Philosophy:Credulity
Credulity is a person's willingness or ability to believe that a statement is true, especially on minimal or uncertain evidence.[1][2] Credulity is not necessarily a belief in something that may be false: the subject of the belief may even be correct, but a credulous person will believe it without good evidence.
Meaning
The words gullible and credulous are commonly used as synonyms. (Goepp Kay) state that while both words mean "unduly trusting or confiding", gullibility stresses being duped or made a fool of, suggesting a lack of intelligence, whereas credulity stresses uncritically forming beliefs, suggesting a lack of skepticism.[3] (Jewell 2006) states the difference is a matter of degree: the gullible are "the easiest to deceive", while the credulous are "a little too quick to believe something, but they usually aren't stupid enough to act on it."[4]
(Yamagishi Kikuchi) characterize a gullible person as one who is both credulous and naïve.[5] (Greenspan 2009) stresses the distinction that gullibility involves an action in addition to a belief, and there is a cause-effect relationship between the two states: "gullible outcomes typically come about through the exploitation of a victim's credulity.[6]
Examples
Many societies mark April Fools' Day or All Fools' Day on April 1 each year. The day features the commission of hoaxes and other practical jokes of varying sophistication on friends, family members, enemies, and neighbors, or sending them on a fool's errand, the aim of which is to embarrass the gullible.
Cold reading, a magic trick that gives the appearance of a psychic experience, relies on the credulous belief of an audience that something psychic is occurring. Hence the audience fits the utterances of the cold reader to be consistent with psychic abilities, while ignoring any contrary evidence.
A confidence trick or confidence game is an attempt to defraud a person or group by gaining their confidence. Confidence artists exploit human characteristics such as greed and dishonesty, and have victimized individuals from all walks of life.
Politics and practical jokes are also related to credulity.
Pseudoscience, a methodology, belief, or practice that is claimed to be scientific, or that is made to appear to be scientific, but which does not adhere to an appropriate scientific methodology,[7][8][9][10] lacks supporting evidence or plausibility,[11] or otherwise lacks scientific status.[12] Professor Paul DeHart Hurd[13] argued that a large part of gaining scientific literacy is "being able to distinguish science from pseudo-science such as astrology, quackery, the occult, and superstition".[14]
A religion is a system of human thought which usually includes a set of narratives, symbols, beliefs and practices that give meaning to the practitioner's experiences of life through reference to a higher power, God or gods, or ultimate truth.[15] Atheists and members of other religions may regard many other religious faiths as credulous cults.[16]
A snipe hunt, a form of wild-goose chase that is also known as a fool's errand, is a type of practical joke that involves experienced people making fun of credulous newcomers by giving them an impossible or imaginary task. The origin of the term is a practical joke where inexperienced campers are told about a bird or animal called the snipe as well as a usually preposterous method of catching it, such as running around the woods carrying a bag or making strange noises.[17]
Superstition is a credulous belief or notion, not based on reason or knowledge. The word "superstition" is often used pejoratively to refer to folk beliefs deemed irrational. This leads to some superstitions being called "old wives' tales." It is also commonly applied to beliefs and practices surrounding luck, prophecy and spiritual beings, particularly the irrational belief that future events can be influenced or foretold by specific unrelated prior events.
Treacle mining is the fictitious mining of treacle, similar to molasses in a raw form similar to coal. The subject purports to be a serious topic, but is in fact an attempt to test the credulity of the reader. The thick black nature of treacle makes the deception plausible. The topic has been a standing joke in British humor for a century or more.
In literature, Lewis Carroll provides a discussion of credulity:
Alice laughed. 'There's no use trying,' she said, 'one can't believe impossible things.'
'I daresay you haven't had much practice,' said the Queen. 'When I was your age, I always did it for half-an-hour a day. Why, sometimes I've believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast. [...]'[18]
See also
References
- ↑ "credulity | meaning of credulity in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English | LDOCE" (in en). https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/credulity.
- ↑ [1] Credulity, Merriam-Webster, Inc., retrieved June 24, 2020
- ↑ Goepp & Kay 1984, p. 198.
- ↑ Jewell 2006, p. 360.
- ↑ Yamagishi, Kikuchi & Kosugi 1999, p. 145.
- ↑ Greenspan 2009, p. 3.
- ↑ "Pseudoscientific - pretending to be scientific, falsely represented as being scientific", from the Oxford American Dictionary, published by the Oxford English Dictionary.
- ↑ Hansson, Sven Ove (1996). "Defining Pseudoscience," Philosophia Naturalis, 33: 169–176, cited in "Science and Pseudo-science" (2008) in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Stanford article states: "Many writers on pseudoscience have emphasized that pseudoscience is non-science posing as science. The foremost modern classic on the subject (Gardner 1957) bears the title Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. According to Brian Baigrie (1988, 438), "[w]hat is objectionable about these beliefs is that they masquerade as genuinely scientific ones." These and many other authors assume that to be pseudoscientific, an activity or a teaching has to satisfy the following two criteria (Hansson 1996): (1) it is not scientific, and (2) its major proponents try to create the impression that it is scientific."
- ↑ For example, Hewitt et al. Conceptual Physical Science Addison Wesley; 3 edition (July 18, 2003) ISBN:0-321-05173-4, Bennett et al. The Cosmic Perspective 3e Addison Wesley; 3 edition (July 25, 2003) ISBN:0-8053-8738-2
- ↑ See also, e.g., Gauch HG Jr. Scientific Method in Practice (2003)
- ↑ The National Science Foundation adopts the definition of (Shermer, 1997): "claims presented so that they appear [to be] scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility" (Shermer 1997, p. 33). In contrast, science is "a set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed and inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation" (Shermer 1997, p. 17). Shermer M. (1997). Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. cited by National Science Foundation (official report) (2006). "Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding". Science and engineering indicators 2006. https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
- ↑ "A pretended or spurious science; a collection of related beliefs about the world mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method or as having the status that scientific truths now have.", from the Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition 1989.
- ↑ Memorial Resolution: Paul DeHart Hurd. [2] retrieved 8 April 2009
- ↑ Hurd, P.D. (1998). "Scientific literacy: New minds for a changing world". Science Education, 82, 407–416.. Abstract online at www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/32148/ABSTRACT; retrieved 6 November. 2006
- ↑ While religion is difficult to define, the standard model of religion as used in religious studies was defined by Clifford Geertz (Religion as a Cultural System, 1973). For an influential critique of Geertz's model see Talal Asad's The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category (1982).
- ↑ Compare: Laynton, Robert (October 2015). "3: Spirituality: Basic considerations". Behind the Masks of God - An exploration of the nature and content of mystical transcendent experience. Stoke-on-Trent: Companion Guides (published 2013). p. 109. ISBN 9781291328509. https://books.google.com/books?id=2d_GBAAAQBAJ. "If I am a religious person I may well have constructed a quite highly differentiated network of spiritual meanings and values. Thus, when someone in a religious meeting begins to speak using a language I do not understand or recognize, I may allocate such an event quite happily to the category 'speaking in tongues' and related categories such as 'Holy Spirit', 'Blessing', 'inspiration' and so on may also be activated. If I am not a religious person then I may activate different categories such as 'superstition', 'emotionalism', 'gullibility', 'religious mania' and so on."
- ↑ Etymonline.com - snipe
- ↑ Carroll, Lewis (1871). "5: Wool and water". Through the Looking-glass: And what Alice Found There. London: Macmillan and Company Limited (published 1872). p. 100. ISBN 9780333370087. https://books.google.com/books?id=aOKruPEWBqEC. Retrieved 2017-04-30. "Alice laughed. 'There's no use trying,' she said, 'one can't believe impossible things.' [...] 'I daresay you haven't had much practice,' said the Queen. 'When I was your age, I always did it for half-an-hour a day. Why, sometimes I've believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast. [...]'"
- Goepp, Philip H.; Kay, Mairé Weir (June 1984), Gove, Philip B., ed., Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms: A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms with Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words, Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, ISBN 0-87779-341-7
- Greenspan, Stephen (2009), Annals of gullibility: why we get duped and how to avoid it, Praeger Publishers, ISBN 978-0-313-36216-3
- Jewell, Elizabeth, ed. (2006), Pocket Oxford Dictionary & Thesaurus (2nd American ed.), New York City: Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0-19-530715-1, https://archive.org/details/pocketoxforddict0002unse
- Yamagishi, Toshio; Kikuchi, Masako; Kosugi, Motoko (April 1999), "Trust, gullibility, and social intelligence", Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2 (1): 145–161, doi:10.1111/1467-839X.00030, http://www.iq.harvard.edu/blog/sss/archives/Social%20Trust_Yamagishi%20Trust%20%26%20Gullibility.pdf, retrieved 3 April 2011
Further reading
- Blakeman, Rufus (1849), A philosophical essay on credulity and superstition, New York: D. Appleton & Company, https://books.google.com/books?id=lhtWAAAAMAAJ
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