Engineering:IBM Personal Computer XT

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Short description: Personal computer model released in 1983
IBM Personal Computer XT
IBM Personal Computer XT badge recreation.svg
Ibm px xt color.jpg
Also known asIBM XT, PC/XT, XT
ManufacturerIBM
TypePersonal computer
Release dateMarch 8, 1983; 41 years ago (1983-03-08)
DiscontinuedApril 1987 (1987-04)
Operating systemIBM BASIC / PC DOS 2.0-3.20 / PC/IX / SCO Xenix
CPUIntel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz
Memory128 KB – 640 KB
Storage10–20 MB hard drive
GraphicsMDA, CGA
SoundPC speaker 1-channel square-wave/1-bit digital (PWM-capable)
DimensionsW: 19.5 in (50 cm)
H: 5.5 in (14 cm)
D: 16 in (41 cm)
Mass32 lb (15 kg)
PredecessorIBM Personal Computer
SuccessorIBM Personal Computer AT

The IBM Personal Computer XT (model 5160, often shortened to PC/XT) is the second computer in the IBM Personal Computer line, released on March 8, 1983.[1] Except for the addition of a built-in hard drive and extra expansion slots, it is very similar to the original IBM PC model 5150 from 1981.

Name

IBM did not specify an expanded form of "XT" on the machine, press releases, brochures or documentation, but some publications expanded the term as "eXtended Technology" or just "eXTended".[2]

Features

The XT was regarded as an incremental improvement over the PC and a disappointment compared to the next-generation successor that some had anticipated. Compared to the original IBM PC, the XT has the following major differences:[3]

  • The number of expansion slots is increased from five to eight
  • Base RAM is increased to at least 128 KB
  • 2x32KB ROM ICs replace the previous 5x8KB ROM ICs
  • A 10 MB hard drive[which?] is included as standard equipment
  • PC DOS 2.0 is included
  • The 5-pin DIN for the cassette interface is removed

Otherwise the specifications are identical to the original PC.

Expansion slots

The number of expansion slots in the original IBM PC was a limiting factor for the product, since essential components (such as the video controller, disk controller and printer interface) each came as separate expansion cards and could quickly fill up all five available slots, requiring the user to swap cards in and out as tasks demanded.[4] Some PC clones addressed this problem by integrating components into the motherboard to free up slots,[5] while peripheral manufacturers produced products which integrated multiple functions into one card.[6][7]

The XT addressed the problem by adding three extra expansion slots for a total of eight. While the slots themselves are identical to those in the original PC, the amount of physical space in the chassis differs, so two of the new slots (located behind the hard drive) cannot accept full-length cards. In addition, the spacing of the slots is narrower than in the original PC, making it impossible to install some multi-board cards.[3][7]

Expansion unit

The 5161 is an expansion chassis using an identical case and power supply to the XT, but instead of a system board, provides a backplane with eight card slots. It connects to the main system unit using an Extender Card in the system unit and a Receiver Card in the Expansion Unit, connected by a custom cable.[3] The 5161 shipped with a 10 MB hard drive, and had room for a second one.[7]

The Expansion Unit can also contain extra memory, but the Extender card inserts wait states for memory in the Expansion Unit, so it may be preferable to install memory into the main system unit.

The 5161 can be connected to either an XT or to the earlier 5150 (the original IBM PC).[8]

Other features

PC DOS 2.0 offers a 9-sector floppy disk format, providing 180K/360K (single- vs. dual-sided) capacity per disk, compared to the 160K/320K provided by the 8-sector format of previous releases.[3]

The XT was not offered in a floppy-only model for its first two years on the market, although the standard ribbon cable with two floppy connectors was still included. At that time, in order to get a second floppy drive, the user had to purchase the 5161 expansion chassis.[7]

Like the original PC, the XT came with IBM BASIC in ROM. The XT BIOS also displays a memory count during the POST, unlike the original PC.

The XT has a desktop case similar to that of the IBM PC. It weighs 32 pounds (15 kg) and is approximately 19.5 inches (50 cm) wide by 16 inches (41 cm) deep by 5.5 inches (14 cm) high.

Similarly to the original IBM PC, the XT main board included a socket for the Intel 8087 floating point arithmetic coprocessor. This optional chip, when installed, greatly accelerated arithmetic for such applications as computer aided design or other software that required large amounts of arithmetical calculations. Only software that was especially written to take advantage of the coprocessor would show a significant speedup.[9]

The power supply is 130 watts, an upgrade from the original PC. Those sold in the US were configured for 120 V AC only and could not be used with 240 V mains supplies.[9] XTs with 240 V-compatible power supplies were later sold in international markets. Both were rated at 130 watts.[10]

Revisions and variants

IBM PC/XT 5160 dual floppy drives with 5153 Color Monitor

IBM made several submodels of the XT.

The 3270 PC, a variant of the XT featuring 3270 terminal emulation, was released in October 1983.

Submodel 068 and 078, released in 1985, offered dual-floppy configurations without a hard drive as well, and the new Enhanced Graphics Adapter and Professional Graphics Adapter became available as video card options.[9]

In 1986, the 256–640 KB motherboard models were launched, which switched to half-height drives.

Submodels 268, 278 and 089 came with 101-key keyboards (essentially the IBM Model M, but in a modified variant that used the XT's keyboard protocol and lacked LEDs).

Submodels 267, 277 and 088 had the original keyboard, but 3.5" floppy drives became available and 20MB Seagate ST-225 hard disks in 5.25" half-height size replaced the full-height 10 MB drives.

Submodel 788 was the only XT sold with the Color Graphics Adapter as a standard feature.[10]

Submodels 568, 588, and 589 were used as basis for the XT/370; they had an additional (co-)processor board that could execute System/370 instructions.[10] An XT-based machine with a Series/1 co-processor board existed as well, but it had its own System Unit number, the IBM 4950.[11]

IBM XT 286

In 1986 the XT 286 (model 5162) was released with a 6 MHz Intel 80286 processor. Despite being marketed as a lower-tier model than the IBM AT, this system runs many applications faster than the ATs of the time with 6 MHz 286 processors, since it has zero-wait state RAM.[9]:95

It shipped with 640 KB RAM standard, an AT-style 1.2 MB high-density diskette drive and a 20 MB hard disk.[12][13] Despite these features, reviews rated it as a poor market value.[14]

The XT 286 uses a 157-watt power supply, which can internally switch between 115 or 230 V AC operation.[12]

Both the original XT and the XT/286 was discontinued in the spring of 1987.

Reception

The XT was well received, although PC DOS 2.0 was regarded as a greater improvement than any of the hardware changes, and by the end of 1983 IBM was selling every unit they made.[15]

Clones and competition

The Compaq Portable also came out in March 1983,[16] and would prove a popular competitor. Sometimes called the "first PC clone"[17] and first "legal clone",[18] that distinction may go to another offering: Columbia Data Products' MPC 1600 "Multi Personal Computer", in June 1982. [19][20] Other "clones" included the Seequa Chameleon,[21][22][23] the Hyperion,[24] Eagle Computer's Eagle 1600 that September[25] and the Corona PC.[26] The latter two companies were sued by IBM and settled out of court, agreeing to re-implement their BIOS in a way that did not violate IBM's copyrights.[27] AT&T, who owned a 25% share of Olivetti, released the AT&T PC 6300 in June 1984, which was a re-branded version of the Olivetti M24. The PC 6300 offered the 16-bit 8086 clocked at a faster 8 MHz speed that was technically superior to IBM's PC XT.

Timeline

See also

References

  1. ↑ Enterprise, I. D. G. (August 11, 1986) (in en). Computerworld. IDG Enterprise. https://books.google.com/books?id=r6bSpuaCsE4C&q=IBM%20PC%20XT%20march%201983&pg=PA8. 
  2. ↑ Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 10th Edition. 1998. pp. 1115. http://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/imprint_downloads/informit/que/upgrading/fourteenth_edition/DVD/PCs10th.pdf. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "IBM Unveils Top-of-the-Line Personal Computer". Byte 8 (5): 520. May 1983. https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-05. 
  4. ↑ Dievendorff, Dick (1981). IBM Personal Computer Questions and Answers. IBM. pp. 9–10. http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/pc/pc/. 
  5. ↑ Freeze, Ken (December 16, 1985). "Leading Edge: Superior Value In IBM-PC Clone Market Contest". InfoWorld: pp. 43. https://books.google.com/books?id=cC8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43. 
  6. ↑ Inc, InfoWorld Media Group (November 14, 1983) (in en). InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.. https://books.google.com/books?id=wS8EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Multifunction+Cards+for+IBM+PCs%22&pg=PA76. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Inside the IBM PC". Byte 8 (11). November 1983. https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-11. 
  8. ↑ Personal Computer Family Service Information Manual (January 1989), IBM document SA38-0037-00, pages 7-1 to 7-3
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Mueller, Scott (1992). Upgrading and Repairing PCs (2nd ed.). Que Books. pp. 59–79. ISBN 0-88022-856-3. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Personal Computer Family Service Information Manual (January 1989), IBM document SA38-0037-00, page 6-2
  11. ↑ Personal Computer Family Service Information Manual (January 1989), IBM document SA38-0037-00, page 14-1
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Personal Computer Family Service Information Manual (January 1989), IBM document SA38-0037-00, pages 8-1 to 8-2
  13. ↑ "The AT Clone from IBM", PC Magazine, January 13, 1987
  14. ↑ InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. (March 23, 1987). InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.. pp. 49. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_yjAEAAAAMBAJ. 
  15. ↑ Archer, Rowland Jr. (November 1983). "The IBM PC XT and DOS 2.00". BYTE: pp. 294–304. https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-11/1983_11_BYTE_08-11_Inside_the_IBM_PC#page/n301/mode/2up. 
  16. ↑ "Compaq I Portable computer". http://www.oldcomputers.net/compaqi.html. Retrieved May 14, 2021. 
  17. ↑ "First PC Clone Claim". http://blog.modernmechanix.com/byte-reviews-the-compaq-first-pc-clone/. Retrieved May 14, 2021. 
  18. ↑ "Compaq puts out First Legal Clone Claim". December 22, 2016. https://dfarq.homeip.net/first-compaq-computer/. Retrieved May 14, 2021. 
  19. ↑ "History of the Microprocessor and the Personal Computer, Part 3". May 8, 2020. https://www.techspot.com/article/893-history-of-the-personal-computer-part-3/. 
  20. ↑ Aboard the Columbia, By Bill Machrone, Page 451, June 1983, PC Mag
  21. ↑ Hardware:Review:Seequa Chameleon, By Russ Adams, Page 132, November 28, 1983, InfoWorld
  22. ↑ The Chameleon mystery, By David Needle, Page 5, January 31, 1983, InfoWorld
  23. ↑ Review Responses: Seequa, By John Schaefer, Page 66, January 30, 1984, InfoWorld
  24. ↑ David Thomas, Knights of the New Technology: The Inside Story of Canada's Computer Elite, Key Porter Books, 1983 ISBN:0-919493-16-5 pp. 172-179
  25. ↑ Pournelle, Jerry (September 1983). "Eagles, Text Editors, New Compilers, and Much More". BYTE: 307. https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-09/page/n321. Retrieved May 14, 2021. 
  26. ↑ "Corona advertisement", InfoWorld: 50, July 18, 1983, https://books.google.com/books?id=xi8EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22corona%20data%20systems%22%20infoworld%201983&pg=PA50, retrieved May 14, 2021 
  27. ↑ EAGLE'S BATTLE FOR SURVIVAL
Notes
  • IBM (1983). Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library: Guide to Operations, Personal Computer XT. IBM Part Number 6936831.

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