Engineering:Boeing 737 Classic

From HandWiki
Revision as of 17:29, 4 February 2024 by Rtextdoc (talk | contribs) (fix)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Short description: Airliner family by Boeing
Boeing 737 Classic
737-300/-400/-500
Classic Colors Southwest Airlines N648SW Boeing 737-3H4 SJC.jpg
Stretched from the original series and re-engined with wider CFM56 turbofans, the initial, midsize 737-300 (pictured) is the most common variant
Role Narrow-body jet airliner
National origin United States
Manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes
First flight February 24, 1984
Introduction November 28, 1984 with USAir
Status In service
Primary users UTair
Jet2.com
Southwest Airlines (historical)
US Airways (historical)
Produced 1981–2000[1]
Number built 1,988[1]
Developed from Boeing 737 Original
Developed into Boeing 737 Next Generation

The Boeing 737 Classic is a series of narrow-body airliners produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, the second generation of the Boeing 737 series of aircraft. Development began in 1979 and the first variant, the 737-300, first flew in February 1984 and entered service that December. The stretched 737-400 first flew in February 1988 and entered service later that year. The shortest variant, the 737-500, first flew in June 1989 and entered service in 1990.

Compared to the original series, the classic series was re-engined with the CFM56, a high-bypass turbofan, for better fuel economy and had upgraded avionics. With a 133,500–150,000 lb (60.6–68.0 t) MTOW, it has a range of 2,060 to 2,375 nautical miles [nmi] (3,815 to 4,398 km; 2,371 to 2,733 mi). At 102 feet (31 m) the -500 is similar in length to the original 737-200 and can fly 110 to 132 passengers. The 110-foot-long (34 m) -300 can seat 126 to 149 passengers while the 120-foot-long (37 m) -400 accommodates 147 to 168 seats.

It competed with the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series, then with the Airbus A320 family which prompted Boeing to update its offer with the 737 Next Generation, thus designating the -300/400/500 variants as the 737 Classic. In total, 1,988 aircraft were delivered from 1984 until production ended in the year 2000: 1,113 -300s, 486 -400s and 389 -500s.

Development and design

Background

The initial 737-300 (foreground) is 9 ft 5 in (2.87 m) longer than the 737-200 (background) and is re-engined with wider and more efficient CFM56 turbofans

Following the success of the Boeing 737-200 Advanced, Boeing wanted to increase capacity and range, incorporating improvements to upgrade the plane to modern specifications, while also retaining commonality with previous 737 variants. Development began in 1979, and in 1980, preliminary aircraft specifications were released at the Farnborough Airshow.[1] The new series featured CFM56 turbofan engines, yielding significant gains in fuel economy and a reduction in noise, but also posing an engineering challenge given the low ground clearance of the 737 – a trait of its 707-derived fuselage. Boeing and engine supplier CFM International solved the problem by placing the engine ahead of (rather than below) the wing, and by moving engine accessories to the sides (rather than the bottom) of the engine pod, giving the 737 a distinctive noncircular air intake.[1]

The wing incorporated a number of changes for improved aerodynamics. The wing tip was extended 9 inches (23 cm). The leading-edge slats and trailing-edge flaps were adjusted.[1] The flight deck was improved with the optional electronic flight instrumentation system, and the passenger cabin incorporated improvements similar to those on the Boeing 757. The family also featured a redesigned vertical stabilizer with a dorsal fin at the base.[2]

Model developments

In March 1981, USAir and Southwest Airlines each ordered 10 aircraft of the 737-300 series, with an option for 20 more. That aircraft, the initial model of the 737 Classic series, first flew in February 1984 and entered service in December of that year with Southwest Airlines. A further stretched model, the 737-400, was launched with an order for 25 aircraft with 30 options from Piedmont Airlines in June 1986. That aircraft first flew in February 1988 and entered service later that year with Piedmont Airlines. The final model of the series, the 737-500, was launched with an order for 30 aircraft from Southwest Airlines in May 1987. That aircraft, which was designed as a replacement for the 737-200 and had similar passenger capacity and dimensions, as well as the longest range of any member of the 737 Classic family, first flew in June 1989 and entered service with Southwest Airlines in 1990.

Engines

A zoomed-in view of the front of an engine nacelle: The fan blades of the engine are in the middle of the image. They are surrounded by the engine nacelle, which is seemingly circular on the top half, and flattened on the bottom half.
Engine inlet of a CFM56-3 engine on a Boeing 737-400 series showing the noncircular design

Boeing selected the CFM56-3 exclusively to power the 737-300 variant. The 737 wings were closer to the ground than previous applications for the CFM56, necessitating several modifications to the engine. The fan diameter was reduced, which reduced the bypass ratio, and the engine accessory gearbox was moved from the bottom of the engine (the 6 o'clock position) to the 9 o'clock position, giving the engine nacelle its distinctive flat-bottomed shape, which is often nicknamed the "hamster pouch". The overall thrust was also reduced, from 24,000 to 20,000 lbf (107 to 89 kN), mostly due to the reduction in bypass ratio.[3]

Speed Trim System

The 737 Classic saw introduction of Speed Trim System (STS), a flight augmentation system that adjusts the stabilizer automatically at low speed, low weight, aft center of gravity and high thrust with autopilot disengaged. Most frequently it can be observed during takeoffs and go-arounds. The system relies on most of the same hardware and software used in autopilot mode.[4][5] STS is not fail-safe in that it uses only one of each sensor types required for its functionality and a single computer. Such a single-channel design is not common for augmentation systems that have full control of the stabilizer. This design was considered acceptable because of the ability for the aft and forward column cutout switches as well as center console cutout switches to constrain its malfunction.[6] The limited flight envelope protections on the 737 Next Generation series, as well as MCAS on the 737 MAX, are later extensions of this system.

Further developments

Throughout the 1980s, the 737 Classic series attracted large orders from airlines in the United States and Europe, with its order totals exceeding those of preceding 737 models. By far, the most successful model was the 737-300, with deliveries totaling 1,113 aircraft (the 737-400 and -500 reached 486 and 389 deliveries, respectively). Major operators included US carriers, small national airlines, and charter carriers. By the 1990s, when regular Boeing customer United Airlines bought the Airbus A320, this prompted Boeing to update the slower, shorter-range 737 Classic -400 into the rewinged, updated, more efficient, longer 737NG-800.[7] Production of the 737 Classic continued alongside that of the Next Generation for a period of time; the first 737-700 was completed in December 1996; the last 737 Classic was completed in February 2000.

Modifications

Six former Southwest Airlines 737-300s are modified and operated for aerial firefighting by British Columbia-based Coulson Group, supported by a loan by the Canadian government for Template:CADConvert. The converted 737 FireLiner can carry 4,000 US gal (15 m3) with a flow rate of 3,000 US gal (11 m3)/s, and retains 66 seats. The first was completed in 2018 and deployed to Australia.[8]

Variants

737-300

The 737-300 is 109 ft 7 in / 33.4 m long, and first flew for passenger service on November 28, 1984

The prototype of the -300 rolled out of the Renton plant on January 17, 1984, and first flew on February 24, 1984.[9] After it received its flight certification on November 14, 1984, USAir received the first aircraft on November 28.[1] It proved a very popular aircraft: Boeing received 252 orders in 1985, and over 1,000 throughout its production.[9] The 300 series remained in production until the last aircraft was delivered to Air New Zealand on December 17, 1999,[10] registration ZK-NGJ. By then, 1,113 Boeing 737-300s had been produced over more than 15 years.

In December 2008, Southwest Airlines selected Boeing to retrofit the 737-300 with a new set of instruments, hardware, and software, to improve commonality with the 737-700, as well as to support the Required Navigation Performance initiative, but that order was later cancelled and the retrofits never took place.[11]

The 737-300 can be retrofitted with Aviation Partners Boeing winglets. The 737-300 retrofitted with winglets is designated the -300SP (Special Performance) first entered service in June 2003. Used passenger -300 aircraft have also been converted to freighter versions. The 737-300 has been replaced by the 737-700 in the Boeing 737 Next Generation family.

737-400

Stretched by 10 ft (3.05 m), the 737-400 entered service on September 15, 1988

The 737-400 design was launched in 1985 to fill the gap between the 737-300 and the 757-200, and competed with the Airbus A320 and McDonnell Douglas MD-80. It stretched the 737-300 another 10 ft (3.05 m) to carry up to 188 passengers.[12] It included a tail bumper to prevent tailscrapes during take-off (an early issue with the 757), and a strengthened wing spar.[9] The prototype rolled out on January 26, 1988, and flew for the first time on February 19, 1988.

The aircraft entered service on September 15, 1988, with launch customer Piedmont Airlines (25 aircraft ordered).[1]

The last two Boeing 737-400s, the last Boeing 737 Classics, were delivered to CSA Czech Airlines on February 28, 2000.[13] The 737-400 was replaced by the 737-800 in the Boeing 737 Next Generation family.

737-400SF

Alaska Airlines was the first airline to have a 737-400 converted to a freighter.

The 737-400SF (Special Freighter) is a 737-400 that has been converted to haul cargo. Alaska Airlines was the first to convert one of their 400s from regular service to an aircraft with the ability to handle 10 pallets.[14] The airline has also converted five more into fixed combi aircraft for half passenger and freight. These 737-400 Combi aircraft were retired in 2017 and replaced with 737-700Fs.[15] In November 2018, VX Capital launched an ABS secured on 35 737-400 freighters valued at $250 million (an average of $7.1 million), to be leased for $100,000 per month each.[16]

737-500

Shorter by 7 ft 10 in (2.4 m), the first 737-500 flew on February 28, 1990. This 737-500 would later be involved in Aeroflot Flight 821

The -500 series has the smallest dimensions of the 737 Classics. The -500 was offered, due to customer demand, as a modern and direct replacement of the 737-200, incorporating the improvements of the 737 Classic series in a model that allowed longer routes with fewer passengers to be more economical than with the 737-300. Though smaller than the -300 and -400, the fuselage length of the -500 is 1 ft 7 in (48 cm) longer than the 737-200, accommodating up to 140 passengers.[12] Both glass and older style mechanical cockpits arrangements were available. Using the CFM56-3 engine also gave a 25% increase in fuel efficiency over the older -200s P&W engines.[9]

The 737-500 was launched in 1987, by Southwest Airlines, with an order for 20 aircraft, and flew for the first time on June 30, 1989. A single prototype flew 375 hours for the certification process,[9] and on February 28, 1990, Southwest Airlines received the first delivery.[1] The 737-500 has become a favorite of some Russian airlines, with Nordavia, Rossiya Airlines, S7 Airlines, Sky Express, Transaero, UTair, and Yamal Airlines all buying second-hand models of the aircraft to replace aging Soviet-built aircraft and/or expand their fleets. Aerolíneas Argentinas replaced its 737-200s with second-hand 737-500s. The 737-500 was replaced by the 737-600 in the Boeing 737 Next Generation family. However, unlike the 737-500, the 737-600 was a slow seller for Boeing, with only 69 aircraft delivered since its introduction.

As the retirement of all 737 Classic models progressed, with retirement of 300s and -500s reaching 40% in 2012, the 737-500 has faced accelerated retirement because of its smaller size. Aircraft of this series were being retired after 21 years of use, as compared to 24 years for the 737-300. While a few 737-300s are slated for freighter conversion, there is no demand for a -500 freighter conversion. On September 5, 2016, Southwest Airlines flew their last 737-500 revenue flight, Flight 377 from El Paso to Dallas.[17]

Operators

Cockpit of a 737-300
All-economy cabin interior of a 737-300 of Norwegian Air Shuttle

Civilian

As of July 2019, 692 Boeing 737 Classic aircraft were in commercial service. This includes 297 -300s, 261 -400s, and 134 -500s.[18]

Military

Many countries operate the 737 passenger and cargo variants in government or military applications.

Deliveries

Number of deliveries[19]
Type Total 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984
737-300 1,113 – 29 52 65 37 52 54 54 57 69 67 89 141 137 120 83 7
737-400 486 2 9 33 33 21 13 32 68 82 56 63 57 17 15 – – –
737-500 389 – 4 31 34 18 24 35 30 79 90 44 – – – – – –
Total 1,988 2 42 116 132 76 89 121 152 218 215 174 146 158 152 120 83 7

Aircraft on display

(Not all are shown)

Boeing 737-400 G-DOCB, formerly operated by British Airways, receives a water salute after landing at Cranfield University for preservation.
  • N759BA, an ex-China Southern Airlines 737-300 formerly registered B-2921, is on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.[20][21]
  • N300SW, Southwest Airlines' first 737-300 delivered in November 1984, is displayed at the Frontiers of Flight Museum at Love Field in Dallas, Texas .[22]
  • G-DOCB, an ex-British Airways 737-400 is on display at Cranfield University's airport in the United Kingdom, where it is currently in use by the university for education.[23]
  • JA301K Super Dolphin, 737-500 formerly operated on All Nippon Airways' short haul ANA Wings routes, was taken out of retirement on 1 February 2018 and preserved for use as a maintenance training aircraft at Haneda Airport, Tokyo.[24]

Accidents and incidents

(As of January 2021), 64 hull losses of Boeing 737 Classic series aircraft have occurred, with 1,298 fatalities.[25][26][27] An analysis by Boeing on commercial jet airplane accidents in the period 1959–2017 showed that the classic series had a hull loss rate of 0.71 per million departures versus 0.17 for the Next Generation series and 1.75 for the original series.[28]


Specifications

737-300 side view
737-400 planform view
737-300 Combi interior
737-300/-400/-500[29]
Variant 737-300 737-400 737-500
Cockpit crew Two
2-class 126 (8F @ 36 in, 118Y @ 32 in) 147 (10F @ 36 in, 137Y @ 32 in) 110 (8F @ 36 in, 102Y @ 32 in)
1-class 140 @ 32 in – 149 @ 30 in 159 @ 32 in – 168 @ 30 in 122 @ 32 in – 132 @ 30 in
Exit limit 149 188 145
Seat width 6-abreast: 17 in (43.2 cm), 5-abreast: 19 in (48.3 cm), 4-abreast: 21 in (53.3 cm)
Overall length 109 ft 7 in (33.4 m) 119 ft 7 in (36.4 m) 101 ft 9 in (31.0 m)
Wing[30] Span: 94 ft 9 in (28.9 m), Area: 979.9 sq ft (91.04 m2), Sweep: 25°, AR 9.17
Height 36 ft 6 in (11.1 m), Cabin: 84.2 in (213.9 cm)
Fuselage width 12 ft 4 in (3.76 m)[30]
MTOW 138,500 lb (62,820 kg) 150,000 lb (68,040 kg) 133,500 lb (60,550 kg)
Maximum payload[lower-alpha 1] 37,240 lb (16,890 kg) 40,240 lb (18,250 kg) 32,560 lb (14,770 kg)
OEW 72,360 lb (32,820 kg) 76,760 lb (34,820 kg) 70,440 lb (31,950 kg)
Fuel capacity 5,311 US gal (20,100 L)
Cargo capacity 1,068 cu ft (30.2 m3) 1,373 cu ft (38.9 m3) 882 cu ft (23.3 m3)
Takeoff[lower-alpha 2] 7,500 ft (2,286 m) 8,690 ft (2,649 m) 8,630 ft (2,630 m)
Service ceiling[31] 37,000 ft (11,278 m)
Speed MMO: Mach 0.82 (542 kn; 1,005 km/h; 624 mph)[convert: invalid option][31]
Cruise: Mach 0.745 (493 kn; 913 km/h; 567 mph)[convert: invalid option]
Range 2,255 nmi (4,176 km; 2,595 mi)[lower-alpha 3] 2,060 nmi (3,820 km; 2,370 mi)[lower-alpha 4] 2,375 nmi (4,398 km; 2,733 mi)[lower-alpha 5]
Engine x2 CFM56-3C-1
Takeoff thrust x2 22,000 lbf (98 kN) 23,500 lbf (105 kN) 20,000 lbf (89 kN)
  1. ↑ Maximum design 'zero fuel' weight less operating empty weight
  2. ↑ MTOW, SL, 86 °F (30 °C)
  3. ↑ 126 passengers
  4. ↑ 147 passengers
  5. ↑ 110 passengers

See also

  • Boeing 737 rudder issues

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Endres, Günter (2001). The Illustrated Directory of Modern Commercial Aircraft. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 126, 128–19. ISBN 0-7603-1125-0. 
  2. ↑ The History of Dorsal Fins
  3. ↑ Epstein, N (1981). "CFM56-3 High By-Pass Technology for Single Aisle Twins". 1981 AIAA/SAE/ASCE/ATRIF/TRB International Air Transportation Conference, May 26–28, 1981, Atlantic City, New Jersey. AIAA-1981-0808.
  4. ↑ Patent US4676460A: Longitudinal stability augmentation system and method
  5. ↑ When was the Speed Trim System implemented on the Boeing 737?
  6. ↑ Peter Lemme (October 28, 2019). "Flawed Assumptions Pave a Path to Disaster". https://www.satcom.guru/2019/10/flawed-assumptions-pave-path-to-disaster.html. 
  7. ↑ "Leahy reflects on 33 years at Airbus". Leeham. Nov 28, 2017. https://leehamnews.com/2017/11/28/leahy-reflects-33-years-airbus/. 
  8. ↑ Graham Warwick (Oct 19, 2018). "First Boeing 737 FireLiner Deploys To Fight Australian Wildfires". Aviation Week & Space Technology. http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/first-boeing-737-fireliner-deploys-fight-australian-wildfires. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Shaw, Robbie (1999). Boeing 737-300 to 800. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 7, 10, 13–14, 40. ISBN 0-7603-0699-0. 
  10. ↑ "Boeing 737 History". Modern Airliners. http://www.modernairliners.com/boeing-737/boeing-737-history/. 
  11. ↑ "Boeing Press Release". December 22, 2008. http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2008/q4/081222a_nr.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet". http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/9dd07e4b4293722e86257dfc006774ca/$FILE/A16WE_Rev_54.pdf. 
  13. ↑ "Boeing Delivers 737-400s to CSA Czech Airlines" (Press release). Boeing. 2000-02-28.
  14. ↑ "Boeing 737-400 Freighter". Aircraft Information. Alaska Airlines. http://www.alaskaair.com/content/travel-info/fleet/737-400-freighter.aspx. 
  15. ↑ "The end of an era: Alaska retires unique cargo-passenger 'combi' planes" (in en-US). Alaska Airlines Blog. 2017-10-16. https://blog.alaskaair.com/alaska-airlines/fleet/combi-plane-retires/. 
  16. ↑ Aircraft Value News (November 26, 2018). "VX Capital Takes Advantage of Strong B737 Freighter Values". http://www.aircraftvaluenews.com/vx-capital-takes-advantage-of-strong-b737-freighter-values/. 
  17. ↑ "Southwest Retires Final Boeing 737-500s – Airways Magazine". September 7, 2016. https://airwaysmag.com/airchive/southwest-retires-final-boeing-737-500/. 
  18. ↑ Thisdell and Seymour Flight International 30 July –5 August 2019, p. 36-38.
  19. ↑ "737 Model Summary". http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=737&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=737&ViewReportF=View+Report. 
  20. ↑ Hechanova, Maria (November 5, 2013). "'Most popular jetliner' added to Pima Air and Space Museum". KOLD-TV. http://www.tucsonnewsnow.com/story/23869174/most-popular-jetliner-added-to-inventory-at-pima-air-and-space-museum. 
  21. ↑ "N759BA Boeing Capital Corporation (BCC) Boeing 737-3Q8 – cn 27286 / ln 2528". http://www.planespotters.net/Production_List/Boeing/737/27286,N759BA-Boeing-Capital-Corporation.php. 
  22. ↑ "Boeing 737-300 | Frontiers of Flight Museum". http://www.flightmuseum.com/exhibits/aircraft-3/boeing-737-300/. 
  23. ↑ "Which University in England has a Boeing 737-400 on site?". 7 October 2017. https://travelupdate.boardingarea.com/university-boeing-737-400/. 
  24. ↑ "ANA Retired Aircraft Makes a Comeback for Training Purposes". All Nippon Airways. https://www.anahd.co.jp/group/en/pr/201805/20180511.html. 
  25. ↑ "Boeing 737-300 Statistics". Aviation Safety Network. December 31, 2017. http://aviation-safety.net/database/types/Boeing-737-300/statistics. 
  26. ↑ "Boeing 737-400 Statistics". Aviation Safety Network. December 31, 2017. http://aviation-safety.net/database/types/Boeing-737-400/statistics. 
  27. ↑ "Boeing 737-500 Statistics". Aviation Safety Network. December 31, 2017. http://aviation-safety.net/database/types/Boeing-737-500/statistics. 
  28. ↑ "Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents – Accident Rates by Airplane Type". October 2018. p. 19. http://www.boeing.com/news/techissues/pdf/statsum.pdf. 
  29. ↑ "737-300/-400/-500". startup. Boeing. 2007. http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/startup/pdf/historical/737-classic-passenger.pdf. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Jenkinson, Lloyd; Simpkin, Paul; Rhodes, Darren (2001). "Civil jet aircraft design". Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann. Table 2 : Boeing Aircraft. http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780340741528/appendices/data-a/table-2/table.htm. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Type Certificate data sheet No. A16WE". FAA. June 3, 2016. pp. 9, 12, 14, 16. http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/cb5a51687a9853cd86257fcb0064c0a9/$FILE/A16WE_Rev56.pdf. 

Further reading



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Engineering:Boeing_737_Classic&oldid=3251515"