Engineering:Secondary suite

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Short description: Dwelling on a property separated from the main home
American Craftsman house with detached secondary suite

Secondary suites (also known as accessory dwelling units, ADUs, in-law apartments, granny flats, granny annexes or garden suites[1]) are self-contained apartments, cottages, or small residential units, that are located on a property that has a separate main, single-family home, duplex, or other residential unit. In some cases, the ADU or in-law is attached to the principal dwelling or is an entirely separate unit, located above a garage, across a carport, or in the backyard on the same property.[2] Reasons for wanting to add a secondary suite to a property may be to receive additional income, provide social and personal support to a family member, or obtain greater security.[2]

Description

Background

Naming conventions vary by time-period and location but secondary suites can also be referred to as an accessory dwelling unit (ADU), mother-in-law suite, granny flat, coach house, laneway house, Ohana dwelling unit, granny annexe, granny suite, in-law suite, and accessory apartment.[3][4] The prevalence of secondary suites is also dependent on time and location with varying rates depending on the country, state, or city.[5] Furthermore, regulations on secondary suites can vary widely in different jurisdictions with some allowing them with limited regulation while others ban them entirely through zoning, limit who may live in the units (for example, family members only), or regulate if units can be rented.[5][6][7][8] In recent years, there has been a rise in the popularity of these units as a source of additional, passive income, or as a multigenerational living option.

Relationship to main residence

Common types of secondary suites

A secondary suite is considered "secondary" or "accessory" to the primary residence on the parcel. It normally has its own entrance, kitchen, bathroom and living area. There are three types of accessory units: interior, interior with modification, and detached. Examples of these accessory units include:

  • A suite above a rear detached garage (a "garage apartment, garage suite, coachhouse, or Fonzie flat"),
  • A suite above the main floor of a single-detached dwelling, (an "up-and-down duplex")
  • A suite below the main floor of a single-detached dwelling (a "basement suite").
  • A suite attached to a single-detached dwelling at grade (similar to a "duplex" but that word implies two distinct legal parcel of land with houses that simply share a wall)
  • A suite detached from the principal dwelling (a "garden suite" or "guesthouse", called a "laneway house" if it faces the back lane).
  • A granny flat, granny annex, mother-in-law cottage and the like are generic names for an ADU.

Benefits and drawbacks

Communities that support secondary suites may do so to support a diverse set of goals. Commonly cited benefits of secondary suites include the following;.

Benefits

  1. Creating more affordable housing options as secondary suites are typically small, easy to construct, increase housing supply, and require no land acquisition.[9][5][10][11]
  2. Enabling seniors to "age-in-place" by creating smaller more affordable units where seniors can downsize in their own neighborhood.[12][5] Some of the recent popularity of secondary suites in the United States can be attributed to the activism of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) and other organizations that support seniors.[5]
  3. Supporting diverse and multi-generational households as seniors, young-adults, or other relatives can live on the same property as their families but still maintain some independence and privacy.[12][5][9][13][14] For seniors, this kind of arrangement can improve their social life, allow family members to easily provide care, and allow them to live in more walkable neighborhoods when they can no longer drive.[15][16][17]
  4. Improve home maintenance and homeownership rates by providing a reliable rental income that can support mortgage payments or home maintenance.[9][18][5]
  5. Creating energy-efficient housing as the small and often attached units require fewer resources.[19][12]
  6. ADUs can be integrated into the scale and character of single-family neighborhoods while also promoting workforce housing in these neighborhoods.[12][20]
  7. Municipal budgets may benefit from new taxable housing that does not require new or significant utility upgrades, road maintenance, etc.[9]

Drawbacks

Properties which are linked in complex ways may cause difficulties should one of the units be sold or rented out to a third party. Should this occur, each party requires permission from the other party to make certain types of changes to the building. When one unit is sold off to a third party, or is rented out, it can be difficult to attain a sale of a unit or of the whole building as one party may be reluctant to move out or sell.

By country

Australia

In Australia, the term 'granny flat' is often used for a secondary dwelling on a property. The land is not subdivided with construction requiring approval from the council or relevant authority. The approval processes vary between States and Territories, and between councils. This is different from a dual occupancy, where two primary dwellings are developed on one allotment of land, being either attached, semi-detached or detached.[21] In 2018, New South Wales led the construction of new granny flats while Victoria had the fewest number of new granny flats constructed.[22][23] In 2019, the federal government launched a study concerning prefabricated buildings and smaller homes citing affordable housing, extra space for family members, and support for the construction industry as reasons for the study.[24] The government set aside $2 million for the initial study and then plans to set up an innovation lab to help manufacturers design prefabricated buildings.[24]

Canada

Laneway house in Vancouver

Secondary suites have existed in Canada since the 19th century where they took the form of coach houses, servant houses, stables converted to permanent apartments, and small apartments for young people within large houses.[25] Secondary suites became increasing popular during the economic crisis of 1929 and the housing shortage following WWII. During this period the Canadian government actively supported the creation of secondary suites.[25] However, suburbanization and zoning changes in the 1950s and 60s led to a decrease in secondary suites in Canada.[25] More recently, secondary suites are increasing in popularity and many municipalities are reexamining their regulations to support secondary suites.[25]

CMHC (government program)

The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation provides a financial assistance program to help Canadians create affordable housing for low-income seniors and adults with a disability within a secondary suite. The program is called the Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program (RRAP) -- Secondary/Garden Suite. The maximum fully forgivable loan depends on the location of the property:

  • Southern Areas of Canada: $24,000/unit
  • Northern areas of Canada: $28,000/unit
  • Far northern areas: $36,000/unit

A 25% supplement in assistance is available in remote areas.[26]

British Columbia

After adopting legislation in 2009 to support secondary suites, Vancouver, British Columbia has become a leading city of their construction in North America.[27][28][29] In the city, approximately a third of single-family houses have legally permitted secondary suites, many of which are laneway houses.[30][31] The Housing Policy Branch of British Columbia's Ministry of Community, Aboriginal and Women’s Services published a guide for local governments to implement secondary suite programs called 'Secondary Suites: A Guide For Local Governments'.[32] The current issue is dated September 2005. The intent of the guide is to "help local governments develop and implement secondary suite programs". It also highlights good secondary suite practices as well as providing practical information to "elected officials, planners, community groups, homeowners, developers, and others interested in secondary suites".

Europe

In German speaking countries a secondary suite is known as an Einliegerwohnung.[33] In Norway , particularly in the bigger cities, it is quite common to build separate adjoined smaller flats for renting out. The owner of the main flat will rent out the smaller adjoined flats. In the United Kingdom, "granny flats" are increasing in popularity with one in twenty UK households (5%) having such a space already.[34] Furthermore, 7% of householders say they have plans to develop this type of space in the future.[34] Stated reasons for constructing these spaces was diverse with 27% of those surveyed making plans for older relatives, 25% planning for grown-up children, 24% planning to rent as holiday lets, and 16% planning to take in lodgers.[34] In Sweden, a friggebod is a small house or room which can be built without any planning permission on a land lot with a single-family or a duplex house.[35][36]

United States

Attached secondary suite in Seattle

In the United States , secondary suites are generally referred to as accessory dwelling units or "ADUs". Zoning permissions and laws concerning accessory dwelling units can vary widely by state and municipality.[37] Accessory dwelling units were popular in the early 20th century in the United States. ADUs became less common after WWII, however, when a shift to suburban development occurred and many municipalities banned ADUs through zoning regulations. With increases in the price of housing in many cities and suburbs, increased awareness of the costs of low-density car-oriented development patterns, and an increased need to care for aging Americans, many government entities and advocacy groups have increasingly supported ADUs.[38] Some critics perceive ADUs to be a threat to the character of single-family residential neighborhoods.

Several states have enacted legislation to promote accessory dwelling units. In California, Government Code Sections 65852.150, 65852.2 & 65852.22 pertain to local regulation of ADUs.[39] SB 1069 and AB 2299 are California bills approved in 2016 and effective January 1, 2017, that limit local government authority to prohibit ADUs in certain cases (and also reduce cost and bureaucracy hurdles to construction).[40][41][42][43] On January 1, 2020, the state of California passed the most lenient ADU laws in the country allowing not one but two types of accessory units, the accessory dwelling unit (ADU) and the junior accessory dwelling unit (JADU). State-exempt ADUs can now be at least 800 square feet (74 m2), while JADUs are limited to 550 square feet (51 m2).[44] The states of Vermont[45][46] and New Hampshire[47][48] have also adopted a number of bills that promote accessory dwelling units and reduce regulatory barriers to ADU construction. The State of Illinois considered, but did not adopt, HB 4869 which would have required municipalities to permit (and reasonably regulate) accessory dwelling units (ADUs).[49]

Basement apartment suite in Seattle

Several local governments across the United States have enacted ordinances to both permit and promote accessory dwelling units. Some cities have included accessory dwelling units in larger missing middle housing and affordable housing strategies including Seattle,[50][51][52][53] Portland,[54][55][56] and Minneapolis.[57][58][59][60][61][62][63] Many other communities have maintained wide-spread single-family zoning but still updated codes to permit accessory dwelling units. Notable examples include large cities such as Los Angeles, CA[64] and Chicago, IL.[65] Diverse smaller jurisdictions that permit accessory dwelling units include Lexington, KY,[66] Santa Cruz, CA,[67][68] and the County of Maui in Hawaii.[69]

Honolulu, Hawaii has a unique form of accessory dwelling units known as an "Ohana Dwelling Unit".[70] Ohana Dwellings were created as a permitted use in the zoning code in 1981 as a way to encourage the private sector to create more housing units (without government subsidy), preserve green fields (open space) and ease housing affordability.[71][72][73] In 2015, Honolulu amended its zoning code to allows ADUs as a sort of Ohana Dwelling, but with fewer restrictions.[74] To prevent creating further complexities for existing Ohana Dwellings, some of which have been condominimized and owned separately from the main house, Ohana Dwellings remain a permitted use (with different requirements and benefits than ADUs) in the zoning code. ADUs are an important component of Honolulu's Affordable Housing Strategy.[75]

See also

  • Bedsit
  • Garage apartment
  • Laneway house
  • Laneway House (Toronto, 1993)
  • Secondary suites in Canada

References

  1. ↑ (in en) Garden Suites, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJolMzsLXeA, retrieved 2023-02-22 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Smart Growth / Smart Energy Toolkit – Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU)". http://www.mass.gov/envir/smart_growth_toolkit/pages/mod-adu.html. 
  3. ↑ Spevak, Eli; Stanton, Melissa (2019). The ABCs of ADUs. AARP. https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/livable-communities/livable-documents/documents-2019/ADU-guide-web-singles-071619.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "The many and confusing synonyms for ADUs". 4 June 2012. https://accessorydwellings.org/2012/06/04/beware-of-the-many-synonyms-for-adus/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Brinig, Margaret; Garnett, Nicole (2013-01-01). "A Room of One's Own? Accessory Dwelling Unit Reforms and Local Parochialism". Urban Lawyer 45: 519–569. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/286. 
  6. ↑ Coppage, Jonathan (March 2017). "ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS: A FLEXIBLE FREE-MARKET HOUSING SOLUTION". https://www.rstreet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/89.pdf. 
  7. ↑ "Accessory Dwelling Units". https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/accessorydwellings/. 
  8. ↑ Chapple, Karen; Wegmann, Jake; Mashhood, Farzad; Coleman, Rebecca. "Jumpstarting the Market for Accessory Dwelling Unites: Lessons Learned from Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver". https://ternercenter.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/Jumpstarting_the_Market_--_ULI.pdf. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Coppage, Jonathan (March 2017). "ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS: A FLEXIBLE FREE-MARKET HOUSING SOLUTION". https://www.rstreet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/89.pdf. 
  10. ↑ MRSC. "Accessory Dwelling Units Issues & Options". http://mrsc.org/getmedia/54c058a5-4d57-4192-a214-15f2fa5ac123/Accessory-Dwelling-Units.pdf.aspx?ext=.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Florida Housing Coalition. "Accessory Dwelling Unit Guidebook". https://www.flhousing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ADU-Guidebook.pdf. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Communities, AARP Livable. "ADUs Are Good for People and Places" (in english). http://www.aarp.org/livable-communities/housing/info-2019/adus-are-good-for-people-and-places.html. 
  13. ↑ "American Planning Association". https://www.planning.org/login/?next=/planning/2008/jul/overextended.htm. 
  14. ↑ Nichols, Jane Louise; Adams, Erin (2013-03-01). "The Flex-Nest: The Accessory Dwelling Unit as Adaptable Housing for the Life Span". Interiors 4 (1): 31–52. doi:10.2752/204191213X13601683874136. ISSN 2041-9112. https://doi.org/10.2752/204191213X13601683874136. 
  15. ↑ PhD, Phoebe S. Liebig; MSG, Teresa Koenig; PhD, Jon Pynoos (2006-11-21). "Zoning, Accessory Dwelling Units, and Family Caregiving". Journal of Aging & Social Policy 18 (3–4): 155–172. doi:10.1300/J031v18n03_11. ISSN 0895-9420. PMID 17135101. https://doi.org/10.1300/J031v18n03_11. 
  16. ↑ "Making Room: Housing for a Changing America". https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/livable-communities/livable-documents/documents-2019/making-room-web-singles-010819.pdf. 
  17. ↑ Binette, Joanne; Vasold, Kerri (2018) (in english). 2018 Home and Community Preferences: A National Survey of Adults Ages 18-Plus. doi:10.26419/res.00231.001. http://www.aarp.org/research/topics/community/info-2018/2018-home-community-preference.html. Retrieved 2021-02-21. 
  18. ↑ "Accessory Dwelling Units: Case Study". June 2008. https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/adu.pdf. 
  19. ↑ "Studying the Benefits of Accessory Dwelling Units" (in en-US). 2011-04-21. https://frameworks.ced.berkeley.edu/2011/accessory-dwelling-units/. 
  20. ↑ "Promoting Workforce Housing Expanding Locations and Development Potential". https://www.montcopa.org/DocumentCenter/View/4121/MO_Accessory-Housing-and-Adaptive-Reuse-and-Infill?bidId=. 
  21. ↑ Planning & Land Management, Territory Planning Branch (2002). "Dual Occupancy Review". http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/2162/dualreview2002.pdf. 
  22. ↑ Chesher, Isabelle (2019-06-17). "New research reveals where most granny flats in Australia are being built" (in en-AU). https://www.domain.com.au/news/nsw-is-australias-granny-flat-capital-planning-restrictions-hold-other-states-back-849373/. 
  23. ↑ HIA Economics Research Note (May 2019). "No one looks after Granny better than NSW". https://hia.com.au/-/media/HIA-Website/Files/IndustryBusiness/Economic/discussion-papers/granny-flats-may2019.ashx?la=en&hash=D93F2C06A85950BF550A87E1BB603C07ADF8BA1E. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Ireland, Judith (2019-06-15). "Morrison government's bid to grow tiny home industry" (in en). https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/morrison-government-s-bid-to-grow-tiny-home-industry-20190614-p51xsu.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Lessard, Guillaume (September 2018). "Accessory Dwelling Units: Principles and Best Practices". https://www.larpent.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/AccessoryDwellingUnitsPrinciplesAndBestPractices.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program (RRAP) -- Secondary/Garden Suite
  27. ↑ Vancouver, City of. "Create or legalize a secondary suite" (in en). https://vancouver.ca/home-property-development/creating-a-secondary-suite.aspx. 
  28. ↑ "'Granny Flats' Can Densify Cities If We Let Them" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 2017-11-22. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-22/how-accessory-dwellings-can-densify-cities. 
  29. ↑ "20.810.060 Conversions of Existing Accessory Structures" (in en). https://vancouver.municipal.codes/VMC/20.810.060. 
  30. ↑ "Why Vancouver Trounces the Rest of Cascadia in Building ADUs" (in en-US). 2016-02-17. https://www.sightline.org/2016/02/17/why-vancouver-trounces-the-rest-of-cascadia-in-building-adus/. 
  31. ↑ "Incentivizing ADU Development – A Proven Housing Solution for Cities & States". https://www.housable.com/articles/proven-adu-housing-solution. 
  32. ↑ "Secondary Suites: A Guide for Local Governments". September 2005. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/housing-and-tenancy/tools-for-government/uploads/secondary_suites.pdf. 
  33. ↑ "§ 11 Einliegerwohnung – Rechtsportal". https://www.rechtsportal.de/Gesetze/Gesetze/Miet-und-Wohnrecht/Wohnungsbau-und-Familienheimgesetz/Teil-I.-Grundsaetze-Geltungsbereich-und-Begriffsbestimmungen/11-Einliegerwohnung. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "1 in 3 homes are multi-generational" (in en-GB). 2020-09-11. https://www.aviva.com/newsroom/news-releases/2020/09/1-in-3-homes-are-multi-generational/. 
  35. ↑ CEST, Brendan-18 July 2019 at 14:38 (2019-07-18). "Swedish word of the day: friggebod" (in en-US). https://www.thelocal.se/20190718/swedish-word-of-the-day-friggebod/. 
  36. ↑ "You Say "Friggebod", I Say "Freedom"" (in en-US). 2014-12-08. https://tinyhousefor.us/tiny-house-spotlight/you-say-friggebod-i-say-freedom/. 
  37. ↑ "Land Use and Zoning Basics". http://realestate.findlaw.com/land-use-laws/land-use-and-zoning-basics.html. 
  38. ↑ "Accessory Dwellings" (in en). https://accessorydwellings.org/. 
  39. ↑ "Codes Display Text". http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&division=1.&title=7.&part=&chapter=4.&article=2. 
  40. ↑ "Senate Bill No. 1069, CHAPTER 720, Land use: zoning.". 2016-09-27. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1069. 
  41. ↑ "Assembly Bill No. 2299, CHAPTER 735, Land use: housing: 2nd units.". 2016-09-27. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2299. 
  42. ↑ Pender, Kathleen (2016-12-03). "New California housing laws make granny units easier to build". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/New-California-housing-laws-make-granny-units-10688483.php. 
  43. ↑ Wong, Queenie (2016-09-27). "California eases restrictions on 'granny units'". San Jose Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/09/27/california-eases-restrictions-on-granny-units/. 
  44. ↑ "Accessory Dwelling Unit Handbook". December 2020. https://www.hcd.ca.gov/policy-research/docs/adu_december_2020_handbook.pdf. 
  45. ↑ "Bill Status S.237 (Act 179)". https://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2020/S.237. 
  46. ↑ "ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS". https://accd.vermont.gov/housing/planning/adu. 
  47. ↑ "Accessory Dwelling Units" (in en-US). https://www.nhhfa.org/housing-challenges-solutions/accessory-dwelling-units/. 
  48. ↑ "ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE: A Guide for Municipalities". https://www.nhhfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ADU_Guide_Municipalities.pdf. 
  49. ↑ "Illinois General Assembly – Bill Status for HB4869". https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=4869&GAID=15&DocTypeID=HB&LegId=124933&SessionID=108&GA=101. 
  50. ↑ "Neighborhood upzones for affordable housing: Q&A on proposal with Seattle mayor's adviser" (in en-US). 2018-05-09. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/neighborhood-upzones-for-affordable-housing-qa-on-proposal-with-seattle-mayors-adviser/. 
  51. ↑ "SEATTLE CITY COUNCIL – Record No: CB 119444". http://seattle.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=3840745&GUID=7E5F305E-10DA-41F3-AE5D-66E3CAEB81B1. 
  52. ↑ "SEATTLE CITY COUNCIL – Record No: CB 119544". https://seattle.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=3976805&GUID=6402D8F2-8188-4891-B449-A160356FFD87. 
  53. ↑ "Accessory Dwelling Unit – SDCI | seattle.gov". https://www.seattle.gov/sdci/permits/common-projects/accessory-dwelling-units. 
  54. ↑ "Better Housing by Design project documents" (in en). https://www.portland.gov/bps/better-housing/project-documents. 
  55. ↑ "About the Residential Infill Project" (in en). https://www.portland.gov/bps/rip/about-project. 
  56. ↑ "Portland just passed the best low-density zoning reform in US history" (in en-US). 2020-08-11. https://www.sightline.org/2020/08/11/on-wednesday-portland-will-pass-the-best-low-density-zoning-reform-in-us-history/. 
  57. ↑ "Owner-Occupancy Requirement for Accessory Dwelling Units Amendment" (in en). http://www2.minneapolismn.gov/cped/planning/WCMSP-226369. 
  58. ↑ "Residential Buildings with up to Three Units" (in en). http://www.minneapolismn.gov/cped/planning/WCMSP-220319. 
  59. ↑ "Housing". https://minneapolis2040.com/topics/housing/. 
  60. ↑ Kahlenberg, Richard D. (2019-10-24). "Minneapolis Saw That NIMBYism Has Victims" (in en-US). https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/10/how-minneapolis-defeated-nimbyism/600601/. 
  61. ↑ "Three Cheers for Minneapolis (The 3 is for Triplex)" (in en-US). https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2018/12/12/three-cheers-for-minneapolis-the-3-is-for-triplex. 
  62. ↑ "Allowing Intentional Community Cluster Developments" (in en). http://www.minneapolismn.gov/cped/planning/WCMSP-220394. 
  63. ↑ PBS NewsHour (November 23, 2019). "How Minneapolis became the first to end single-family zoning". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mWE9UJDRLw. 
  64. ↑ "ADU | DRP". https://planning.lacounty.gov/adu. 
  65. ↑ "City Council Approves Additional Dwelling Unit (ADU) Ordinance" (PDF). City of Chicago (Press release). December 16, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  66. ↑ "ADU proposal" (in en). https://www.lexingtonky.gov/accessory-dwelling-units-proposal. 
  67. ↑ "City of Santa Cruz Accessory Dwelling Unit Development Program". http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/departments/planning-and-community-development/programs/accessory-dwelling-unit-development-program. 
  68. ↑ "ADU". http://sccoplanning.com/ADU.aspx#:~:text=Accessory%20Dwelling%20Units%20(ADUs),,shortage%20and%20high%20housing%20costs.. 
  69. ↑ "Maui County Zoning Code, Section 19.35". http://library.municode.com/index.aspx?clientId=16289&stateId=11&stateName=Hawaii. 
  70. ↑ City and County of Honolulu. "Revised Ordinances of Honolulu, (ROH) Section 21-8.20". Land use Ordinance. http://www1.honolulu.gov/council/ocs/roh/21990.pdf. 
  71. ↑ "Ohana Housing Program Evaluation". Honolulu: Office of Information and Complaint. September 1984. https://www.scribd.com/doc/43559663/1984-Ohana-Housing-Program-Evaluation. 
  72. ↑ Lau, Questor (May 2014). "Black boxes and gray spaces: how illegal accessory dwellings find regulatory loopholes.". https://www.scribd.com/document/237847666/2014-05-09-Illegal-Dwellings-Find-Loopholes. 
  73. ↑ "Ohana Zoning a 5 year review". State of Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. http://lrbhawaii.info/lrbrpts/87/ohana.pdf. 
  74. ↑ "Honolulu Ordinance 15-41 Relating to Accessory Dwelling Units.". https://www.honolulu.gov/rep/site/ccld8/Ordinance_15-41_Bill_20_2015_CD1_Relating_to_ADUs.pdf. 
  75. ↑ "Implementing [Honolulu's Affordable Housing Strategy"]. https://www.honolulu.gov/rep/site/ohou/Housing_Strategy_Handout_2-16-17.pdf. 



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