Engineering:Pin
A pin is a device, typically pointed, used for fastening objects or fabrics together. Pins can have the following sorts of body:
- a shaft of a rigid inflexible material meant to be inserted in a slot, groove, or hole (as with pivots, hinges, and jigs)
- a shaft connected to a head and ending in a sharp tip meant to pierce one or more pieces of soft materials like cloth or paper (the straight or push pin)
- a single strip of a rigid but flexible material (e.g. a wire) whose length has been folded into parallel prongs in such fashion that the middle length of each curves towards the other so that, when anything is inserted between them, they act as a clamp (e.g. the bobby pin)
- two strips of a rigid material bound together by a spring at one end so that, when the spring held open, one can insert some material between the prongs at the other end that, the spring allowed to close, then clamp the inserted material. [citation needed]
According to their function, pins can be made of metals (e.g. steel, copper, or brass), wood, or plastic.
History
Pins have been found at archaeological sites dating as early as the Paleolithic, made of bone and thorn, and at Neolithic, Celtic and Ancient Roman sites.[1] Neolithic sites are rich in wooden pins, and are still common through Elizabethan times.[2] Metal pins dating to the Bronze Age have been found in Asia, North Africa and Europe, like the hammer-headed pins from the kurgan burials in the northeastern Caucasus.[3]
Sewing and fashion pins
The development of the pin closely paralleled that of its perforated counterpart, the needle. Archaeological evidence suggests that curved sewing pins have been used for over four thousand years. Originally, these were fashioned out of iron and bone by the Sumerians and were used to hold clothes together. Later, pins were also used to hold pages of books together by threading the needle through their top corner.[4]
Many later pins were made of brass, a relatively hard and ductile metal that became available during the Bronze Age. This development was followed by the use of steel which was much stronger but tended to rust when exposed to humid air. The development of inexpensive electroplating techniques allowed the steel to be plated with nickel. Nickel did not rust, but tended to flake off the steel in humid weather, again allowing it to rust. However, this took many months or even years to happen, and as nickel plated steel pins were usually used only temporarily to hold cloth in place prior to sewing, no further refinement has been considered necessary. However, some modern specialty pins are made out of rust-proof and very strong titanium.[5]
Production
A pinners guild was first established in London in 1356, spreading to other towns, but falling short of the quality produced by French pinmakers, discussed in the Art de l'épinglier (French: Art de l'épinglier, lit. 'Pin art') (1761) where Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau gives details about the division of labor used by French pinmakers:[6][7]
There is nobody who is not surprised of the small price of pins; but we shall be even more surprised, when we know how many different operations, most of them very delicate, are mandatory to make a good pin.
Adam Smith described the manufacture of pins as part of his discussion about the division of labor in the Wealth of Nations.
John Ireland Howe invented a pin-making machine in 1832, and an improved machine in 1841; his Howe Manufacturing Company of Derby, Connecticut, used three machines to produce 72,000 pins per day in 1839.
Walter Hunt invented the safety pin by forming an eight-inch brass pin into a bent pin with a spring and guard. He sold the rights to his invention to pay a debt to a friend,[8] not knowing that he could have made millions of dollars.
Straight pins
| Pin type | Typical size[Note 1] | Typical length | Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beading pins | 14 | 7⁄8 in (22 mm) | A wider-than-usual-head allows this pin to hold beads more easily. |
| T-pins | 0.75 mm | 1 1⁄4 in (32 mm) | These pins have a head bent into a capital letter "T" to make it easier to grab with the finger tips. |
| Dressmaker pins | 17-20 | 1 1⁄16 in (27 mm) | The most common type of sewing pin, they are used for light- to medium-weight fabrics and may have either a small flat head or a round plastic one. |
| Pleating pins | 17 | 1 1⁄16 in (27 mm) | Considered "extra fine", they are used for pinning pleats and lightweight fabrics. |
| Appliqué pins | 0.6 mm | 3⁄4 in (19 mm) | Pins have small round glass heads that are easy to work around; also, because the pins are comparatively short, they are less likely to "stick out" when holding small pieces of fabric against a larger one. |
| Bridal and lace pins | 17 | 1 1⁄4 in (32 mm) | These pins are made entirely of stainless steel and will not rust; they are used for fine and lightweight fabrics. |
| Patchwork pins | 22 (0.5 mm) | 1 7⁄16 in (37 mm) | Pins have extra sharp tips for penetrating thick iron-on patches; their size and length also make them suitable for quilting; they have glass heads that will not melt if pressed in an iron. |
| Quilting pins | 30 (0.6 mm) | 1 7⁄8 in (48 mm) | Quilting pins are exceptionally long and often have glass heads. |
| Silk pins | 0.5 mm | 1 7⁄16 in (37 mm) | Silk pins are suitable for lightweight fabrics and traditionally have a glass head that will not melt when ironed. |
| Pearlized pins | 24 | 1 1⁄2 in (38 mm) | These have round plastic heads which have been painted (often in bright colors) to superficially resemble the appearance of pearls. Because the heads are plastic, there is a risk that they will melt if ironed at high temperatures. |
| Sequin pins | 8 (0.5 mm) | 1⁄2 in (13 mm) | Their exceptionally short length makes these pins suitable for appliqué; a large flat head allows them to hold sequins in place. Used for permanently holding sequins to styrofoam forms such as Christmas ornaments. |
| Tidy pins | - | 1 1⁄2 in (38 mm) | U-shaped pins with no head are used for holding slip covers and doilies in place; often made of brass so that they will not rust; also called fork or loose cover pins. |
| Hatpins | - | 8 in (20 cm) | These are exceptionally long decorative pins used to hold a woman's hat in place. |
General purpose pins
The push pin was invented in 1900 by Edwin Moore[9] and quickly became a success. These pins are also called "map pins" and are distinguished by having an easy to grip head.
See also drawing pin or thumb tack.
Steel pins without heads
Thin, hardened pins can be driven into wood with a hammer with the goal of not being seen.
Mechanical fasteners
In engineering and machine design, a pin is a machine element that secures the position of two or more parts of a machine relative to each other. A large variety of types has been known for a long time; the most commonly used are solid cylindrical pins, solid tapered pins, groove pins, slotted spring pins and spirally coiled spring pins.
- Clevis pin
- Cotter pin
- Slotted pin
- Spiral pin
- Split pin
- Solid pin
- Spring pin
Notes
- ↑ The size numbers given here correspond to those found on the packaging of various manufacturers-- they do not necessarily correspond to any objective width measurement or to the size numbers of other manufacturers. Measurements given in millimeters are actual millimeters.
References
- ↑ Beaudry, Mary C. (2006). Findings The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing. Yale University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-300-11093-6.
- ↑ Beaudry, Mary C. (2006). Findings The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing. Yale University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-300-11093-6.
- ↑ Beaudry, Mary C. (2006). Findings The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing. Yale University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-300-11093-6.
- ↑ Petroski, Henry, "From Pins to Paper Clips", The Evolution of Useful Things, Knopf, New York, 1993, p. 53
- ↑ Bridgman, Roger. 1000 Inventions & Discoveries. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing [1], 2002, p.126
- ↑ Beaudry, Mary C. (2006). Findings The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing. Yale University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-300-11093-6.
- ↑ Khurana, A. (2009). Scientific Management: A Management Idea to Reach a Mass Audience. Global India Publications. ISBN 9789380228013. https://books.google.com/books?id=MaOcIx7h91EC&dq=Henri-Louis+Duhamel+du+Monceau+division+of+labor&pg=PA132.
- ↑ Alfred, R (2008-10-04). "April 10, 1849: Safety Tech Gets to the Point, Baby". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2012/04/april-10-1849-safety-tech-gets-to-the-point-baby/.
- ↑ Edwin Moore, "Push-pin", US patent 654319, published Jul 24, 1900
Further reading
- Henry Petroski, The Evolution of Useful Things, Chapter 4. ISBN:0-679-74039-2.
- Robert Parmley, Standard handbook of fastening and joining. 1st edition. Chapter 2. McGraw-Hill (New York). 1977. ISBN:0-07-048511-9
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