Social:Serhildan

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Serhildan
Part of Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
Date14 March 1990 – Present
Location
Eastern and Southeastern Turkey
Caused by
  • Suppression of Kurdish language[1]
  • Institutional racism and discrimination[1]
  • Banning of pro-Kurdish political parties[2] and political repression[1]
  • Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan[3]
  • Ban of Newroz celebrations[4]
GoalsCreation of an autonomous Kurdish region, reinstitution of Kurdish-language education, release of political prisoners and Abdullah Öcalan, end of military operations against Kurdish dissidents[3][5][6]
MethodsCivil disobedience, civil resistance, demonstrations, riots, strike actions, hunger strikes, self-immolations, Spontaneous uprisings,
StatusOngoing
Concessions
given
  • Kurdish language unbanned in 1991[7]
  • Newroz celebrations allowed since 1995[8]
  • Kurdish language broadcasting allowed since 2006[9]
  • Kurdish initiative by Prime Minister Erdoğan in 2009
  • Start of Solution process in 2013
Parties to the civil conflict

Kurdish Protesters Unorganized Kurdish citizens
HDP
KCK
HPG
YJA-STAR
YDG-H
(2006-15)
YPS
YPS-Jin
Mazlumder
Yakay-Der
Peace Mothers[3]
İHD[10][11]

Defunct:
HEP
(1990-93)
DEP
(1993-94)
HADEP
(1994-03)
Kurdish Parliament in Exile
(1995-98)[12]
DEHAP
(1997-05)
DTH
(2005)

DTP
(2005-09)

Government of Turkey

  • Turkish Armed Forces
  • Turkish Gendarmerie
    • JİTEM
  • Special Forces Command
  • General Directorate of Security
    • Riot Police
    • Police Special Operation Department
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  • National Defense
  • Ministry of the Interior
Lead figures
Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar
Vedat Aydın
Murat Bozlak
Ahmet Türk
Aysel Tuğluk
Leyla Zana
Pervin Buldan
Selim Sadak
Selahattin Demirtaş
Gülten Kışanak
Nurettin Demirtaş
Osman Baydemir
  • Ali Yerlikaya
    (2023–present)
  • Yaşar Güler
    (2023–present)
  • Metin Gürak
    (2023–present)
  • Selçuk Bayraktaroğlu
    (2023–present)
  • Adnan Özbal
    (2017–present)
  • Ziya Cemal Kadıoğlu
    (2023–present)
  • Arif Çetin
    (2017–present)
  • Ahmet Ercan Çorbacı
    (2017–present)
  • Erol Ayyıldız
    (2023–present)
Casualties and losses
179+ killed

1,968+ injured

17,679+ arrested

The word serhildan describes several Kurdish protests and uprisings since the 1990s that used the slogan "Êdî Bese" ("Enough") against Türkiye. Local shops are often closed on the day of demonstrations as a form of protest.

Protests are held every year on 15 February, the date of Abdullah Öcalan's capture, and during Newroz on the 21 March, the Kurdish New Year.[13]

The Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has thus far refused to acknowledge the demands of the protests, calling them a conspiracy[14] by an alleged Ergenekon–PKK axis.[15]

Etymology

The word serhildan consists of the Kurdish Kurmanji words ser that means head and hildan that means raise.[16] So the meaning is "rising" or "rebellion". In Zazaki the word for "rebellion" is Serewedaritiş.

Serhildan is sometimes translated as meaning the Kurdish intifada.[17]

History

Of the 1990 riots affected provinces and the location of Nusaybin

After the large Kurdish rebellions in the early to mid 20th century - the Koçkiri rebellion, the Sheikh Said rebellion, the Ararat rebellion and the Dersim rebellion - the first of a series of violent actions by the populace against police officers and state institutions in modern times occurred in 1990 in the Southeast Anatolian town of Nusaybin near the border with Syria. The rebellion in Nusaybin marked the beginning of what is sometimes called the serhildan. During the following days the riots expanded to nearby Mardin and to the neighbouring provinces of Batman, Diyarbakır, Siirt, Şanlıurfa and Şırnak. Later they also took in other Eastern Anatolian provinces such as Bingöl, Bitlis, Hakkâri, Muş and Van, as well as cities such as Ankara, Istanbul, İzmir and Mersin.

Since the major riots in 1990 rebellions sometimes occur sporadically, especially after the killing of PKK fighters, around 21 March (Newroz) or on 27 November (the date of the establishment of the PKK). Riots began again at the end of November 2009 and continued without interruption until mid-December. Rioters were protesting that the prison cell of Abdullah Öcalan on İmralı island was too small. Following the closure of the Kurdish party DTP on 11 December 2009 the situation worsened and cost three people their lives. A 23-year-old Kurdish student was killed by a police officer in Diyarbakır. The other two were killed by a shopkeeper in Bulanık after his shop was pelted with Molotov cocktails by the rebels. About 50 people were injured in the riots and over 100 people were arrested.

Timeline

1990–1999

  • March 14, 1990, about 5,000 protesters gathered at the funeral of a PKK fighter in Nuseybin. Protesters were fired upon by Turkish troops, over 700 were arrested.[18]
  • March 15, 1990, about 15,000 protesters in Cizre clashed with police.[18] 5 protesters were killed,[19] 80 injured and 155 arrested.[18] A total of 200 were arrested that day.[20]
  • March 21, 1990, widespread protests in all South-Eastern cities in connection with Newroz.[18]
  • June 2, 1990, during a march by 2000 Iraqi Kurdish refugees, clashes with security forces resulted in the injury of a policeman and five protesters[18]
  • March 2, 1991, over 1000 rioters fought the Turkish military with stones and sticks in Diyarbakir. One soldier and two protesters were injured,[18] another soldier and two protesters were killed.[19]
  • March 7, 1991, nearly 2,000 Kurdish villagers marching in Dargecit were fired on by police. Rioting erupted in which many were injured and 100 were arrested.[18]
  • March 9, 1991, over 1,000 protesters including members of the HEP protested against the killing of a woman by police during a riot.[18]
  • March 15, 1991, police fired at over 1,000 protesters, injuring many and arresting over 200.[18]
  • March 20, 1991, Turkey allowed Nowruz to be celebrated openly for the first time. Despite this, riots erupted in many villages in which police fired at protesters.[18]
  • July 10, 1991, police clashed with over 25,000 protesters who were shouting pro-PKK slogans at the funeral of assassinated HEP chairman Vedat Aydın. 12 were killed and 122 wounded.[18]
  • November 27, 1991, more than 1,500 shops were closed in Bismil and Idil to mark the PKK's 13th anniversary.[18]
  • December 10, 1991, 5,000 students in Diyarbakir boycotted classes in protest of the killing of a fellow student by Turkish security forces.[21]
  • February 21, 1992, some 70 rioters clashed with Turkish police in Mardin, one protester was killed and two were injured.[21]
  • March 21, 1992, in an event later known as "bloody newroz" tens of thousands of Kurds took to the streets all over Turkey to celebrate Nowruz and clashed with the military. Reports indicated that President Suleyman Demirel ordered the military not to attack civilians, however the army refused to obey these orders and attacked the protests.[18] In several towns including Şırnak and Kulp, the demonstrators were bombed by airraids.[22] In Sirnak, were between 500 and 1,500 PKK fighters entered the town to fight the police, the security forces went on a rampage for 22 hours in which most of the town was destroyed.[23] At least 102 civilians were killed during by the security forces,[24] at least 26 of which in Sirnak, 29 in Cizre, 14 in Nusaybin, 1 in İzmir and 2 in Adana. At least 1 soldier and 1 policeman were killed by rioters. Also numerous journalists were killed as the military set fire to them. Over 200 people were injured[25] and over 2,000 were arrested.[18]
  • April 6, 1992, 60 protesters were arrested in Mersin because the government classified the protests as illegal.[18]
  • August 15–16, 1992, thousands of shops were closed and protests erupted all over the South-East to mark the 8th anniversary of the PKK's armed campaign. At least 5 protesters were killed and 130 arrested.[18]
  • March 21, 1993, in accordance with a PKK-government cease-fire, Nowruz celebrations were not attacked by the military. Several minor protests were however broken up.[18]
  • August 14, 1993, police forces opened fire at a Kurdish protest in Digor, killing 10 and wounding 51 protesters.[19]
  • August 3, 1994, Kurds protested the trial of 6 Democracy Party politicians, for treason.[18]
  • May 19, 1995, over 1,000 Kurds demonstrate against the killing of a Kurd by Turkish government linked death squads.[26]
  • February 15, 1999, massive riots broke out in all major cities of the country as Kurds protested Abdullah Öcalan's arrest. Over 1,000 protesters were arrested during clashes with security forces.[27]
  • March 21, 1999, large unrest broke out on Nowruz and police put the South-East under a virtual state of siege.[28] Eyewitnesses reported police and military active in every city. In Istanbul, over 1,000 people were arrested as protesters exchanged gunfire with security forces several times. In Başkale, a suicide bomber killed himself and injured 3 people during the protests and in Mardin a bomb damaged a pipeline. There were sporadic clashes in other cities. In Diyarbakır alone, over 4,000 people were detained.[4]

2000–2010

  • February 21, 2000, in Diyarbakır, 1,500 people rallied to protest the detention of three Kurdish mayors by the Turkish state.[19]
  • November 25, 2000, Turkish police prevented hundreds of Kurds from going to Ankara for a protest.[19]
  • February 3, 2001, 60 demonstrators are arrested in Siirt for protesting against the mysterious disappearance of People's Democracy Perty (HADEP), party workers on January 25.[19]
  • February 5, 2001, 16 activists are detained during protests in Batman, against the disappearance of HADEP members on January 15.[19]
  • February 6, 2001, during a sixth day of protests, police break up crowds in Diyarbakir.[19]
  • February 15, 2001, police arrested over 100 people in demonstrations marking the second anniversary of Abdullah Ocalan's capture.[19]
  • March 21, 2001, over 100 people are arrested during Nowruz celebrations in Istanbul.[19]
  • July 28, 2001, during a festival in Tunceli, police tried to prevent a HADEP politician from addressing the crowd. The crowd responded by pelting police with stones, resulting in the injury of eight policemen and one member of the crowd.[19]
  • August 31, 2001, thousands gathered in Diyarbakir to travel to Ankara to celebrate World Peace Day on September 1. Turkish authorities however tried to prevent them from entering busses and clashes erupted in which 19 people were injured.[19]
  • January 25, 2002, a demonstration was staged in Siirt marking the 1-year anniversary of the disappearance of 2 HADEP politicians. Police tried to break up the crowd and during clashes four policemen and four demonstrators were injured, 70 people were arrested.[19]
  • March 21, 2002, in Diyarbakir thousands of police clash with Kurds as authorities banned public Nowruz celebrations that year.[29] 2 protesters were crushed to death during a police crackdown in Mersin.[30]
  • March 27, 2002, over 1,000 people including HADEP members marched to send a symbolical fax to parliament in Kurdish, calling on the parliament to legalize the use of the Kurdish language. Over 100, including several senior HADEP politicians were arrested during the march.[19]
  • June 22, 2005, Turkish police opened automatic gun-fire on 250 stone-throwing Kurdish protesters who tried to reclaim the bodies of two killed PKK-rebels. One protester was killed and seven people, including two journalists were injured.[31]
  • November 20, 2005, 12 Kurdish demonstrators are detained after hurling Molotov cocktails and stones at police in Istanbul.[32]
  • November 21, 2005, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan came to the Kurdish Southeast of Turkey to urge protesters to calm down, after weeks of rioting. He promised the protesters that his government would investigate charges that the Turkish Deep state and not Kurdish guerillas, were responsible for a recent, fatal, bombing.[32] In the two weeks of rioting, a total of four protesters were killed.[33]
  • November 22, 2005, during protests, a gunman opened fire at a primary school, killing a teacher and injuring four people.[32]
  • February 15, 2006, protesters allegedly armed with stones and firebombs defended themselves against police all over the southeast to mark the 7th anniversary of Abdullah Öcalan's capture.[32]
  • March 21, 2006, over 100,000 Kurds came out in the streets celebrating Nowruz. During these celebrations they allegedly said pro-PKK slogans and called for the release of Abdullah Öcalan.[28][32]
  • March 28, 2006, thousands of protesters demonstrated at the funeral of 14 Kurdish soldiers that had been killed by the Turkish military on March 25. The protesters allegedly hurled firebombs at police and police vehicle while smashing the windows of police stations to defend themselves. Over 40 people were injured,[28] including two policemen who were allegedly stabbed by protesters[34] and two were killed during the riots.[32]
  • March 29, 2006, during a second day of riots police used water cannons and pepper spray against protesters. An official said that three people had been killed and 250 had been injured, that day.[28]
  • March 30, 2006, over 20 people were injured in a third day of rioting, during which rioters hurled firebombs at the police and police opened fire on the crowds.[28]
  • March 31, 2006, a bomb explosion during riots in Istanbul left 1 dead and 13 injured.[28] A total of 500 were injured during these 48 hours.[35]
  • April 1, 2006, fresh clashes erupted between protesters and security forces, which left one protester dead and over ten people injured.[28] A total of 268 protesters had been arrested by April 1.[36]
  • April 2, 2006, during the sixth day of violence, a protester was killed in the southeast as police opened fire to disperse crowds. In Istanbul a group of men poured gasoline into a bus and set it on fire as they pushed the vehicle into pedestrians, killing three people. The total death toll from March 28 to April 2 rose to 15.[28]
  • March 21, 2007, violence broke out during Nowruz celebrations. Over 100,000 people attended the celebrations in Diyarbakir and over 50,000 in Istanbul, where students unveiled a large portrait of Abdullah Öcalan, while the crowds chanted "Real democracy or nothing." In Mersin, over 1,000 Kurdish youths clashed with the police, while in İzmir a protester hit a bus with a molotov cocktail, setting the vehicle ablaze. Two buses were pelted with stones and sticks in Istanbul, injuring several passengers. At least 22 protesters were detained.[37]
  • November 2, 2007, over 5,000 Kurds protested in Turkey against a possible incursion into Iraq's Kurdistan Region.[28]
  • February 15, 2008, thousands of Kurds fought police in the southeast on the 9th anniversary of Abdullah Öcalan's capture.[32]
  • March 21, 2008, clashes erupted between Kurds celebrating Nowruz and security forces as Kurdish crowds chanted pro-PKK slogans.[28] Over 200,000 PKK-supporters took part in the demonstrations in Diyarbakir, Van and Yüksekova.[38]
  • March 22, 2008, dozens of people are arrested and detained in a second day of protests as police use truncheons and tear-gas on protesters.[28]
  • March 24, 2008, a fourth day of protests in Turkey leaves a total toll of two protesters killed,[28] 38 protesters and 15 policemen injured[39] and 130 protesters arrested.[38]
  • October 20, 2008, demonstrations were staged by Kurds all over Turkey after allegations that Abdullah Öcalan was being mistreated in prison. One demonstrator was killed in clashes with Turkish security forces.[28] In Sirnak, 129 people were detained and in Yukesova, 10 were detained.[40] Among the detainees were over 50 minors, who were charged for terrorism, due to the ethnic nationalistic character of the demonstrations.[41]
  • February 15, 2009, Turkish police clashed with stone-throwing demonstrators, marking the 10-year anniversary of Abdullah Öcalan's capture. Over 100,000 Kurds came out in the streets in all the Kurdish towns in Turkey[28] The protests occurred mainly in Diyarbakir were 15,000 protesters took the streets. A total of 71 people, including 20 police officers were injured and 191 people were arrested during the protests.[42]
  • March 29, 2009, Kurds protested the 2009 Turkish local elections.[13]
  • April 20, 2009, several civil society organisations demonstrated in front of the DTP's headquarters in Ankara, against the recent arrest of DTP members. Police arrested 50 of the protesters[43]
  • August 5, 2009, Kurdish demonstrators clashed with police in Diyarbakir, injuring one policeman as police were pelted with molotov cocktails and stones. 11 demonstrators were arrested.[44]
  • November 27–December 1, 2009, there are four days of violent protests on the 31st anniversary of the foundation of the PKK.[28]
  • December 6, 2009, over 15,000 protesters gathered in Diyarbakir to demonstrate against the alleged mistreatment of Abdullah Öcalan in Turkish jail. 1 protester was killed and 2 were injured as police opened fire on the protests, an additional 113 people were arrested at the protests. Two people were also injured during protests in Yuksekova.[45]
  • December 12, 2009, large scale protests break out all over the southeast in response to the banning of the DTP by Turkey's supreme court. Protesters threw rocks and firebombs at the police.[28] During protests in Van, a young girl and five policemen were hospitalised, this included a police chief. Over 20 demonstrators were detained in Van. In Hakkâri protesters tried to lynch a police chief and a police officer who were saved by DTP managers. In Beytüşşebap and Cizre, protests continued into the late night. Protesters in Beytüşşebap threw molotov cocktails at the post office, bank offices and the local governor's house. In Cizre they blocked the road to the Habur Customs Gate on the Iraqi border, at night until police intervened. In Istanbul's Sultangazi and Başakşehir districts over 200 demonstrators closed traffic by throwing stones at cars and buses.[46]
  • December 13, 2009, angry crowds of Turkish Nationalists and Kurdish Nationalists clashed in Istanbul during a second day of pro-DTP protests. During street battles at least 1 person was killed from gunshot wounds.[28]
  • December 14, 2009, at least three Kurdish protesters are shot dead[28] and seven are injured[47] in Bulanık during a third day of protests.[28]
  • March 21, 2010, over 50,000 Kurds gathered to celebrate Nowruz. The crowd chanted slogans like "Democratic solution or democratic resistance" and "Blood for blood, we are with you Öcalan."[48]
  • November 12, 2010, thousands demonstrated in Diyarbakir against the KCK trial, as Peace and Democracy Party chairman Selahattin Demirtaş addressed the crowd.[49]
  • A total of 3,706 people were detained in the Kurdish protinces during 2010[50]

2011–2012

  • January 13, 2011, protests were held against the trial of 152 Kurdish activists, during which protesters defended themselves by throwing firebombs and stones at the police who attacked the protesters with water cannons and tear gas.[51]
  • January 14, 2011, thousands protested in Diyarbakır, Cizre, Batman, Hakkâri and Şırnak against police brutality against protesters on January 13.[52] Some 8,000 protesters had gathered in Diyarbakir's central square and they were joined by another 10,000 people for a protest march. Protesters clashed with police in front of the courthouse were Kurdish politicians were being trialed. Police tried to set up a barricade, which demonstrators attacked with fireworks and molotov cocktails, police responded with tear gas.[53]
  • February 15, 2011, Over 20,000 people[54] demonstrated in Diyarbakir, Van and Ergani on the 12th anniversary of the capture of Öcalan. Authorities arrested 19 BDP members in response to the protests for "violating the law on Demonstrations and Protests" and "making propaganda for an illegal organization."[55][56] In Diyarbakir police used tear gas to prevent some 2,000 protesters from marching to the city's central square, at least one policeman and one protester were injured during the clashes and over 20 protesters were arrested. Some 30 demonstrators were arrested in Batman and another 50 were arrested in Hakkâri, Van and Sanliurfa.[57] In Diyarbakir the body was found of 17-year-old student who set himself on fire, after Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire, sparking the Tunisian Revolution and Arab Spring.[57]
  • February 17, 2011, 3,000 demonstrators clashed with police in Diyarbakir, 46 of which were arrested due to acts of violence.[58]
  • February 18, 2011, 20,000 Kurds marched Diyarbakir against police brutality. The march, heading towards Koşuyolu Park however conflict arose after police attacked the March in Bayramoglu district. Several protesters were injured and 6 teenagers, with blood stains on their face were arrested by the police.
  • March 21, 2011, BDP-activists gathered 10,000s of people for a Nowruz rally in Diayrbakir. Police surrounded the rally and then stormed it forcing hundreds of people to flee. During the crackdown against protests, the police covered nearly the entire city in a layer of teargas, resulting in many people collapsing while running away from the tear gas.[59] Organisers claim a total of 500,000 people participated in the protests nationwide.[60]
  • March 24, 2011, over 3,000 Kurds gathered for a civil disobedience campaign called for by the BDP.[61] At least 70 of them were arrested by Turkish authorities.[62] During the protest they demanded education in Kurdish, the release of all jailed PKK members and political prisoners, end all military operations against Kurds and lift the 10% election threshold.[63]
  • March 28, over 40,000 Kurds came from all over Turkey to march to the Kasapderesi mass-graves in the Siirt province, where the bodies of 200 Kurds killed by the Turkish Deep State had been dumped. The march was organised to be on the same day as the 25 anniversary of the death of Mahsun Korkmaz, who was the first commander of the PKK's military forces and was killed by Turkish forces in 1986. The protesters were barred from entering the city of Siirt as police barricaded the roads and scattered the protesters, using tear gas.[64]
  • April 19-April 20, 2011, two days of major rioting, which continued on April 21, broke out in response to the banning of 12 Kurdish politicians from the 2011 parliamentary elections. In the first day an 18-year-old protester was killed by police, during the second day over 30,000 people attended his funeral in Batman, which resulted in major riots against the police. In Van, protesters hurled molotov cocktails at police stations in response to the killing.[65] A total of 16 people were arrested during the protests.[66]
  • April 21, 2011, as a crowd of some 800 protesters clashed with security forces in Diyarbakir, one protester was killed as police opened fire on the crowd with live rounds.[67]
  • April 26, 2011, the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), held a march which was attended by over 20,000 protesters.[68]
  • May 14, 2011, a rally was held by Kurdish and left-wing Turkish parties in Diyarbakir's İstasyon Square. Over 50,000 people attended the rally. The crowds chanted slogans in favor of a peaceful and democratic solution to the Kurdish issue.[69]
  • May 16, 2011, protests were held in Istanbul by supporters of the BDP, against the military operations. BDP candidates Sabahat Tuncel and Sırrı Süreyya Önder attended the demonstrations. When protesters attempted to hold a peaceful march, they were attacked by riot police, which used tear gas, this resulted in riots in which the protesters pelted police with bottles, rocks and fireworks.[70] In Diyarbakir almost all shops and businesses were closed as a protests. The CHP also closed their election office in Diyarbakir.[14]
  • May 18, 2011, Kurdish protests occurred all over the country, in Şanlıurfa 9 protesters were arrested for singing a PKK march song, in Istanbul 15 masked men threw rocks and molotov cocktails at a municipality bus. In Van over 1,000 people held a march to protest the deaths of 12 PKK members, led by the city's Kurdish mayor. Further demonstrations were held in Şırnak, Batman and İzmir.[71] A total of 2,506 Kurdish protesters had been detained from March 21 to May 18,[72] 308 were injured and at least 2 were killed.[50]
  • May 21, 2011, when Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Hakkâri, groups of Kurds came out to protest his visit. Majority of the city's shop-keepers closed their stores as a form of protest against the Prime Minister. Erdoğan refused to acknowledge the people were protesting him, blaming the city's mayor Fadıl Bedirhanoğlu for allegedly forcing people to protest him by fining those who didn't. Less than 1,000 people attended Erdoğan's speech, while 2 days later, much larger crowds attended a rally of opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, who criticised Erdoğan's allegations against the mayor and promised to get rid of the 10% threshold and give autonomy to local Kurdish authorities.[73]
  • May 22, 2011, over 30,000 mourners attended a funeral of PKK militant Ramazan Terzioğlu in Hakkâri. The mayors of Hakkâri, Yüksekova, Şemdinli, Çukurca and Esendere all attended the funeral and BDP parliamentary candidate Esat Canan spoke at the funeral. After the funeral the crowds set up barricades and started a major fire. Riot-police attacked the protesters with tear gas and high-pressure water cannons. There were two explosions during the protest but they did not cause any injuries.[74]
  • May 27, 2011, thirty demonstrators closed the İdil highway to traffic with barricades and threw a molotov cocktail at a student dormitory of an Islamist school in Cizre, Şırnak, injuring 3 students. Seven demonstrators were arrested by Turkish authorities as Erdoğan blamed the BDP[75] and PKK, claiming these Kurdish parties want to kill children.[76]
  • August 28, 2011, thousands of people from 16 different provinces marched towards the Turkish-Iraqi border in protest of a Turkish bombing campaign targeting PKK bases. The rioters attacked the police, which used tear gas resulting in the death of Yildirim Ayhan, a member of Van province's provincial assembly, who was taking part in the protests.[77]
  • A demonstration led by BDP MP Sebahat Tuncel against PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan's isolation in prison, in Istanbul's Taksim square, was broken up by police. 120 people were arrested.[78]
  • December, 29, after the Uludere airstrike killed 35 Kurdish smugglers in Sirnak, mass protests broke out in most Kurdish cities inside Turkey.[79] In Istanbul, over 1,000 Kurds demonstrated in Taksim Square, during which several hundred of the protesters threw stones at the police and smashed vehicles before police used water cannons on the demonstration.[80]
  • December 30, thousands of mourners attended the funeral of the Uludere airstrike victims.[81] During the funeral, family members of the victims called on PKK militants to take revenge, accusing the Turkish state of being murderers.[82]
  • December 31, 2011, activists staged demonstrations in Ankara, demanding the government prosecute those responsible for the air raid.[81] In Diyarbakir and several other locations violent protests erupted in which police used batons and tear gas against protesters and protesters threw stones and Molotov cocktails at police.[83] District Governor Naif Yavuz, while visiting the village were the airstrike occurred to offer his condolences, was attacked by an angry mob that repeatedly punched him, threw stones at him and attempted to lynch him. Six people were arrested due to involvement in the incident[84] In Diyarbakir, two boys were shot in the street, according to police they were members of the PKK which died in a gun battle, although several eyewitnesses dispute the account. Several hundred protesters gathered near the site were the boys were shot, resulting in a riot in which one man was injured and ten detained.[85]
  • January 14, 2012, some 300 Kurds demonstrated in Istanbul against the arrest of 49 suspected KCK members.[86]
  • February 15, 2012, tens of thousands of Kurds protested to demand Öcalan's freedom on the 13th anniversary of his capture. Demonstrations were held in Adana, Adıyaman, Antep, Batman, Bingöl, Tunceli, Elazığ, Erzurum, Iğdır, Hatay, Kars, Mersin, Siirt, Van and its Bostaniçi, Gevaş, Muradiye, Gürpınar and Saray districts, Ağrı and its Doğubayazıt district, Hakkari and its Yüksekova district, Muş and its Bulanık district, Diyarbakir and its Kocaköy, Hilvan, Bismil, Silvan and Dicle districts, Şanlıurfa and its Viranşehir, Suruç and Ceylanpınar districts, Mardin and its Midyat, Kızıltepe, Derik, Dargeçit, Mazıdağı and Nusaybin districts, Şırnak and its Güçlükonak, Cizre and Beytüşşebap districts as well as İzmir, Aydın, Istanbul and Bodrum. Police arrested three in Diyarbakir and 24 in Istanbul when attempting to stop the demonstrations. In Cizre street fighting between rioters and police lasted for hours.[87]
  • March 18, 2012, after the BDP and PKK both called for protests, tens of thousands of protesters came together in Diyarbakir waving Kurdish flags and holding up posters of Abdullah Öcalan, chanting "long live the leader Apo," and "the PKK is the people." Hundreds of riot police backed by armored vehicles and helicopters took up strategic positions in the city to prevent several marches from coming together in one large crowd. This resulted in widespread protest all over the city in which protesters allegedly burned down at least four mobile telephone relay stations. In Istanbul police tried to prevent two groups of 1,000 protesters from coming together. Haci Zengin, the head of an Istanbul branch of the BDP, was killed during the protests after being hit on the head by a tear gas canister. Police detained 106 people at the demonstration[88] and nine were injured[89]
  • March 20, 2012, two police officers were shot in Yüksekova in Hakkari province. In Batman, Ahmet Turk was taken to hospital after suffering from the effects of teargas fired to disperse crowds at the protests he was attending, a total of 15 people were injured during protests in the city. In Şanlıurfa the police countered the protesters with water cannons and fired live ammunition at a manifestation attended by Leyla Zana. In Mersin a great number of protesters were arrested. In Cizre over 5,000 protesters clashed with police, hurling petrol bombs and fireworks at the police. Police also clashed with demonstrators in Istanbul. A total of 24 people were injured.[90] One of the policemen injured in Yüksekova died of his wounds the next day.[91]
  • March 21, 2012, protests continued for a fourth day. Though less violent than the protests on previous days, this marked the most violent Nowruz celebration since the 1990s. At the same day PKK attacks killed 5 policemen in the mountains outside Sirnak and injured one in a bombing of the AKP's Diyarbakir headquarters.[92]
  • July 14, 2012, Diyarbakır was the scene of major protests and clashes between PKK supporters and the police as the pro-Kurdish BDP insisted on holding a rally to commemorate the 30 year anniversary of the 1982 hunger strike in Diyarbakır prison in which the prominent PKK members Mazlum Doğan, Kemal Pir, Hayri Durmuş, Ali Çiçek and Akif Yılmaz died.[93] The rally that had been banned by the provincial government. Over 10,000 police were used to prevent the protesters from gathering in İstasyon Square while over 300 BDP protests held sit-ins in Sümer Park.[94] According to the Turkish government, the protests resulted in 76 injured, including 23 policemen, although human rights organizations believe the number may be much higher. The injured included BDP Deputy President Pervin Buldan, BDP MPs Ayla Akat Ata from Batman and Mülkiye Birtane from Kars, the BDP's Diyarbakır Provincial Head Zübeyde Zümrüt, Diyarbakır Mayor Osman Baydemir and Remzi Akkaya. 87 people were arrested.[95]
  • August 3, 2012, a protest is held after a speech by Leyla Zana calling for Abdullah Öcalan to be transferred from prison to house arrest. Police arrested over 100 people at the protest.[96]
  • August 25, 2012, thousands of people rallied in Cizre to attend a protest organized by the BDP, attended by Cizre mayor Mustafa Gören. The Turkish government did not give permission for the protest to be held, citing alleged display of pro-PKK propaganda as the reason. Police were sent to fight the protesters and violence ensued.[97]
  • October 30, 2012, protests were held in Diyarbakır, Van, Hakkâri, Cizre and Silopi, all stores were closed and streets were empty aside from protesters which marched in solidarity with the hunger strike. Over 10,000 protesters clashed with police in Diyarbakır, which used tear gas to disperse the crowd. Nine people were detained.[98]
  • October 31, 2012, several thousand Kurds held a protest march in Diyarbakır in support of a hunger strike held in Turkish prisons by Kurdish political prisoners. The protesters clashed with police, who used tear gas and water cannon, throwing stones and firebombs at the police. As part of the protest, all shops were closed and families didn't send their children to school.[99] In Van several thousand people also marched towards the town's prison, were 182 inmates were in a hunger strike. In Istanbul a sit-in was held by a group of protesters which were dispersed by 100 policemen using pepper spray. Protesters attempted to march to a tent in Okmeydanı were Peace Mothers were camping, but the tent was attacked by police which used tear gas on the women. 10 people suffered injuries and 18 were detained.[3]
  • November 3, 2012, protests in Cizre and Diyarbakir at a funeral of a PKK militant killed by the Turkish military, resulted in clashes between protesters and riot police. 20 protesters were arrested.[citation needed]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Minorities at Risk: Assessment for Kurds in Turkey". University of Maryland, Center for International Development and Conflict Management. 31 December 2006. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=64005. 
  2. ↑ "Police and protesters clash after court bans Turkish party - South Eastern Europe - The Sofia Echo". http://sofiaecho.com/2009/12/14/830060_police-and-protesters-clash-after-court-bans-turkish-party. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Clashes Mar BDP's Hunger Boycott, 31 October 2012". http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/144304/clashes-mar-bdp%C3%ADs-hunger-boycott.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "BBC News - Europe - Turkish police arrest thousands". http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/300830.stm. 
  5. ↑ Khoshnaw, Hemin (4 April 2011). "Call for Civil Disobedience in Turkey". Rudaw. http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/turkey/3539.html. 
  6. ↑ "Thousands of Kurds protest barring of Kurdish political candidates in Turkey". Kurd Net. 20 April 2011. http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/4/turkey3190.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Turkish ban on speaking Kurdish challenged - World news - Europe - NBC News". NBC News. 24 February 2009. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29371366. 
  8. ↑ "ARTS-CULTURE - Newroz or Nevruz?". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/newroz-or-nevruz.aspx?pageID=438&n=newroz-or-nevruz-1997-03-21. 
  9. ↑ Language Policy and National Unity: The Dilemma of the Kurdish Language in Turkey
  10. ↑ http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?viewid=610863 İHD, PKK'cı artık istifa ediyorum (Turkish), Hürriyet, 30.07.2005
  11. ↑ http://www.taz.de/?id=archivseite&dig=2005/08/01/a0079 Türkische Literatin meldet sich zurück (German), die tageszeitung (taz) (German), 01.08.2005
  12. ↑ "ZAMAN". http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=D1CB9969C3D6F84368ACAB29F06818DA?load=detay&link=173093&newsId=173028. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Protesting as a Terrorist Offense". http://www.ifex.org/turkey/2010/11/01/protesting_as_a_terrorist_offense.pdf. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "TURKEY - Tension in Southeast a 'conspiracy,' says Turkish PM". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=tension-in-southeast-a-conspiracy-says-pm-2011-05-18. 
  15. ↑ "Erdoğan says Ergenekon-PKK alliance behind rising tension". http://www.todayszaman.com/news-244376-erdogan-says-ergenekon-pkk-alliance-behind-rising-tension.html. 
  16. ↑ Çiçek, Meral (2018-12-11). "Serhildan: The story of Bakur's first people's uprising" (in en-US). https://komun-academy.com/2018/12/11/serhildan-the-story-of-bakurs-first-peoples-uprising/. 
  17. ↑ "Children of the repression". June 5, 2006. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/turkey.iantraynor. 
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 "UK Entry Requirements for Non-EEA Countries". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081035/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR - Document Not Found". UNHCR. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MARP,,TUR,,469f38e91e,0.html. 
  20. ↑ "Turkey (Kurds)". http://pards.org/2005/Turkey(Kurds)AtRisk.doc. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "UK Entry Requirements for Non-EEA Countries". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081035/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "Abdullah Öcalan and the development of the PKK". Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175054/http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html. 
  23. ↑ "Turkey's Kurdish Policy in the Nineties". Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141026115402/http://kurdistan.org/work/commentary/turkeys-kurdish-policy-in-the-nineties/. 
  24. ↑ Keith Parkins. "Newroz - Kurdish New Year". http://home.clara.net/heureka/sunrise/newroz.htm. 
  25. ↑ "Page 88 and 89". http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606923/index.pdf. 
  26. ↑ "UK Entry Requirements for Non-EEA Countries - Xpats.io". 24 July 2019. https://www.xpats.io/uk-entry-requirements-non-eea-countries/. 
  27. ↑ "Kurdish Terrorist Captured - the Canadian Encyclopedia". https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kurdish-terrorist-captured. 
  28. ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 28.15 28.16 28.17 28.18 "Timeline Kurdistan". http://timelines.ws/countries/KURDISTAN.HTML. 
  29. ↑ "Timeline Turkey 1962-2008". http://timelines.ws/countries/TURKEYB.HTML. 
  30. ↑ "KurdishGlobe- Several injured in Kurdish demos". http://www.kurdishglobe.net/display-article.html?id=5FA8A97F10FA1B6FA52B84DEEEC4E36E. 
  31. ↑ "1 Kurd killed when troops break up protest in Turkey". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2005-06-22/news/world22.011_1_turkey-turkish-troops-kurdish. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 "Timeline Turkey". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20101223002128/http://timelines.ws/countries/TURKEYB.HTML. 
  33. ↑ "4th Kurdish protester killed in clashes with Turkish cops". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2005-11-21/news/WORLD21_11_1_turkey-kurdish-clashes-with-turkish. 
  34. ↑ "Dozens Injured In Kurdish Riot In Turkey". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 8 April 2008. http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1067181.html. 
  35. ↑ Ian Traynor (5 June 2006). "Children of the repression". the Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/turkey.iantraynor. 
  36. ↑ "People's Daily Online -- Turkey's Diyarbakir back to normal after three-day riots". http://english.people.com.cn/200604/01/eng20060401_255034.html. 
  37. ↑ "Violence mars Kurdish festival". 23 March 2007. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/03/23/2003353476. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Doden bij gewelddadige viering van Koerdisch nieuwjaar". http://www.turkijecorrespondent.nl/?p=190. 
  39. ↑ "Riot Police Detain 130 Kurdish Protesters in TurkeyAfter Clashes Leave Dozens Injured". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,340614,00.html. 
  40. ↑ "ZAMAN". http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=AE28B8686B16A91E53024C7ED35AA5C9?load=detay&link=156691&bolum=100&newsId=156579. 
  41. ↑ "Alert: Minors in Prison for Throwing Stones at Police". http://vigilantejournalist.com/blog/archives/453. 
  42. ↑ "Investigation launched into Kurdish protests in Turkey". http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2009/2/turkeykurdistan2110.htm. 
  43. ↑ "ZAMAN". http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=172977. 
  44. ↑ "Announcement". RNW Media. http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/kurdish-protest-turns-violent. 
  45. ↑ "One dead as violence flares in Turkey protests". http://www.france24.com/en/node/4941965. 
  46. ↑ "TURKEY - DTP protests turn violent in Istanbul". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=protests-after-the-court-decision-to-shut-down-the-dtp-2009-12-13. 
  47. ↑ "Two killed in Kurdish ban protests". France 24. 15 December 2009. http://www.france24.com/en/20091215-two-killed-kurdish-ban-protests?quicktabs_1=1. 
  48. ↑ "Thousands gather for flashpoint Kurdish event in Turkey". http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/3/turkey2586.htm. 
  49. ↑ "Thousands of Kurds Protest in Diyarbakir". Asbarez.com. http://asbarez.com/88496/thousands-of-kurds-protest-in-diyarbakir/. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "TURKEY - Thousands detained in eastern Turkey since March". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=thousands-detained-in-the-east-since-march-2011-05-13. 
  51. ↑ "Violent protests in SE Turkey as Kurd trial resumes - AlertNet". http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/violent-protests-in-se-turkey-as-kurd-trial-resumes. 
  52. ↑ "DİHA - Dicle News Agency". http://www.diclenews.com/2/22/viewNews/239393. 
  53. ↑ "Protests in SE Turkey as Kurd KCK trial resumes". http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/1/turkey3111.htm. 
  54. ↑ "Welcome workingshirt.com - BlueHost.com". 19 February 2011. http://workingshirt.com/politics/protesters-clash-with-police-in-diyarbakir/. 
  55. ↑ "DİHA - Dicle News Agency". http://www.diclenews.com/2/22/1/viewNews/243705. 
  56. ↑ http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/8198098-kurdish-protesters-clash-with-turkish-police/content/65995947-kurdish-demonstrators-march-in-the-southeastern-turkish-city-of-diyarbakir [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Police, Kurdish demonstrators clash in Turkey". http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/9/5665/World/International/Police,-Kurdish-demonstrators-clash-in-Turkey-.aspx. 
  58. ↑ "PKK steps up violence, implementing plans for election period". http://www.todayszaman.com/news-236038-pkk-steps-up-violence-implementing-plans-for-election-period.html. 
  59. ↑ "Stock Photography, Royalty-Free Photos & The Latest News Pictures - Getty Images". http://www.demotix.com/news/630968/brutal-crackdown-kurdish-newroz-diyarbakir. 
  60. ↑ "Turkey's Kurds Mark New Year As Nationalists Launch Push For Minority Rights". http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/112960/turkey-39-s-kurds-mark-new-year-as-nationalists-launch-push-for-minority-rights.html. Retrieved 6 June 2023. 
  61. ↑ "Turkey's Kurds launch protest movement for rights". http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/8517/World/Region/Turkeys-Kurds-launch-protest-movement-for-rights.aspx. 
  62. ↑ "TURKEY - 70 detained in BDP protest in SE Turkey". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=protest-to-tuncel-at-bilgi-university-2011-03-24. 
  63. ↑ "BDP loses ground while trying to inflame tension in run-up to elections". http://www.sundayszaman.com/sunday/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=239327. 
  64. ↑ "TURKEY - Tens of thousands march for mass graves in SE Turkey". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=tens-of-thousands-marched-for-mass-graves-in-se-turkey-2011-03-29. 
  65. ↑ "TURKEY - Blood, flames engulf southeastern Turkey as clashes continue". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=southeastern-turkey-in-blood-and-flames-as-clashes-continue-2011-04-21. 
  66. ↑ "Protestor killed in Kurdish demo in Turkey: politician". https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h__LUaetWlKFqpvRdbIwUu9oU9LQ?docId=CNG.ee79c99f0ccedb759ba44feb93280a92.d11. Retrieved 6 June 2023. 
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  68. ↑ "TURKEY - Election impossible in current situation, says Turkey's pro-Kurdish party". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=election-cannot-take-place-under-current-circumstances-says-bdp-2011-04-26. 
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  70. ↑ "TURKEY - BDP supporters protest against army operations". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=-2011-05-16. 
  71. ↑ "TURKEY - Pro - Kurdish demonstrations continue across Turkey". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pro-8211-kurdish-demonstrations-continue-unabated-across-turkey-2011-05-18. 
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  73. ↑ "TURKEY - Top Turkish parties trade places on Kurdish question". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=akp-chp-shifting-positions-over-kurdish-question-2011-05-23. 
  74. ↑ "TURKEY - Violent protest breaks out at PKK funeral in SE Turkey". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=violent-protest-breaks-lose-at-pkk-funeral-2011-05-22. 
  75. ↑ "Reports: Attack against Cizre dorm planned in BDP election tent". http://www.todayszaman.com/news-246240-reports-attack-against-cizre-dorm-planned-in-bdp-election-tent.html. 
  76. ↑ "PKK wants to kill pious Kurdish children, Erdoğan says". http://www.todayszaman.com/news-245593-pkk-wants-to-kill-pious-kurdish-children-erdogan-says.html. 
  77. ↑ "Turkish military tear gas Kurdish protest, politician killed". 28 August 2011. http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=306267. 
  78. ↑ http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/123619/pro-kurdish-protesters-detained-in-istanbul.html [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  79. ↑ "Rudaw in English The Happening: Latest News and Multimedia about Kurdistan, Iraq and the World - Kurds Mourn Victims of Turkish Air Strike". http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/4293.html. 
  80. ↑ "Kurds protest over deadly Turkey air raid". http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2011/12/20111229824112567.html. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "Demo held in Ankara over airstrike in SE". http://www.tehrantimes.com/world/94119-demo-held-in-ankara-over-airstrike-in-se. 
  82. ↑ "Ethnic Kurds bury dead killed in Turkish raid". 30 December 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/12/30/turkey-kurds-burial.html. 
  83. ↑ "Kurdish Protesters Clash With Turkish Authorities Over Civilian Deaths". VOA. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Kurdish-Protesters-Clash-With-Turkish-Authorities-Over-Civilian-Deaths-136481363.html. 
  84. ↑ "Crowd attacks Uludere district governor". http://www.todayszaman.com/news-267912-crowd-attacks-uludere-district-governor.html. 
  85. ↑ "Turkey: Hundreds of Kurds protest killing of alleged PKK rebels". http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/12/turkey3648.htm. 
  86. ↑ http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.asp?id=45348 [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  87. ↑ "Turkey: Tens of thousands demand freedom for Kurdish leader AbdullahÖcalan". http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/2/turkey3773.htm. 
  88. ↑ "Turkish police fight Kurdish protesters, one dead". Reuters. 18 March 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-kurds-idUSBRE82H07520120318. 
  89. ↑ "Turkish police clash with Kurdish protesters". http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/03/2012318173842690891.html. 
  90. ↑ "24 hurt as Turkish police clash with Kurds at New Kurdish Yearcelebrations". http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/3/turkey3844.htm. 
  91. ↑ "Turkish policeman dies a day after being shot during Newroz clashes". http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/3/turkey3847.htm. 
  92. ↑ Ayla Albayrak and Joe Parkinson (21 March 2012). "Several Killed in Turkish-Kurdish Clashes - WSJ". WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304636404577295792267051820. 
  93. ↑ "Turkey's AKP Resorts to Brutality". crimson satellite. 21 July 2012. http://crimsonsatellite.wordpress.com/2012/07/21/turkeys-akp-resorts-to-brutality/. 
  94. ↑ "Use of police force at Diyarbakır rally sparks controversy - POLITICS". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/use-of-police-force-at-diyarbakir-rally-sparks-controversy.aspx?pageID=238&nid=25585. 
  95. ↑ "Police Brutality Takes Hefty Toll in BDP's Diyarbakır Rally - english". Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. http://bianet.org/english/human-rights/139762-police-brutality-takes-hefty-toll-in-bdp-s-diyarbakir-rally. 
  96. ↑ "UPI NEXT". http://www.upiu.com/politics/2012/08/03/Kurds-Protest-Arrest-of-Activist-in-Turkey/UPIU-4601343983647/. 
  97. ↑ "Protests in the town of Cizre in spite of Turkish Censorship". http://kurdishrights.org/2012/08/29/protests-in-the-town-of-cizre-in-spite-of-turkish-censorship/. 
  98. ↑ Hairenik (November 2012). "Protests in Diyarbakir in Solidarity with Hunger-Strikers". Armenian Weekly. http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/11/01/protests-in-diyarbakir-in-solidarity-with-hunger-strikers/. 
  99. ↑ Photos (24 May 2016). "Police clash with Kurdish protesters in Turkey". NBC News. http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/30/14811824-police-clash-with-kurdish-protesters-in-turkey. 

Bibliography

  • İlhan Gülsün: PKK ve şer odakları. Istanbul 1998. ISBN:978-975-7841-40-1. (Turkish)



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