Engineering:13.2×99mm Hotchkiss Long

13.2×99mm Hotchkiss Long
13.2×99mm Hotchkiss Long
	From left: 13.2 × 99 mm Hotchkiss Long, 13.2 × 96 mm Hotchkiss Short, 13.2 × 92 mm SR Mauser
Type	Machine gun cartridge
Place of origin	France
Service history
In service	1926–1949
Used by	See Users
Wars	World War II
Production history
Designer	Hotchkiss et Cie / Société Française des Munitions
Designed	1925
Variants	13.2×96mm Hotchkiss Short
Specifications
Bullet diameter	13.5 mm (0.53 in)
Neck diameter	14.48 mm (0.570 in)
Shoulder diameter	18.5 mm (0.73 in)
Base diameter	20.2 mm (0.80 in)
Rim diameter	20.3 mm (0.80 in)
Rim thickness	2 mm (0.079 in)
Case length	99.2 mm (3.91 in)
Overall length	136.6 mm (5.38 in)
Ballistic performance

Short description: Heavy machine gun cartridge

The 13.2 × 99 mm Hotchkiss Long (also known as: 13.2 Mle. 1930, 13.2 Breda, 13.2 Japanese, etc), is a heavy machine gun cartridge developed by France during the interwar period for the Hotchkiss 13.2 mm machine gun.^[1] It saw major use as a heavy machine gun cartridge from the 1930s throughout WWII by a variety of nations due to the export success of the 13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine gun, but was eventually superseded in popularity by the 12.7 × 99 mm Browning (.50 BMG) after the war and eventually disappeared once the Browning cartridge became NATO standard.^[2]

History

The 13.2 × 99 mm Hotchkiss cartridge was developed in 1925 by the company Hotchkiss et Cie and the French Society of Ammunition "Société Française des Munitions" (SFM) as part of a longer development period to produce a modern heavy machine gun cartridge for the in-development 13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine gun.^[1] By 1926 the new weapon entered production and quickly gained popularity.^[1] By 1935 the weapon and a license to produce it had been purchased by both Italy and Imperial Japan, becoming the Breda Model 1931 machine gun and Type 93 Heavy Machine Gun in each respective country.

Even though the cartridge saw massive success on the export market, the French military found it to wear out gun barrels too quickly and launched a project to revamp the cartridge. This eventually lead to Hotchkiss replacing the design with a slightly shortened version in 1935, becoming the 13.2 × 96 mm Hotchkiss "Short". This shortened version featured the same overall dimensions as the original cartridge but featured a slightly shortened neck and a reworked projectile shape, resulting in less wear on the gun barrel when firing.^[1] The introduction of this new design did not however stop continued use and production of the 13.2×99mm Hotchkiss "Long" cartridge by countries whom had already adopted it and in 1939 the cartridge saw new interest on the export market due to the newly developed 13.2 mm FN Browning aircraft machine gun, which was offered in both 12.7 × 99 mm Browning and 13.2 × 99 mm Hotchkiss "Long".

During WWII the 13.2 × 99 mm Hotchkiss cartridge saw major use in combat by both Allied and Axis forces, mainly being used in 13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine guns and its license produced derivatives. By the end of the war however the cartridge started being superseded by the very similar 12.7 × 99 mm Browning cartridge as used in the spreading American .50 M2 Browning heavy machine gun, eventually leading to the death of both 13.2 mm Hotchkiss cartridges post war.^[2]

Cartridge types

Combat ammunition
Cartridge	Origin	Type		Source
Balle de service	France	Ball	Full metal jacket	^[3]
Balle perforante	France	AP	Armour-piercing	^[3]
Balle traçante	France	T	Tracer	^[3]
Balle perforante traçante	France	AP-T	Armour-piercing tracer	^[3]
Balle incendiaire	France	I	Incendiary	^[3]
Balle explosive traçante	Belgium	HEF-T	High-explosive fragmentation tracer	^[3]
13,2 mm granat m/44	Sweden	AP-HEI	Armour-piercing high-explosive incendiary	^[4]