Physics:Target strength
The target strength or acoustic size is a measure of the area of a sonar target. This is usually quantified as a number of decibels. For fish such as salmon, the target size varies with the length of the fish and a 5 cm fish could have a target strength of about -50 dB.[1]
The target strength of a fish also depends on the orientation of the fish at the moment of sonification, which in turn changes the scattering cross-section of the fish and any air-filled cavities of the fish. The effect of this means that behavioral reaction affects observed biomass, for example fish evading the research vessel at night due to strong lights and vibrations from the hull and machinery. Target strength is often observed on or near a specific frequency where the target is most resonant. Narrowband (CW) pulses has historically been used, but there is ongoing research into using wideband (FM) pulses for improved classification.[2][3]
Formula
For some simple shapes, target strength can be derived mathematically. For other objects like fish, where the size of the air bladder is the main factor, target strength is commonly derived empirically.
Target strength (TS) is referenced to 1 meter from the acoustic center of the target, assuming isotropic reflection:[4][5]
[math]\displaystyle{ TS=10 \cdot \log \left ( \frac{I_r}{I_i} \right ) dB = 10 \cdot \log \left [ \frac{\sigma}{4\pi} \right ] dB }[/math]
Where:
[math]\displaystyle{ I_r }[/math] is the reflected intensity from target
[math]\displaystyle{ I_i }[/math] is the incident intensity on target
[math]\displaystyle{ \sigma }[/math] is the backscattering cross-section
Target strength of a sphere with radius [math]\displaystyle{ a
}[/math], large compared to the wavelength, assuming reference distance 1 meter:
[math]\displaystyle{ \sigma = \pi \cdot a ^ 2 }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ TS = 10 \cdot \log \left [ \frac{\sigma}{4\pi} \right ] dB = 10 \cdot \log \left [ \frac{ a ^ 2 }{ 4 } \right ] dB }[/math]
Thus, for a sphere of radius 2 meter, the target strength is 0 dB.
NOAA has a calculator that can be used to inspect the target strength of calibration spheres made out of copper or tungsten carbide in relation to physical parameters found in the ocean.
References
- ↑ J.E. Ehrenberg (1989), "A review of target estimation techniques", Underwater Acoustic Data Processing, Springer, ISBN 9780792301271, https://books.google.com/books?id=tAP3zn0TtkkC&pg=PA161
- ↑ Dunning, James; Jansen, Teunis; Fenwick, Alan J.; Fernandes, Paul G. (2023-05-01). "A new in-situ method to estimate fish target strength reveals high variability in broadband measurements". Fisheries Research 261: 106611. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2023.106611. ISSN 0165-7836. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783623000048.
- ↑ McCartney, B. S.; Stubbs, A. R. (1971-04-08). "Measurements of the acoustic target strengths of fish in dorsal aspect, including swimbladder resonance". Journal of Sound and Vibration 15 (3): 397–420. doi:10.1016/0022-460X(71)90433-0. ISSN 0022-460X. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022460X71904330.
- ↑ Waite, Ashley David (2005). Sonar for practising engineers (3. ed., repr. with corr ed.). Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-49750-9.
- ↑ Caruthers, Jerald W. (1977). Fundamentals of marine acoustics. Amsterdam, New York, New York: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.. ISBN 978-0-444-41552-3. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4537915M/Fundamentals_of_marine_acoustics.
Further reading
- "Introduction to the use of sonar systems for estimating fish biomass, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 191, Revision 1, FAO 1982"
- Fisheries Acoustics Simmonds, E John and MacLennan, David N (2005) Blackwell Publishing. ISBN:978-0-632-05994-2
- C. S. Clay & H. Medwin, Acoustical Oceanography (Wiley, New York, 1977). ISBN: 978-0-080-53216-5
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