Physics:Thermal diffusivity

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Short description: Rate at which heat spreads throughout a material

In heat transfer analysis, thermal diffusivity is the thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat capacity at constant pressure.[1] It is a measure of the rate of heat transfer inside a material. It has units of m2/s. Thermal diffusivity is usually denoted by lowercase alpha (α), but a, h, κ (kappa),[2] K,[3] and D are also used.

The formula is:[4]

[math]\displaystyle{ \alpha = \frac{ k }{ \rho c_{p} } }[/math]

where

Together, ρcp can be considered the volumetric heat capacity (J/(m3·K)).

As seen in the heat equation,[5]

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial T}{\partial t} = \alpha \nabla^2 T, }[/math]

one way to view thermal diffusivity is as the ratio of the time derivative of temperature to its curvature, quantifying the rate at which temperature concavity is "smoothed out". Thermal diffusivity is a contrasting measure to thermal effusivity.[6][7] In a substance with high thermal diffusivity, heat moves rapidly through it because the substance conducts heat quickly relative to its volumetric heat capacity or 'thermal bulk'.

Thermal diffusivity is often measured with the flash method.[8][9] It involves heating a strip or cylindrical sample with a short energy pulse at one end and analyzing the temperature change (reduction in amplitude and phase shift of the pulse) a short distance away.[10][11]

Thermal diffusivity of selected materials and substances

Thermal diffusivity of selected materials and substances[12]
Material Thermal diffusivity (mm2/s) References
Pyrolytic graphite, parallel to layers 1,220
Diamond 1,060 - 1,160
Carbon/carbon composite at 25 °C 216.5 [13]
Helium (300 K, 1 atm) 190 [14]
Silver, pure (99.9%) 165.63
Hydrogen (300 K, 1 atm) 160 [14]
Gold 127 [15]
Copper at 25 °C 111 [13]
Aluminium 97 [15]
Silicon 88 [15]
Al-10Si-Mn-Mg (Silafont 36) at 20 °C 74.2 [16]
Aluminium 6061-T6 Alloy 64 [15]
Molybdenum (99.95%) at 25 °C 54.3 [17]
Al-5Mg-2Si-Mn (Magsimal-59) at 20 °C 44.0 [18]
Tin 40 [15]
Water vapor (1 atm, 400 K) 23.38
Iron 23 [15]
Argon (300 K, 1 atm) 22 [14]
Nitrogen (300 K, 1 atm) 22 [14]
Air (300 K) 19 [15]
Steel, AISI 1010 (0.1% carbon) 18.8 [19]
Aluminium oxide (polycrystalline) 12.0
Steel, 1% carbon 11.72
Si3N4 with CNTs 26 °C 9.142 [20]
Si3N4 without CNTs 26 °C 8.605 [20]
Steel, stainless 304A at 27 °C 4.2 [15]
Pyrolytic graphite, normal to layers 3.6
Steel, stainless 310 at 25 °C 3.352 [21]
Inconel 600 at 25 °C 3.428 [22]
Quartz 1.4 [15]
Sandstone 1.15
Ice at 0 °C 1.02
Silicon dioxide (polycrystalline) 0.83 [15]
Brick, common 0.52
Glass, window 0.34
Brick, adobe 0.27
PC (polycarbonate) at 25 °C 0.144 [23]
Water at 25 °C 0.143 [23]
PTFE (Polytetrafluorethylene) at 25 °C 0.124 [24]
PP (polypropylene) at 25 °C 0.096 [23]
Nylon 0.09
Rubber 0.089 - 0.13 [3]
Wood (yellow pine) 0.082
Paraffin at 25 °C 0.081 [23]
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 0.08 [15]
Oil, engine (saturated liquid, 100 °C) 0.0738
Alcohol 0.07 [15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lide, David R., ed (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 2-65. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0. 
  2. ↑ Hetnarski, Richard B.; Eslami, M. Reza (2009). Thermal Stresses - Advanced Theory and Applications (Online-Ausg. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 170. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10436-8. ISBN 978-1-4020-9247-3. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Unsworth, J.; Duarte, F. J. (1979), "Heat diffusion in a solid sphere and Fourier Theory", Am. J. Phys. 47 (11): 891–893, doi:10.1119/1.11601, Bibcode: 1979AmJPh..47..981U 
  4. ↑ Lightfoot, R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N. (1960). Transport Phenomena. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. Eq. 8.1-7. ISBN 978-0-471-07392-5. https://archive.org/details/transportphenome00bird. 
  5. ↑ Carslaw, H. S.; Jaeger, J. C. (1959), Conduction of Heat in Solids (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-853368-9 
  6. ↑ Dante, Roberto C. (2016). Handbook of Friction Materials and Their Applications. Elsevier. pp. 123-134. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100619-1.00009-2. 
  7. ↑ Venkanna, B.K. (2010). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. New Delhi: PHI Learning. p. 38. ISBN 978-81-203-4031-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=IIIVHRirRgEC&pg=PA38. Retrieved 1 December 2011. 
  8. ↑ "NETZSCH-Gerätebau, Germany". http://www.netzsch.com/en/home/. 
  9. ↑ W.J. Parker; R.J. Jenkins; C.P. Butler; G.L. Abbott (1961). "Method of Determining Thermal Diffusivity, Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity". Journal of Applied Physics 32 (9): 1679. doi:10.1063/1.1728417. Bibcode: 1961JAP....32.1679P. 
  10. ↑ J. Blumm; J. Opfermann (2002). "Improvement of the mathematical modeling of flash measurements". High Temperatures – High Pressures 34 (5): 515. doi:10.1068/htjr061. 
  11. ↑ Thermitus, M.-A. (October 2010). "New Beam Size Correction for Thermal Diffusivity Measurement with the Flash Method". in Gaal, Daniela S.. 30th International Thermal Conductivity Conference/18th International Thermal Expansion Symposium. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-60595-015-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=F9row3bxLuYC&pg=PA217. Retrieved 1 December 2011. 
  12. ↑ Brown; Marco (1958). Introduction to Heat Transfer (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.  and Eckert; Drake (1959). Heat and Mass Transfer. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-89116-553-8.  cited in Holman, J.P. (2002). Heat Transfer (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-029639-8. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 V. Casalegno; P. Vavassori; M. Valle; M. Ferraris; M. Salvo; G. Pintsuk (2010). "Measurement of thermal properties of a ceramic/metal joint by laser flash method". Journal of Nuclear Materials 407 (2): 83. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.09.032. Bibcode: 2010JNuM..407...83C. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Lide, David R., ed (1992). CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed.). Boston: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company.  cited in Baierlein, Ralph (1999). Thermal Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-521-59082-2. https://archive.org/details/thermalphysics00ralp. Retrieved 1 December 2011. 
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 Jim Wilson (August 2007). Materials Data. http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/. 
  16. ↑ P. Hofer; E. Kaschnitz (2011). "Thermal diffusivity of the aluminium alloy Al-10Si-Mn-Mg (Silafont 36) in the solid and liquid states". High Temperatures – High Pressures 40 (3–4): 311. http://www.oldcitypublishing.com/HTHP/HTHPcontents/HTHP40.3-4contents.html. 
  17. ↑ A. Lindemann; J. Blumm (2009). "Measurement of the Thermophysical Properties of Pure Molybdenum". 17th Plansee Seminar. 3. 
  18. ↑ E. Kaschnitz; M. Küblböck (2008). "Thermal diffusivity of the aluminium alloy Al-5Mg-2Si-Mn (Magsimal-59) in the solid and liquid states". High Temperatures – High Pressures 37 (3): 221. http://www.oldcitypublishing.com/HTHP/HTHPcontents/HTHP37.3contents.html. 
  19. ↑ Lienhard, John H. Lienhard, John H. (2019). A Heat Transfer Textbook (5th ed.). Dover Pub. p. 715. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 O. Koszor; A. Lindemann; F. Davin; C. Balázsi (2009). "Observation of thermophysical and tribological properties of CNT reinforced Si3 N4". Key Engineering Materials 409: 354. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.409.354. 
  21. ↑ J. Blumm; A. Lindemann; B. Niedrig; R. Campbell (2007). "Measurement of Selected Thermophysical Properties of the NPL Certified Reference Material Stainless Steel 310". International Journal of Thermophysics 28 (2): 674. doi:10.1007/s10765-007-0177-z. Bibcode: 2007IJT....28..674B. 
  22. ↑ J. Blumm; A. Lindemann; B. Niedrig (2003–2007). "Measurement of the thermophysical properties of an NPL thermal conductivity standard Inconel 600". High Temperatures – High Pressures 35/36 (6): 621. doi:10.1068/htjr145. http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=htjr145. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 J. Blumm; A. Lindemann (2003–2007). "Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique". High Temperatures – High Pressures 35/36 (6): 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144. http://www.eyoungindustry.com/uploadfile/file/20151027/20151027211034_96662.pdf. 
  24. ↑ J. Blumm; A. Lindemann; M. Meyer; C. Strasser (2011). "Characterization of PTFE Using Advanced Thermal Analysis Technique". International Journal of Thermophysics 40 (3–4): 311. doi:10.1007/s10765-008-0512-z. Bibcode: 2010IJT....31.1919B. 



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