Engineering:Curtiss-Wright CW-14 Osprey
| CW-14 Travel Air, Sportsman, Speedwing and Osprey | |
|---|---|
| |
| Role | Utility/training biplane |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Curtiss-Wright |
| Designer | Fred Landgraff[1] |
| First flight | 1931 |
| Introduction | 1931 |
| Status | retired |
| Primary user | Bolivian Air Force |
| Number built | 38+ |
| Developed from | Rearwin Ken-Royce and Alexander Eaglerock[2] |
The Curtiss-Wright CW-14, named variously Travel Air, Sportsman, Speedwing and Osprey is an American 3-seat open cockpit single-bay biplane from the 1930s that was developed by Travel Air as a replacement for the highly successful Travel Air 4000. As a result of the Great Depression, which also limited sales, Travel Air merged into the Curtiss-Wright group of companies before production could start, so all examples were built by Curtiss-Wright. Its main claim to fame would be as the most numerous aircraft used in the Chaco war, where it formed the backbone of the Bolivian Air Force .
Design and Development
Previous Travel Air biplanes had been designed under the direction of Walter Beech, however the 14 was designed by Fred Landgraff, whose previous design experience included the Rearwin Ken-Royce and Alexander Eaglerock biplanes – to which the new design owed more than it did to the Travel Air 4000/4 it was intended to replace.[2] The handling of the aircraft reflected this, and it was described as being "no Travel Air".[3] One of the possible reasons for the difference in handling may be due to the airfoil chosen – previous Travel Air biplanes had used the Travel Air #1 airfoil section, while the CW-14 used the Navy N-9 section which was also used by the Beechcraft 17 Staggerwing, and the Vought UO, while the contemporary Curtiss-Wright CW-12 and CW-16 used a 15% Clark Y.[4] Wings were built around four solid spruce spars, used single piece web ribs and were fitted with Frise ailerons on the top wing only, which provided good low speed control while helping counteract adverse yaw.[5] A plywood walkway was provided at the wing root on both sides, and the wing root was faired into the fuselage with a metal fillet.[5] The external push-pull tubes connecting the ailerons on the upper wing to the torque tube in the lower wing on the Travel Airs was dispensed with and the control lines were run inside the struts. The main 35 US gal (130 L) fuel tank was in the fuselage ahead of the passenger compartment, while a 23 US gal (87 l; 19 imp gal) header tank was in the center section of the top wing.[5] The empennage was built up from welded steel tubing, with the fin being ground adjustable for trim, and the elevators could be trimmed in flight.[5] The B-14R & C-14R had rounded elevators of slightly reduced area.
The cabane struts more closely resembled the "//\" of the Eaglerock than they did the "N" struts of the Travel Airs, as did the fuselage's internal structure. The fuselage was constructed of welded chromium-molybdenum alloy steel tubes forming a Pratt truss buried in the lower 3/5th of the oval section fuselage, which was faired with formers and battens to a nearly ideal form.[5] Again, unlike that of the Travel Air, no bracing wires were used, instead diagonal metal bracing kept it square. The front cockpit seated two, which unlike the Travel Air 4000, lacked the door on the left side and the corresponding dip in the left longeron. A metal cover was provided to fair over the front cockpit when not in use and dual controls were an available option at additional cost.[5] Room for baggage was provided with a large compartment behind the pilot and a small bin in the dashboard of the front cockpit.[5] The radial engine was enclosed in a NACA cowling to reduce drag.[5] Only two types of engines were offered – the unreliable 185 hp (138 kW) Curtiss R-600 Challenger, which was to be used only in the prototype, and several variants of the Wright Whirlwind family, ranging from 240 to 420 hp (180 to 310 kW).[6] The militarized C-14R had a large cutout in the trailing edge of the upper wing, redesigned cabane struts and it had the cockpit shifted forward to allow room for a gunner behind the pilot.
All surfaces aside from the aluminum panels on the top of the forward fuselage were covered in doped aircraft grade fabric.[5]
The split axle undercarriage used oleo-pneumatic shock absorber struts, dispensing with the bungee cords used on previous Travel Airs.[5] It rode on 8.00 x 10 low pressure tires and was equipped with brakes.[5] Both tailwheels and tailskids were used. A spate of accidents in Bolivia, and the resulting complaints resulted in a redesigned, taller tailskid for the Bolivian examples.[7]
The Bolivian military examples were fitted with bomb racks which were cleared to carry up to 250 lb (110 kg) of bombs.[8] These aircraft were also armed with a fixed forward firing synchronized .30 in (7.62 mm) machine gun provided with 500 rounds of ammunition, while the observer/gunner was provided with a flexible .30 in (7.62 mm) machine gun that could be moved between 7 different positions, although for bombing missions, the gunner was often left behind.[8]
Operational history
Although intended as a replacement for the Travel Air 4000, the era of the three seat open cockpit biplane was ending, and the Great Depression was further dampening any sales prospects. The only significant civilian sale was to the Union Oil Company, whose order of two A-14Ds (msn 2006, NC12307 & 2007, NC12310) were only to replace their well-used Travel Air 4000s.[9]
A single B-14B (msn 2010, NC12332) was retained by the Curtiss Flying Service, who mainly used it as a sales demonstrator.[10]
The predecessor to the FAA, the Bureau of Air Commerce operated a single B-14B (msn 2011, NS1A, NC1A),[10] and another was converted from a B-14B into the sole B-14R (msn 2003, NC12311) as a racing aircraft.
The armed militarized C-14R Osprey variants sold better, however aside from Bolivia which received 20, all of the remaining operators, which were in Latin America, operated them only in twos and threes.
Chaco War
Although the Bolivian C-14R Ospreys were the most widely used aircraft on either side in Chaco war, additional airframes were anticipated but were never delivered.[11] The Ospreys that were delivered to Bolivia arrived in three batches, of 12, 6 and 3 aircraft, with the last aircraft in the third batch being seized by Chilean customs officers due to an embargo imposed by the United States.[11] This had the effect of also cancelling a fourth order of 6 aircraft.[11] The eventual whereabouts of the seized aircraft is unknown. Random serial numbers were assigned to all but the first couple of aircraft, which were lost in accidents before numbers could be assigned.[8] Shortly after the last examples had been made operational, The Air Force reorganized its aircraft into units that were named for their most important type – and so the Osprey escuadrilla was formed.[12]
The first operational flight was made on 2 January 1933 during the Bolivian attack on Nanawa, where they attacked Paraguayan troop concentrations, while the first aircraft to be shot down, by ground fire, during the war was an Osprey on 25 February 1933.[12] The first air to air kill of the war was made in a Osprey by Rafael Pabón over a Paraguayan Potez 25TOE,[13] but he would in turn be killed when his Osprey was shot down in flames on 12 August 1934 near Fort Florida.[14] The Bolivians would later name the Lieutenant Colonel Rafael Pabón Airport in his honor.
An attack by six Ospreys on Puerto Casado on 27 April 1933 triggered protests from the Argentina government – that were reiterated when a solo flight by single Osprey dropped homemade propaganda leaflets on Concepcion in Paraguay.[12] Argentina was at that time maintaining a position of neutrality while supplying Paraguay with equipment, but would have posed a serious threat to the Bolivians had they declared war. As it was, despite pilots flying Ospreys providing ample warning of Paraguayan movements, Commander Hans Kundt's failure to act during the Campo Vía pocket resulted in the greatest military defeat suffered by Bolivia,[15] crippling their defences, and hastening the end of the war, to Paraguay's benefit.
By the time of the armistice in June 1935, only three of the 20 were known to still be operational between accidents and combat losses.[16] Two remained operational in January 1940, and a unfulfilled request was sent to the US authorities for spares in 1945.[16] The last example was still shown on the books as late as 1954, albeit no longer airworthy.[16]
Variants
Data from Aerofiles,[6] U.S. Civil Aircraft: Vol. 5,[17] and Curtiss Aircraft 1907-1947[18]
- CW-14C Travel Air
- 1931 (ATC 2-357) prototype with 185 hp (138 kW) Curtiss R-600 Challenger radial engine. 1 built, later converted into an A-14D
- CW-A-14D Sportsman Deluxe
- 1931 (ATC 442) 240 hp (180 kW) Wright J-6-7 Whirlwind radial engine
- CW-B-14B Speedwing
- 1932 (ATC 485) with 330 hp (250 kW) Wright R-975E radial engine
- CW-B-14D Speedwing
- 1 modified with 350 hp (260 kW) Wright R-975-E radial engine
- CW-B-14R (Racer)
- 1 built as a racer for Casey Lambert with 420 hp (310 kW) Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind/SR-975 radial engine
- CW-C-14B Osprey
- 1932 Military CW-B-14B with 300 hp (220 kW) Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind radial engine
- CW-C-14R Osprey
- 420 hp (310 kW) Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind radial engine
- CW-C-14B9
- Alternate designation for C-14R
- CW-17R
- Fighter development of Osprey, probably unbuilt.[19]
- CW-18D
- Unbuilt primary trainer development of Osprey with detail changes to be powered by Wright R-760E.[20]
Operators
Civil
United States
- Casey Lambert had a B-14R that had been converted into a racer from a B-14B.
- Bureau of Air Commerce operated one CW-B-14B[10]
- Curtiss Flying Service operated one CW-B-14B[10] that was converted into a B14D.
- Union Oil Company operated two CW-A-14Ds[9]
Military
Argentina
- Argentine Air Force operated one CW-A14D Speedwing in the 1930s[21]
Bolivia
- Bolivian Air Force operated 20 CW-C-14R/C-14B-9 Bolivian Ospreys from 15 December 1933 to 1954[11][22][23]
Colombia
- Colombian Air Force operated at least three CW-14 Ospreys from December 1932 to 1939[11][24]
Ecuador
- Ecuadorian Air Force operated two CW-14R Ospreys (sn 2014 & 2015) from August 1932 to 1936[11][25]
- Air Force of El Salvador operated three CW-14 Ospreys (sns 2033, 2034 & 2035) from August 1933 to 1942[11][26]
Venezuela
- Venezuelan Air Force operated two CW-14R Ospreys and one C-14B from August 1932 to 1938[11][27]
Surviving aircraft
Four surviving examples are currently on the US civil register – fully half of those that were registered in the US, although not all are likely to be in airworthy, or even displayable condition. The sole displayed example is in storage following the demise of the Virginia Aviation Museum where it was displayed. None of the exported examples are known to have survived.
- msn 2003 (NC12311) 1931 B-14-R is registered in Poplar Grove, Illinois and had been restored to flying condition.[28]
- msn 2008 (NC12323) 1931 A-14-D is registered in Fort Myers, Florida.[29]
- msn 2009 (NC12329) A-14-D is registered in Atlanta, Georgia, and is currently in storage pending the creation of a new museum to house it, and the rest of the Virginia Aviation Museum collection.[30]
- msn 2010 (NC12332) B-14-B is actively flying with the Ala Doble Flying Collection in Esparto California[31]
Specifications (Curtiss-Wright CW-B-14B Speedwing ATC # 485)
Data from U.S. Civil Aircraft: Vol. 5[32]
General characteristics
- Crew: One
- Capacity: Two
- Length: 23 ft 2 in (7.06 m)
- Upper wingspan: 31 ft 0 in (9.45 m)
- Upper wing chord: 60 in (1.5 m)
- Upper wing dihedral: 3.0°
- Lower wingspan: 23 ft 7 in (7.19 m)
- Lower wing chord: 48 in (1.2 m)
- Lower wing dihedral: 3.0°
- Height: 9 ft 1 in (2.77 m)
- Wing area: 248 sq ft (23.0 m2)
- Airfoil: Navy N-9[4]
- Empty weight: 2,008 lb (911 kg)
- Gross weight: 3,067 lb (1,391 kg)
- Useful load: 1,059 lb (480 kg)
- Fuel capacity: 66 US gal (250 l; 55 imp gal)
- Oil capacity: 5 US gal (19 l; 4.2 imp gal)
- Undercarriage track: 81 in (2.1 m)
- Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-975-E Whirlwind air-cooled radial engine, 300 hp (220 kW)
- Propellers: 2-bladed metal Hamilton-Standard fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
- Maximum speed: 177 mph (285 km/h, 154 kn)
- Cruise speed: 150 mph (240 km/h, 130 kn)
- Minimum control speed: 57 mph (92 km/h, 50 kn)
- Range: 575 mi (925 km, 500 nmi) at cruising speed
- Service ceiling: 18,700 ft (5,700 m)
- Rate of climb: 1,600 ft/min (8.1 m/s) for first minute from sea level
- Fuel consumption: 16 US gal (61 l; 13 imp gal)/hr at cruising speed
See also
- 1931 in aviation
Related
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists
References
Citations
- ↑ Juptner, 1962 p.122
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Juptner, 1962 p.123
- ↑ Juptner, 1962 p.243
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Juptner, 1962 p.124
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Eckland, 2008
- ↑ Hagedorn, 1996, p.21
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Hagedorn, 1996, p.22
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Pentland, Andrew (June 2010). "Golden Years of Aviation Civil Aircraft Register – United States". p. 43. http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_N42.html.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Juptner, 1962 p.242
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Hagedorn, 1996, p.18
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Hagedorn, 1996, p.23
- ↑ Scheina, 2003, p.37
- ↑ Hagedorn, 2006, p.61
- ↑ Hagedorn, 1996, p.24
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Hagedorn, 1996, p.27
- ↑ Juptner, 1962 pp.122-124 & 242-244
- ↑ Bowers, 1979, pp.404-406 & 409
- ↑ Bowers, Peter M. (1979). Curtiss Aircraft 1907-1947. London: Putnam. ISBN 9780851778112.
- ↑ Bowers, 1979, p.409
- ↑ Thornburg, Chris (2006). "World Air Forces – Historical Listings Argentina (ARG)". http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/argentina/arg.html.
- ↑ Hagedorn, 1996, p.20
- ↑ Thornburg, Chris (2006). "World Air Forces – Historical Listings Bolivia (BOL)". http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/bolivia/bol.html.
- ↑ Thornburg, Chris (2006). "World Air Forces – Historical Listings Colombia (COL)". http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/columbia/col.html.
- ↑ Thornburg, Chris (2006). "World Air Forces – Historical Listings Ecuador (ECU)". http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/ecuador/ecu.html.
- ↑ Thornburg, Chris (2006). "World Air Forces – Historical Listings El Salvador (ELS)". http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/el_salvador/els.html.
- ↑ Thornburg, Chris (2006). "World Air Forces – Historical Listings Venezuela (VEN)". http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/venezuela/ven.html.
- ↑ Federal Aviation Administration (17 March 2020). "FAA REGISTRY N-Number Inquiry Results N12311". https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=12311.[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
- ↑ Federal Aviation Administration (17 March 2020). "FAA REGISTRY N-Number Inquiry Results N12323". https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=12323.[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
- ↑ Federal Aviation Administration (17 March 2020). "FAA REGISTRY N-Number Inquiry Results N12329". https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=12329.[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
- ↑ Federal Aviation Administration (3 December 2023). "FAA REGISTRY N-Number Inquiry Results N12332". https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=12332.[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
- ↑ Juptner, 1962 pp.242-244
Bibliography
- Bowers, Peter M. (1979). Curtiss Aircraft 1907-1947. London: Putnam. pp. 404-406 & 409. ISBN 978-0851778112. https://archive.org/details/curtissaircraft00bowe.
- Eckland, K. O. (6 November 2008). "Curtiss Hyphenates". Aerofiles.com. http://www.aerofiles.com/_curthyphen.html.
- Hagedorn, Dan; Sapienza, Antonio L. (1996). Aircraft of the Chaco War 1928-1935. Schiffer Military/Aviation History. Schiffer. ISBN 978-0764301469.
- Hagedorn, Dan (March–May 1992). "Curtiss Types in Latin America". Air Enthusiast (45): 61–77. ISSN 0143-5450.
- Hagedorn, Dan (2006). Latin American Air Wars and Aircraft 1912–1969. Crowborough, UK: Hikoki Publications. ISBN 1-902109-44-9.
- Juptner, Joseph P. (1962). U.S. Civil Aircraft: Vol. 5 (ATC 401 - 500). Aero Publishers, Inc.. pp. 122–124 & 242–244. ISBN 0-816891664.
- Scheina, Robert L. (2003). The age of the professional soldier, 1900–2001. Latin America's Wars Volume II. Potomac Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-1574884524.
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