fox Family Channel, after which 4Kids Entertainment supplied the network's children's lineup until the year of 2008, when Fox would return carrying children's programming in 2014 with the launch of an E/I programming block called Xploration Station, which is produced by Steve Rotfeld Productions.
Outside prime time, Fox affiliates either produce their own programming or run syndicated shows. Fox is also the only one of the four major networks to include a regular block of infomercials on its lineup, via the Weekend Marketplace block.
Fifth and sixth networks
Other networks eventually launched in an attempt to compete with the Big Three as well as Fox, although these "netlets" have been unable to ascend to the same level of success. The WB[8] and UPN launched in 1995; like Fox, they both added nights of prime time programming over the course of a few years, although The WB was the only one that aired any on weekends, carrying a Sunday night lineup for all but its first half-season on the air.
Both networks mainly aired only prime time and children's programming. The latter was the only form of weekday daytime programming offered by either one, although UPN discontinued its children's lineup in 2003 at the conclusion of a content deal with Disney, and UPN aired sports programming via the short-lived XFL, as well as WWF SmackDown!.
While The WB and UPN each had a few popular series during their existences, they struggled for overall viewership and financial losses. This led their respective parent companies, Time Warner and CBS Corporation, to shut them down in 2006 to jointly launch The CW,[9] which initially featured a mix of programs from both predecessors, as well as some newer shows after the launch. The last surviving series of The CW's predecessors — Supernatural, from The WB — continued until its finale on The CW in 2020.
Fox launched MyNetworkTV at the same time as The CW, with a lineup of English language telenovelas;[10] it later shifted toward unscripted programs and movies, though its persistent lack of ratings success led News Corporation to convert it into a syndication service, relying on a lineup of acquired series, in 2009.[11]
PBS
Likewise, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), which has existed since 1970, is not considered part of the "big three" networks. PBS operates as a noncommercial service with a very different distribution form compared to the major networks; its member stations basically own the network instead of the traditional mode of a network owning some of its stations and affiliating with additional stations owned by other broadcasters, and it maintains memberships with more than one educational station in a few markets.
Currently, the "Big Three" control only a relatively small portion of the broadcasting market in the United States; by 2005, their collective share was estimated at a combined 32%.[1] The Big Three's market share has declined considerably as a result of growing competition from other broadcast networks such as Fox, The CW, and MyNetworkTV, and more recently Spanish language networks such as Univision, UniMás, and Telemundo, as well as national cable and satellite channels such as TNT, ESPN, and AMC, and streaming channels such as Netflix.[1] In more recent years, each of the Big Three networks has sought to augment traditional broadcast viewership of entertainment programming with a companion streaming service. Hulu, launched as a shared platform in 2008 and majority-owned by ABC parent The Walt Disney Company since 2019, has become a primary streaming home for ABC. CBS programs are largely carried via Paramount+, begun as CBS All Access in 2014. NBCUniversal, which also has a minority stake in Hulu, launched Peacock in 2020 as the main streaming home for selected series among the NBC broadcast network and its sibling cable channels.
Big Three affiliate stations
The following is a list of television stations in the United States that have had primary network affiliations, at one point or another, with all of ABC, CBS, or NBC.
| Market | Station (PSIP Channel) | Networks (Years of affiliation) | Current affiliation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albany-Schenectady-Troy, New York | WTRI/WAST/WNYT (13) | ABC (1955–1977) CBS (1954–1955 and 1977–1981) NBC (1981–present) |
NBC (1981–present) | Originally operated on channel 35 from 1954 to 1958. |
| Bakersfield, California | KLYD/KJTV/KPWR/KGET (17) | ABC (1959–1974) CBS (1974–1984) NBC (1984–present) |
NBC (1984–present) | |
| KERO (23) | NBC (1953–1984) CBS (1984–1996) ABC (1996–present) |
ABC (1996–present) | Originally operated on channel 10 from 1953 to 1963. | |
| Baltimore, Maryland | WMAR (2) | CBS (1947–1981) NBC (1981–1995) ABC (1995–present) |
ABC (1995–present) | |
| Birmingham, Alabama | WBRC (6) | NBC (1949–1954) CBS (1954–1961) ABC (1961–1996) |
Fox (1996–present) | Only station in the United States to be a primary affiliate to all Big Four networks over the course of its history. |
| Boston, Massachusetts | WNAC/WNEV/WHDH (7) | CBS (1948–1961 and 1972–1995) ABC (1961–1972) NBC (1995–2017) |
Independent (2017–present) | One of two stations in the United States to have been an independent station and also carried affiliations with ABC, CBS, and NBC throughout its history. WNAC-TV operated on channel 7 from 1948 to 1982, after which it lost its license to WHDH. |
| Butte, Montana | KXLF-TV (4) | NBC (primary: 1953–1960; secondary: 1960–1966) ABC (secondary: 1955–1976 and 1984–1990; primary: 1976–1984) CBS (secondary: 1958–1960 and 1976–1984; primary: 1960–1976 and 1984–present) |
CBS (1984–present) | Originally on channel 6 from 1953 to 1956. Had both primary and secondary affiliations with the big three networks throughout its history. |
| Denver, Colorado | KBTV/KUSA (9) | CBS (1952–1953) ABC (1956–1995) NBC (1995–present) |
NBC (1995–present) | Served as a DuMont network affiliate for the Denver market, from 1953 to 1956. |
| Green Bay, Wisconsin | WNAM/WFRV (5) | ABC (1953–1959 and 1983–1992) NBC (1959–1983) CBS (1992–present) |
CBS (1992–present) | |
| Indianapolis, Indiana | WTTV (4) | NBC (1949–1956) ABC (1956–1957) CBS (2015–present) |
CBS (2015–present) | Originally operated on channel 10 from 1949 to 1954. Only station in the United States to have been an independent station and also carried affiliations with ABC, CBS, NBC, UPN, The WB, and The CW throughout its history. |
| WFBM/WRTV (6) | CBS (1949–1956) NBC (1956–1979) ABC (1979–present) |
ABC (1979–present) | ||
| Knoxville, Tennessee | WTSK/WTVK/WKXT/WVLT (8) | CBS (1953–1956 and 1988–present) ABC (1956–1979) NBC (1979–1988) |
CBS (1988–present) | Originally operated on channel 26 from 1953 to 1988. |
| Midland-Odessa, Texas | KCWO-TV (4) | CBS (1956–1969) ABC (1969–1982) NBC (1982–2019) |
The CW+ (2019–present) | Was originally a satellite of CBS affiliates KDUB-TV (now KLBK-TV) in Lubbock and KPAR-TV (now ABC affiliate KTXS-TV) in Sweetwater; it later became a satellite of KWES-TV (channel 9) and is now a CW+ affiliate. |
| Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina | WRAL (5) | NBC (primary: 1956–1962 and 2016–present; secondary: 1962–1968) ABC (1962–1985) CBS (1985–2016) |
NBC (2016–present) | |
| Rapid City, South Dakota | KHME (23) | CBS (primary 1955–1965; joint primary 1965–1970; secondary 1976–1981) ABC (secondary 1955–1965; joint primary 1965–1976; primary 1984–2016) NBC (secondary 1955–1958; joint primary 1970–1976; primary 1976–1984) Fox (secondary 1994–1996) MeTV (2016–present) |
MeTV (2016–present) | One of two stations that had secondary, primary, and joint primary affiliations with the big three networks; formerly had a secondary Fox affiliation carrying the network's NFL programming from 1994 to 1996. |
| Richmond-Petersburg, Virginia | WTVR (6) | NBC (1948–1955) CBS (1955–1956 and 1960–present) ABC (1956–1960) |
CBS (1960–present) | |
| WWBT (12) | CBS (1956–1960) ABC (1960–1965) NBC (1965–present) |
NBC (1965–present) | ||
| Rockford, Illinois | WREX (13) | CBS (1953–1965) ABC (1965–1995) NBC (1995–present) |
NBC (1995–present) | |
| Salt Lake City, Utah | KUTV (2) | ABC (1954–1960) NBC (1960–1995) CBS (1995–present) |
CBS (1995–present) | One of the few stations in the United States to have been an owned-and-operated station of two different Big Three networks in its history. The station was owned by NBC from 1994 to September 1995, after which it became a CBS owned-and-operated station as a result of a trade spurred by an affiliation agreement between CBS and Westinghouse Broadcasting. CBS sold the station in 2007. |
| Scottsbluff, Nebraska | KNEP (2 and 4) | CBS (primary 1958–1965; joint primary 1965–1976; secondary 1976–1981) NBC (secondary, 1958–1970; joint primary, 1970–1976; sole primary, 1976–1984 and 2016–present) ABC (secondary, 1958–1965; joint primary, 1965–1970; sole primary, 1984–present) |
NBC (via KNOP-TV, 2016–present) ABC (via KOTA-TV, 1984–present) |
Along with parent station KOTA-TV, it had primary, secondary, and joint primary affiliations with the Big Three networks. It is also a satellite of two stations (KOTA and KNOP-TV). |
| Weston/Clarksburg/Fairmont, West Virginia | WDTV (5) | NBC (1954–1955) ABC (1960–1967, secondary 1954–1955 and 1967–1981) CBS (1967–present) |
CBS | Formerly operated on channel 35 from 1954 to 1955. |
See also
- Lists of ABC television affiliates
- Lists of NBC television affiliates
- Lists of CBS television affiliates
- Cable television in the United States
- Communications in the United States
- Fourth television network
- High-definition television in the United States
- List of television stations in the United States
- List of United States cable and satellite television networks
- List of United States over-the-air television networks
- List of United States television markets
- Satellite television in the United States
- Television in the United States
- Television news in the United States
- United States cable news
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Douglas Blanks Hindman; Kenneth Wiegand (2008). "The big three's prime-time decline: a technological and social context". Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. http://robertoigarza.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/art-the-big-threes-prime-time-decline-hindman-2008.pdf. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
- ↑ Jeff Kisseloff (1995). The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920–1961. New York: Viking. pp. 42–48, 69–79. ISBN 0-670-86470-6.
- ↑ Jeff Kisseloff (1995). The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920–1961. New York: Viking. p. 505. ISBN 0-670-86470-6.
- ↑ H. Castleman; W. Podrazik (1982). Watching TV: Four Decades of American Television. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 314. https://archive.org/details/watchingtvfourde00cast.
- ↑ Schneider, Michael (December 27, 2016). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2016's Winners and Losers | IndieWire" (in en). http://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/cnn-fox-news-msnbc-nbc-ratings-2016-winners-losers-1201762864/.
- ↑ Alex McNeil (1996). Total Television, 4th edition. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 1143–1161. ISBN 0-14-024916-8.
- ↑ "Murdoch acquired six Metromedia TV stations". Los Angeles Times. March 7, 1986. http://articles.latimes.com/1986-03-07/business/fi-16464_1_fox-television-stations.
- ↑ "Time Warner TV Network to Cover 40% of Nation". The Buffalo News (HighBeam Research). November 2, 1993. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22543783.html.
- ↑ "UPN and WB to Combine, Forming New TV Network". The New York Times. January 24, 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/24/business/media/24cnd-network.html?bl.
- ↑ "News Corp. Unveils My Network TV". Broadcasting & Cable. February 22, 2006. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/102922-News_Corp_Unveils_My_Network_TV.php.
- ↑ Michael Malone (February 9, 2009). "MyNetworkTV Shifts From Network to Programming Service". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/173849-MyNetworkTV_Shifts_From_Network_To_Programming_Service_.php.
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