Social:Persecution of Degar Peoples in Vietnam

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The native inhabitants of the Central Highlands are the Degar (Montagnard) peoples. The Vietnamese conquered the Central Highlands during their "march to the south" (Nam tiến). Ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) people now outnumber the indigenous Degars (considered derogatory term) after state-sponsored colonization directed by both the government of South Vietnam and the current Communist government of unified Vietnam. The Montagnards have engaged in conflicts with the Vietnamese, from the anti-Communist South Vietnamese government, the Viet Cong, to the Communist government of unified Vietnam[citation needed]. There are contrasting views on this issue, as the constitution of the government of Vietnam states "Article 36 of the Constitution, the state invests heavily in education and supports various preferential programmes for ethnic minorities, like ethnic minority boarding schools, lower entry requirements and quota for minorities."[1][2] Both the initial 1945 constitute and the revised 1992 constitution of North Vietnam and the successor state the Socialist Republic of Vietnam stated that all minority groups in Vietnam have the right to maintain their mother tongues in their schooling as well as to use their languages to preserve their ethnic cultures and values.[1]

Background

The Champa state and Chams in the lowlands til 1471 were traditional suzerains whom the Montagnards in the highlands acknowledged as their lords, while autonomy was held by the Montagnards.[3] After World War II concept of "Nam tiến" and the southward conquest was celebrated by Vietnamese scholars.[4] The Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois was the name of the Central Highlands from 1946 under French Indochina.[5]

Up until French rule, the Central Highlands was alleged by one American source as almost never entered by the Vietnamese since they viewed it as a savage (Moi-Montaganrd) populated area with fierce animals like tigers, "poisoned water" and "evil malevolent spirits", but the Vietnamese expressed interest in the land after the French transformed it into a profitable plantation area to grow crops on,[6] in addition to the natural resources from the forests, minerals and rich earth and realization of its crucial geographical importance.[7] However, the French tactic of divide-and-conquer to fragment national independent movements was also used, using specially-recruited Montagnard divisions and troops and dividing the region.[8]

In 1955, Northern Vietnamese migrants were settled in the Central Highlands after the autonomous Montagnard area was abolished by Ngô Đình Diệm. Y Bham Enuol founded Bajaraka on January 5, 1958 to resist the discrimination, Vietnamese settlement on Highlands and forced assimilation by the South Vietnamese government. The United Nations Secretary-General and foreign embassies were contacted by Y Bham Enuol. "Front for the Liberation of the Highlands of Champa" (Mặt Trận Giải Phóng Cao Nguyên Champa) and Bajaraka were both headed by Y Bham Enuol. He was killed by the Khmer Rouge on April 20, 1975.[9] The support of Central Highlands tribe was seen as essential to Hanoi's war strategy, and various tribes had supported the National Liberation Front, with a Christian Rade people Y Bih Aleo serving as the vice-President of the NLF.[10] Several Montagnard agents had assisted PAVN attacks against U.S Special Forces camps and personnel within the region, and their antagonism with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam caused them to not warn them of attacks during the 1975 campaigns.[10]

Les Kosem, Y Bham Enuol and Prince Norodom Sihanouk worked together to found FULRO and launch an uprising against the South Vietnamese government to regain their land from the Vietnamese colonizers. Since 1964 the Montagnards of FULRO struggled for their own country and continued to fight against the Vietnamese Communist regime which persecuted them for their religious beliefs.[11] After mass jailings and killings during the 2001 and 2004 protests by ethnic hill tribe minorities against the Vietnamese regime, foreigners were banned from the Central Highlands for a period of time by Vietnam.[12][13]

Forced Colonization of the Central Highlands during the Indochina War(s)

The Montagnard inhabited Central Highlands became open to the Vietnamese only under French rule[citation needed]. The word savage (moi) was used by the Vietnamese against the Montagnard Degars. Both the South Vietnamese and the united Communist Vietnam government were fought against by the FULRO Degar fighters for the sake of the Central Highlands and Montagnard people under the direction of Y-Bham Enuol[citation needed]. The Montagnards in FULRO fought the Vietnamese for twenty years after the end of the Vietnam War and the scale of Vietnamese attacks on the Montagnards are alleged by one US author as having killed over 200,000 Montagnards after 1975 during the war between FULRO and Vietnam in the Central Highlands, as the Vietnamese lease land for Japanese companies to harvest lumber in the area. Munitions, weapons, and 5,000 rifles were given by the Chinese to some Montagnard groups after some Montagnards requested help from China via Thai General Savit-Yun K-Yut since the United States refused to help the FULRO Montagnards against the Vietnamese.[14] These figures have not been validated by independent sources or third parties, however. Degar courts were abolished by South Vietnam and the Central Highlands became flooded with Vietnamese colonizers under the direction of South Vietnam[citation needed]. Torture and mass arrests by the Vietnamese military were used in the Central Highlands against the Degar during the February 2001 protests against Vietnamese oppression.[15]

The Chinese, the Central Highlands Montagnards, Cham, and Delta Cambodians (Khmer Krom) were all alienated by the South Vietnamese government under Diem. The Montagnard Highlands were subjected to colonization by ethnic Vietnamese under Diem. A complete rejection of Vietnamese rule was felt by non-NLF tribes of the Montagnards in 1963.[16]

A statute in Buôn Ma Thuột commemorating the contribution of the Central Highlands tribes during the Vietnam War.

The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa, the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien, while the Vietnamese received strong Chinese influence in their culture and civilization and were Sinicized, and the Cambodians and Laotians were Indianized, the Montagnards in the Central Highlands maintained their own native culture without adopting external culture and were the true indigenous natives of the region, and to hinder encroachment on the Central Highlands by Vietnamese nationalists, the term Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois PMSI emerged for the Central Highlands along with the natives being addressed by the name Montagnard.[17] The Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region.[18] Violent demonstrations with fatalities have broken out due to Montagnard anger at Vietnamese discrimination and seizure of their land since many Vietnamese Kinh were settled by the government in the Central Highlands.[19][20]

An insurgency was waged by Montagnards in FULRO against South Vietnam and then unified Communist Vietnam.[21] A colonization program of Kinh Vietnamese by the South Vietnamese government and united Vietnamese Communist government was implemented[22][23] and now a Kinh majority predominates in the highland areas.[24] The Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands were subjected to state sponsored colonization by ethnic Vietnamese settlers under the South Vietnamese regime of Ngo Dinh Diem which resulted in estranging the Montagnards and leading them to reject Vietnamese rule.[25] FULRO however did not represent the sole force or organisation among the Montagnards, Khmer Krom and other groups, as the Cambodian Campaign that created refugees in the region had caused many to join the Viet Cong and become members.[26] The appeal of "defending the fatherland" against foreign attack appealed to many.[26]

The South Vietnamese and Communist Vietnamese colonization of the Central Highlands has been compared to the historic Nam tiến of previous Vietnamese rulers. During the Nam tiến (March to the South) Khmer and Cham territory was seized and militarily colonized (đồn điền) by the Vietnamese which was repeated by the state-sponsored colonization of Northern Vietnamese Catholic refugees on Montagnard land by the South Vietnamese leader Diem and the introduction to the Central Highlands of "New Economic Zones" by the now Communist Vietnamese government.[22] The thousand year violent war the Vietnamese in the lowlands had with the Montagnards in the mountains was a long-established custom and the Vietnamese used the derogatory word "Moi" (savages) to address the Montagnards, the South Vietnamese government was strongly against the autonomous Montagnard CIDG (Civilian Irregular Defense Groups) who were fighting against the Vietcong because they feared that the Montagnards would gain independence so the South Vietnamese and Montagnards violently clashed against each other[citation needed]. The Vietnamese Communists are alleged to have implemented harsh punishment against the Montagnards after the defeat of South Vietnam.[27] Whether these issues are true or not is openly disputable, given that the Vietnamese constitution officially recognises all the present central highlands minority groups.[2] Furthermore, this group exhibited strongly-divided loyalties, many had joined with the NLF in opposition to Saigon policies.[8]

Some Vietnamese viewed and dealt with the indigenous Montagnards in the CIDG from the Central Highlands as "savages" and this caused a Montagnard uprising against the Vietnamese.[28] Some Montagnard Rhades mounted a revolt, seizing hundreds of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers, assassinating officers of the Vietnamese special forces and seizing American advisers on 19–20 September but the 23rd Division of the South Vietnamese army stopped them from sizing Ban Me Thout, the provincial capital of Darlac Province.[29] In the Central Highlands the Montagnard FULRO organization fought against both the Communists and South Vietnamese due to discrimination by the South Vietnamese army against the Montagnards. After the victory of the Communist North Vietnamese, the Vietnamese refused autonomy to the Montagnards, and on Montagnard land they settled around one million ethnic Vietnamese in addition to using "reducation camps" on the Montagnards, leading the Montagnard FULRO to continue the armed struggle against the Vietnamese.[21][30]

Ethnic minorities in general have also been referred to as "moi",[31] including other "hill tribes" like the Muong.[32] The anti-ethnic minority discriminatory policies by the Vietnamese, environmental degradation, deprivation of lands from the natives, and settlement of native lands by a massive amount of Vietnamese settlers led to massive protests and demonstrations by the Central Highland's indigenous native ethnic minorities against the Vietnamese in January–February 2001 and this event gave a tremendous blow to the claim often published by the Vietnamese government that in Vietnam There has been no ethnic confrontation, no religious war, no ethnic conflict. And no elimination of one culture by another.[33] The same state-sponsored settlement of ethnic minority land by Vietnamese Kinh has happened in another highland region, the Annamite Cordillera (Trường Sơn), both the Central Highlands and Annamite Cordillera were populated by ethnic minorities who were not Vietnamese during the 20th century's start, but the demographics of the highlands was drastically transformed with the mass colonization of 6 million settlers from 1976 to the 1990s, which led to ethnic Vietnamese Kinh outnumbering the native ethnic groups in the highlands.[34]

Cultural and demographic purging

A colonization program of Kinh Vietnamese by the South Vietnamese government and united Vietnamese Communist government was implemented[citation needed]. Leaving out any plans for autonomy for ethnic minorities, an assimilation plan was launched by the South Vietnamese government with the creation of the "Social and Economic Council for the Southern Highlander Country", the South Vietnamese based their approach to the highlanders by claiming that they would be "developed" since they were "poor" and "ignorant", making swidden agriculturalists sedentarize and settling ethnic Vietnamese colonists from the coastal regions into the highlands such as Northern Vietnamese Catholic refugees who fled to South Vietnam, 50,000 Vietnamese settlers were in the highlands in 1960 and in 1963 the total number of settlers was 200,000 and up to 1974 the South Vietnamese were still implemented the colonization plan even though the highland natives experienced massive turbulence and disorder because of the colonization, and by 1971 less than half of a scheme back by the Americans to leave Montagnards with just 20% of the Central Highlands was completed, and even in the parts of the highlands which did not experience colonization, the South Vietnamese threw the native tribes into "strategic hamelets" to keep them away from places where communists potentially operated and the South Vietnamese consistently spurned any attempts too make overtures to the native Highlanders.[23][35][36]

Concessions for ethnic minority rights were issued after the South Vietnamese government was forced by the FULRO insurgency to address the problem under "Front for the Liberation of the Highlands of Champa" (Mặt Trận Giải Phóng Cao Nguyên Champa) and FULRO led by Les Kosem and with the help of the intelligence agency and military of Cambodia under Prince Norodom Sinhaouk[citation needed]. The effort to free the Cham people was led by Major General Les Kosem. The Cham people keep the soul of FULRO alive according to former FULRO Cham member Po Dharma who went on a journey to see Les Kosem's grave.[37]

A 2002 article in the Washington Times reported that Montagnard women were subjected to forced mass sterilization by the Vietnamese government for the Montagnard's population to be reduced, in addition to stealing lands of the Montagnards, and attacking their religious beliefs, killing and torturing them in a form of "creeping genocide",[38]

Luke Simpkins, an MP in the House of Representatives of Australia condemned the Vietnamese persecution of the Central Highland Montagnards and noting both the South Vietnamese government and regime of unified Communist Vietnam attacked the Montagnards and colonized their lands, mentioning FULRO which fought against the Vietnamese and the desire for the Montagnards to preserve their culture and language. The Vietnamese government has non-Montagnards settle on Montagnard land and killed Montagnards after jailing them.[14][39]

Former Green Beret and writer Don Bendell wrote a novel based on Vietnam's policies in the Central Highlands with details in his book such as accusing the Communist Vietnamese government implemented a genocidal and discriminatory policy against the native Montagnards in the Central Highlands, banning Montagnard languages and implementing Vietnamese language, having Vietnamese men marry Montagnard girls and women by force, colonizing the Central Highlands with massive amounts of Vietnamese settlers from the lowlands, inflicting terror and on the Montagnards with the Cong An, and making them perform slave labor, erecting plantations for rubber, tea, and coffee on the Central Highlands after destroying the vegetation in the area and due to these "apartheid-like conditions".[40] The veracity of these accounts are uncertain, as they have not been independently sourced or verified.

Government crackdowns

2001 mass protests

After the Vietnamese government arrested Montagnards a demonstration was started in Chu Prong county by the Montagnards in the Central Highlands consisting of around 500 people in February 2001. Vietnam accused them of plotting for autonomy and accused them of trying to stir up ethnic animosity, and launched an anti-Highlander military operation. The traditional lands of the Central Highland had been taken by the Vietnamese and the Central Highland demonstrators had asked for it back. The Vietnamese government refused to return the lands and instead attacked the demonstrators, arresting hundreds and assaulting and pummeling the demonstrators[citation needed]. The Vietnamese military took charge of the Central Highlands, severing telephone lines and keeping heavy watch over travel within the area. The Bahnar, Rhade, and Raglai participated in the mass demonstrations against the Vietnamese[citation needed]. They carried no weapons while they started their mass protests. The natives regard the puppet leaders placed in their communities by the Vietnamese Communist government as collaborators who help persecute the natives for the Vietnamese[citation needed]. The tribal customs of the highlanders are ignored by the Vietnamese government which shows no regard for the traditional leaders of the Highlanders. The natives of the Central Highlands are mired in poverty and the Vietnamese are richer than them and are subjected to starvation. The Vietnamese government seized the land of the natives in the Central Highlands for Vietnamese settlers and coffee companies. They severely limited the amount of land farmed by the Highlanders and drove them away. Vietnamese colonizers also directly seize land from the natives in addition to the coffee companies[citation needed]. The policies of the Vietnamese government impede the natives while helping the Vietnamese colonizers. The lumber and coffee companies are assisted by the Vietnamese government. Vietnamese government workers embezzle and steal aid meant for the Central Highlanders. After these provocations, when Buon xer village was seized by Vietnamese colonizers, they were attacked by the Rhade when the straw finally broke the camel's back on August 8, 2000. The massive amount of Vietnamese colonizers and land theft was the impetus for the mass 2001 demonstrations against the Vietnamese[citation needed]. Rahlan Djan and Rahlan Pon were the two Montagnards who were abused and arrested by the Vietnamese and ex-FULRO member Ksor Kok helped bring attention to their plight.[41][42]

The jailed Montagnards had been subjected to torture by the Vietnamese government which caused the mass protests. There were 30 police officers wounded in Buon Ma Thuot in Daklak and Pleiku. Coffee farming and colonization of ethnic Vietnamese in the Central highlands are supported by the Vietnamese government. The natives were attacked by Vietnamese helicopters and soldiers in Daklak and Gia Lia provinces.[43][44]

The Ratanakiri and Moldokiri based Montagnards numbered 402 people in December 1992. Another wave of Montagnard refugees in Cambodia happened after the Vietnamese government crackdown on the protests in the Central Highlands in February 2001.[45][46]

Torture was performed by the Vietnamese upon Montagnards who were detained after the protests. The demonstrators were crushed by Vietnamese troops and police after they asked for the land back in non-violent protests in the Central Highlands in 2001. In their own native lands, the Vietnamese have been removing Montagnards since they don't have official documentation and the Highlands have been flooded with Vietnamese colonists supported by the Vietnamese government[citation needed]. Plantations run by the government were built on the land of the Montagnards which were also settled by lowlanders. Montagnards were made to give up their lands for far less than they were worth to the Vietnamese government[47]

2004 mass protests

Prison sentences were handed down to 15 people in May 2004. Gia Lai and Dak Lak's capital Buon Ma Thuot was the scene of the April 2004 mass demonstrations against the Vietnamese. Access to the Central Highlands was cut off by the police. The Vietnamese government oppresses them because they want their native land rights[citation needed]. The 2001 mass protests led to an exodus to Cambodia of Montagnards escaping from the Vietnamese authorities. After attempting to escape Vietnam or demonstrating against the government, jail terms were imposed upon over 70 Montagnards.[48]

Electric batons and tear gas were deployed by the Vietnamese against a communal prayer by the Montagnards. Like the 2001 mass demonstrations, Buon Ma Thuot was once again the scene of a huge gathering of Montagnards demanding that their traditional Daklak lands be given back and religious freedom allowed. Plantations were set up on stolen land where the Montagnards were driven out of by the Vietnamese government since the Vietnamese use it for growing coffee.[49]

Gia Lia and Daklak were the scene of the mass 2004 demonstrations. The Montagnard demonstrators demanded that they be given their lands and be justly treated. The demonstrations involved thousands and police and demonstrators were among the injured.[50]

The flood of Kinh Vietnamese colonists on stolen Montagnard lands led to 20,000 Montagnards participating in the 2001 protests[citation needed]. Buon Ma Thuoat was flooded by Vietnamese armed forces after crushing the rally in which Montagnards took part in by the hundreds. Foreigners were banned by the Vietnamese police from entering Buon Ma Thuot. Religious and ethnic groups are oppressed by the Vietnamese government according to the Montagnard Foundation.[51]

America received 1,000 asylees from Montagnards in Cambodia where they had fled to after the mass demonstrations in 2001. The theft of indigenous land was the cause of the protests in Daklak province's capital Buon Ma Thuot on Saturday by over 1,000 Montagnards in 2004[citation needed]. The Vietnamese arrested Montagnards during the demonstrations and people were hurt during fights which broke out. The Montagnard Foundation was accused by the Vietnamese government.[52][53]

Observers were shocked by the Gia Lai and Daklak 2004 demonstrations since the heavy Vietnamese military presence in the area was implemented after suppressing and clamping down on the 2001 demonstrations. Destitution is rife in the Central Highlands[citation needed]. There were estimates of thousands of people participating in the demonstrations. The coffee growing highlands were closed to every single non-Vietnamese after the protests. The airports in Pleiku and Buon Ma Thuot were forbidden from allowing non-Vietnamese in. Special permission is needed for non-Vietnamese reporters and consular officers.[54]

The Vietnamese government stole the land of the Montagnards when the Communists came to power[citation needed]. During the protests Montagnards were shot according to Save the Montagnards leader George Clark. 2,000 Montagnards were alleged to have been killed with rivers being used as dumping grounds for bodies by the Vietnamese according to the Montagnard Foundation.[55][56][57][58][59]

The peaceful protests were crushed by the Vietnamese government and the toll inflicted was substantial.[60]

Jail terms were handed out to hundreds of Montagnards while others were murdered by the Vietnamese government forces during the crushing of the Daklak disturbances in 2001[citation needed]. In order to search for Montagnards the Vietnamese government closed streets, shut down flights and banned non-Vietnamese from the area[citation needed]. Cambodia was the destination of many Montagnards who fled the crackdown in which the amount of people detained and hurt reached into the hundreds after the Vietnamese Communists crushed the protesters, who sought to address the theft of their land by the Vietnamese government.[61]

Italy called for Montagnard asylum seekers to be allowed into Cambodia and called the Montagnard persecution at the hands of the Vietnamese to end.[62][63]

The 2001 incident was over land. In 2004 there were multiple disappeared and murdered demonstrators as demonstration was subjected to water cannon, gas and electric sticks. Reporters and non-Vietnamese were banned from the Central Highlands by the Vietnamese[citation needed]. Indigenous land seizure was one of the complaints of the rally in Daklak outside of the Vietnamese government buildings by the Montagnards.[64][65]

The Easter weekend was when the protests over the theft of indigenous land happened and water cannons, gas and electric sticks were deployed against them. During the incident murdered and injured Montagnards were seen[citation needed]. Foreign officials and observers were forbidden to enter[citation needed]. Vietnam has long crushed indigenous land rights for ethnic minorities. Italy and the USA attempted to investigate the crackdown.[66][67]

The number of wounded and imprisoned reached into the dozens according to some. The Vietnamese murdered Montagnards by the hundreds according to Montagnard advocates in the USA. An observation trip by US diplomatic officers was barred by the Vietnamese. Italy and the USA both called upon the truth behind what happened to be investigated. The death toll of hundreds came from Kok Ksor who leads the Montagnard Foundation. Released Vietnamese prison inmates and Vietnamese civilians helped the Vietnamese police assaulted the Montagnards[citation needed]. Trucks, rivers, wells, and coffee plantations human remains lying around[citation needed]. The Vietnamese detained Montagnard children and the Central Highlands was off limits to independent observers[citation needed]. The path to Cambodia was obstructed by the Vietnamese.[68][69]

One number given of protest participants was 400,000 while an approximate number of deaths was given at 400. Vietnamese civilians joined Vietnamese security forces in assaulting the Buonmathuot Degar Montagnard protesters.[70]

Dak Lak's capital Buon Ma Thuot was the scene of the convergence of Montagnards in the thousands on April 20, Saturday of 2004. Tanks were deployed water cannons, electric sticks and gas were deployed by the police. Gia Lai's districts of Dak Doa, Cu Se, and Ayun Pa on April 11 were the scenes of further protests by Montagnards against the Vietnamese. Human Rights Watch also reported deaths and injuries among the Montagnards in the 2004 uprising. Indigenous land restitution was a demand of the non-violent Montagnard protesters. External contact was limited and three or more people gathering was prohibited, along with Central Highlands internal movement. House arrest was implemented with Vietnamese police entered the houses and villages of the Montagnards. Multiple incidents of Vietnamese jailing and assaulting Montagnards were documented in 2003 and 2004.[71]

Indigenous land seizure was a reason cited for the Saturday demonstrations by the Montagnards in which dozens were arrested by the Vietnamese[citation needed]. Non Vietnamese were banned from the Central Highlands while the demonstrations were crushed by Vietnamese police. A death toll of hundreds was given by the Montagnard Foundation.[72]

Asylum for the Montagnards was advocated to the United Nations and the government of Cambodia by Cambodian King Sihanouk.[73][74]

Indigenous land theft at the hands of the Vietnamese led to the demonstrations in which the Vietnamese savagely crushed 1,000 Montagnard Degars and resulted in a death toll of possibly hundreds according to a Christian News Service. There has been acute discrimination of the Montagnards by the Vietnamese.[75]

The coffee plantations and Buonmathuot had corpses strewn around numbering in the hundreds while some were beheaded, their limbs broken after guns, stones, and electric sticks were used in the assault on the Montagnard protesters by private Vietnamese citizens who helped the Vietnamese police and military[citation needed]. The Vietnamese persecute both Northwestern and Central Highland ethnic minorities. The Montangards were driven to Cambodia after they were left in destitution when their indigenous lands were seized by the Vietnamese in an "ethnic cleansing" plan implemented by the Communist Vietnamese[citation needed]. The Radical Party of Italy brought attention to the plight of the Montagnards to the European Parliament. United Nations monitors were banned from the Central Highlands.[76]

Vietnamese government media claimed that the death toll was two people. Theft of land was a cause of the demonstration by the Montagnards. The Central Highlands was blocked to non-Vietnamese. The demonstrations were mostly ignored by Vietnamese media. There were deaths caused by shootings and violent batterings of Montagnards at the hands of the Vietnamese according to Human Rights Watch.[77]

The Vietnamese Embassy in the United States and the Foreign Ministry of Vietnam claimed no discrimination was going on and everything was normal.[78]

The Montagnard demonstrators were accused of being separatists who wanted their own country by the Vietnamese government.[79][80][81]

The Italian Radical Party and Mountagnard Fondation's remarks were attacked as false by the Vietnamese Foreign Ministry. Vietnam claimed that the protests were started by the Montagnard Foundation.[82]

The Vietnamese crackdown on the Montagnards 2004 Easter demonstrations led to denunciation from the European Union. The Central Highlands were requested to be open up to non-Vietnamese by the EU since the area was off limits to foreign reporters. Indigenous land theft and discrimination against their beliefs by the Vietnamese was the reason for the rally in Dak Lak's capital Buon Ma Thuot by the Montagnards. Vietnamese police thrashed some people until they died.[83]

Montagnard participants were estimated at 30,000 or 10,000. Foreign monitors were banned by the Vietnamese. Access to the Central Highlands was demanded by Human Rights Watch. Private Vietnamese citizens helped the Vietnamese police assault, thrash, and murder Montagnards in the middle of coffee plantations and in the streets, including a blind Montagnard woman.[84] The Human Rights Watch report was cited in the United States House of Representatives.[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94]

Khmer Kampuchea Krom Federation (KKF) supported the statement made by King Sihanouk on the situation. Sanctuary for Montagnards running away from the crackdown was requested of the Cambodian government by KKF.[95]

The first Montagnard protests were started when 3 of them were detained by the Vietnamese in February 2001. Natives only make out 1 million out of the 4 million residents of the Central Highlands since Vietnamese colonists have flooded into the region with Vietnamese government support. Sterilization and involuntary termination of pregnancies were implemented against Montagnards. Having 3 or a greater number of children would result in penalties for Montagnards. The Vietnamese punish any escapees they can retrieve[96][97]

A whitewashing campaign of the sanguine events by the Vietnamese government was accused by Human Rights Watch. Killings perpetrated by the Vietnamese were witnessed and divulged to Human Rights Watch. The Vietnamese launched ambuscade and surprise traps against protesters.[98]

When the protests were crushed villages were missing a massive amount of their inhabitants. Prohibitions slapped on the entry of non-Vietnamese and censorship failed to stop reports of accounts of murder and torment inflicted upon Montagnards at the hands of Vietnamese citizens and police. The Vietnamese government implemented a campaign to censor and whitewash the events.[99]

Demonstrators were hunted down with dogs in coffee plantations by the Vietnamese, according to a Baptist news service. Tourists and airlines were barred as were foreign embassy officers. Montagnards were sterilized involuntarily by the Vietnamese. Indigenous land theft by the Vietnamese was the cause of the protests.[100]

The savage events led to Cambodia becoming a destination for fleeing Montagnards.[101]

20 Vietnamese troops sexually violated a Degar woman who was 20 years old called HHlon. The skull of a Degar was crushed by Vietnamese students after he was detained by police[citation needed]. He was 33 years old and his name was Siu Plen. A fatal head shot was administered by Vietnamese on a Degar named Hnun. A fatal thrashing was administered after the eyes were gouged out by Vietnamese citizen colonists on a Degar man named Tol. The crimes committed by the Vietnamese were reported despite the Vietnam government shutting access to the area. The Banmathout death toll was estimated at 400 as Degar were murdered by Vietnamese colonists and police.[102][103][104]

Montagnard land being stolen was the cause of the protests. 10 Montagnards were murdered by Vietnamese citizens and police according to Human Rights Watch. Transparency was requested of the Vietnamese government by the European Union.[105]

On April 24, it was reported that the Central Highlands were reopened to non-Vietnamese.[106]

Due to the bloody crackdown in the Central Highlands, in Washington D.C. the Vietnam embassy was the scene of protests. Hmong and Laos opposition supported the Montagnards due to Vietnam's alliance with the government of Laos.[107][108]

Once the protests were crushed by the Vietnamese, a Vietnamese government controlled and monitored tour of the Central Highlands of non-Vietnamese reporters was given after caving into the strong reaction by other countries to the events.[109][110][111]

In the European Parliament a condemnation of the Vietnamese persecution of Montagnards was proposed by the Italian Radical Party.[112]

The Montagnard Foundation was accused by Vietnam.[113]

Rubber weapons only were used according to Vietnamese claims in response to accusations of using guns and killing demonstrators by thrashing them. The people wanted their land back.[114]

The Montagnard Foundation was blamed by Vietnam.[115][116]

Deportations were made by Cambodia of Montagnards who had escaped the Vietnamese.[117]

Vietnam claimed it allowed freedom of belief and tolerance for minorities in response to the unrest.[118]

The inhabitants of the Central Highlands were made to provide quarter and lodging to Vietnamese soldiers. During the demonstrations, additional soldiers were brought n by the Vietnamese. Vietnam claimed as lies the reports by Montagnard Foundation and Human Rights Watch, denied discrimination and claimed that the Central Highlands people were being taken care of by Vietnam. Police killed Montagnards by thrashing them.[119]

Land theft led to the demonstrations which resulted in the deaths of Montagnards at the hands of Vietnamese. Foreign ambassadors and monitors were banned from the area by the Vietnamese. Entry to the Central Highlands was demanded by the Italian and American embassies. Vietnam refused to acknowledge any problem and refused to allow the Montagnards situation to be observed by outsiders while the land rights of the Montagnards are being denied.[120]

There was documentation of the killings of 10 Montagnards according to Human Rights watch while 8 were documented by Amnesty International. A whitewashing was alleged by HRW while the situation of ethnic minorities was criticized by Amnesty.[121]

Vietnamese civilians helped the Vietnamese police assault and massacre Montagnard demonstrators. Traps were set up by the Vietnamese at locations where hey started violently assaulting the protesters. The protests had 30,000 people.[122]

Because of his desire to promote trade with Vietnam, John Kerry rejected showing any concern for Montagnard rights and voted against the 2001 Vietnam Human Rights Act in the Senate. Kerry said that "communism" was what the people wanted in Vietnam. The current 750,000 Montagnard have been halved from their original 1975 number of 1,500,000 while there was a three times growth in the Vietnamese population while killings, torture, and seizure of land from the Montagnards has taken place. Mass graves were created to be filled with the corpses of the Montagnards as kids, women and men were assaulted by Vietnamese security forces. Laotian Communists are effectively a satellite of the Vietnamese with Laos containing Vietnamese soldier garrisons and the Laotians are seen as primitive by the Vietnamese. The Cambodian government is seen as a satellite government under Vietnam's control with a garrison of Vietnamese soldiers stationed there as Vietnamese use their historic military settlement method of Don Dien on Cambodia and Laos. The vision of dominance of Cambodia and Laos by Vietnam was formulated by Ho Chi Minh.[123]

Neutral journalism was forbidden when reporters were finally permitted in after the European Union and Human Rights organizations strong armed access after there was a total lack of reporting on the demonstrations for 3 weeks. 19 were murdered according to organizations while 2 died according to Vietnam.[124]

The Vietnamese crackdown against the Montagnards in 2001 and 2004 over their land rights resulted in Cambodia experiencing an Exodus of Montagnard asylum seekers.[125][126][127][128]

Threats were made against potential future demonstrators by the Vietnamese government after they crushed the Central Highlands demonstrations with the Montagnard being named as a source of enmity by Nguyen Tan Dung, the Deputy Prime Minister.[129]

Foreigners were accused of inciting the demonstrations by Vietnam and the ability of the demonstrations to take placed was blamed on leniency on part of the state by Nguyen Tan Dung, the Deputy Prime Minister.[130][131][132]

House Resolution 613 was initiated by Republican representative Tom Davis over persecution in Vietnam.[133][134]

Contemporary persecution

Montagnards are oppressed and abused by the Vietnamese regime with their land being seized and stolen by the Vietnamese, the Cambodian-Vietnamese border blocked by the Vietnamese to stop them from leaving as refugees and the Vietnamese tortured Montagnards with electricity and beatings. As a means of intimidation, the Vietnamese gather hundreds of spectators to watch trials of arrested Montaganrds and force public repudiation of religious belief upon the Montagnards. the Vietnamese accuse Montagnards of being "reactionary".[135][136]

Degar religious rights and autonomy are not allowed by the Vietnamese Communists. A Montagnard family was attacked with machetes by ordinary Vietnamese citizens. Assaults and brutality by Vietnamese citizens is sanctioned and supported by the Vietnamese government. Their traditional lands were seized from them.[137][138][139]

Vietnamese government supported racism, anti-religious policies, land theft, abuse, and imprisonment against ethnic minorities like the Hmong, Montagnards, and Khmer Krom were condemned by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in Geneva during its 80th Session.[140][141]

In Gialai province, Cu Se district, Hbong village, Siu Klong, a Degar Montagnard, was hung to death by ordinary Vietnamese citizens on 5 December 2012 and the Vietnamese police and government ignored the crime and did nothing against the perpetrators.[142][143][144]

Religious freedom is officially allowed in article 70 of the constitution of Vietnam, but the Vietnamese government ignores this and kill, jails, and abuses Degars because of their religion after 1975 when the Central Highlands was occupied by North Vietnamese. The Vietnamese police crucified a fifty-year-old Degar man named A Tac while assaulting and beating other Degars whose limbs were restrained in the commune of Dak Krong.[145]

Vietnamese police assaulted and beat Montagnard Degar children and babies in addition to adults, women, and old people in the province of Kontum, Kon Braih district, Dak T'Re commune in Bon Kon H'Drom village on 21 August 2012.[146]

The de-listing of Vietnam by the US State Department was criticized by the Montagnards due to Vietnam's continued arrests and abuse of Montagnards due to religion.[147]

The Degars experienced hardship, tribulation and adversity during the Indochina Wars and have continued to suffer from Vietnamese oppression while the beneficiaries have been the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese has sterilized Degar women, and murdered and jailed Degar men to wipe out the Degars for the purpose of seizing their land and the Vietnamese despise the Degar way of life due to ethnic hatred by the Vietnamese against the Degar which led to ethnic cleansing.[148]

The Montagnard Degar man Siu Thoan's family was terrorized and bullied by Vietnamese police including his wife. The Vietnamese Pham Anh Tuan violently assaulted Siu Thoan's family.[149]

After rejecting a demand by the Vietnamese for his religion to be repudiated, a sentence of five years in jail was handed down to Y-Huong Nie, a Degar Montagnard.[150]

The Vietnamese police assaulted and brutalized the Montagnard Foundation President Kok Ksor's mother, Ksor H'Ble, especially following the Degar February 2001 demonstrations over land and religion and the April 2004 demonstrations. The Vietnamese police bullied and assaulted her for years. She died on 18 August 2011. Due to lands and religious disputes, the Vietnamese have killed Degars in the thousands.[151]

Due to religious issues In the commune of Croh POnan 3 Montagnards were tortured by the Vietnamese.[152]

Due to their religious faith Degars had dogs unleashed to assault them by the Vietnamese police.[153]

Degars were violently assaulted and brutalized by racist ordinary Vietnamese citizens on 27 September 2007. Degars were targeted for murder by Vietnamese citizens on 5 October 2007. In the Central Highlands there is severe ethnic bigotry towards the native Degars by the Vietnamese. Degars are subject to bigotry and hatred both by ordinary Vietnamese and the government of Vietnam.[154]

Ethnic minority lands are subjected to settlement and colonization by ethnic Vietnamese Kinh supported by the Vietnamese government, as the native populations are driven out and their lands stolen in addition to their bad economic situation. Violence and jail sentences are used against ethnic minorities like Khmer Krom and the most racism is perpetrated against the Hmong and Montagnards.[155][156]

Demanding that the Vietnamese regime stop repressing ethnic minorities and religion, the "Coalition for Indigenous Peoples in Vietnam" was formed out of the Thai, Khmer Krom, and Montagnards after they combined forces against the Vietnamese.[157]

The Vietnamese brutally suppressed, imprisoned and tortured Montagnards after the Montagnards asked for their lands back during protests in Gia Lai province in 2012 so 85 of the Montagnards were forced to escape from the Vietnamese by going to Rattanakiri province in Cambodia. The religion and ethnicity of the Montagnards is distinct from the Vietnamese. Prospect of a new insurgency by Montagnards for independence were shot down by the Hun Sen regime in Cambodia which refused to aid them.[158]

During the trouble and chaos in the Central Highlands after the Vietnamese abused and jailed Montagnard leader Y'Soai Eban he managed to run away from Vietnamese custody. The Montagnards were subjected to genocide after the Vietnam War in 1975.[159]

Independence from the Communist authorities was desired by the Montagnards after the Vietnam War since they were killed, abused, discriminated against and jailed by the Vietnamese authorities so many of them were forced to run away from the Central Highlands as refugees. Cambodia and eventually the United States were their destinations.[160]

Death, torture, and incarceration were the punishments inflicted on Montagnards gathering in groups of three or more by the Vietnamese with their religion severely persecuted and repressed at the hands of the Vietnamese Communist regime since 1975.[161]

The United States State Department showed little concern at the plight of the Montagnards at the hands of the Vietnamese. A thirteen-year-old Montagnard girl Y Kang was severely assaulted, beaten and kicked along with 16 Montagnard women and men by Vietnamese police in Gai Lai province, Plei Ku city, district Mang Yang, commune H'ra in Buon Kret Krot village on July 7, 2011.[162]

Vietnam has jailed hundreds of Montagnards in addition to murdering, abusing, and discriminating against their religious beliefs.[163]

Death was a possible consequence of getting caught with a Bible. The Vietnamese regime claims that Montagnard separatism is conducted by religious matters and uses this as a reason to attack their religion. Montagnard land was seized by the Vietnamese government after the Vietnam War.[164]

In Gia Lai province, Chu Prong district in 2010 Montagnards were assaulted and detained by the Vietnamese. Parts of Vietnam like the Central Highlands are off limit to human rights organizations and reporters.[165]

See also

  • Degar
  • Indochina Wars
  • Cham-Annamese War (1471)
  • Insurgency in Laos
  • Central Highlands (Vietnam)
  • United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO)
  • Đắk Sơn massacre - at the hands of the Viet Cong
  • Battle of Loc Ninh
  • Indochina refugee crisis

References

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  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3c6a48474.pdf
  3. ↑ Oscar Salemink (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850-1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 35–336. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=2_zKFyHlBk0C&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  4. ↑ Zottoli, Brian A. (2011). Conceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia (A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan). p. 5.
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  33. ↑ McElwee, Pamela (2008). "7 Becoming Socialist or Becoming Kinh? Government Policies for Ethnic Minorities in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam". in Duncan, Christopher R.. Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities. Singapore: NUS Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-9971-69-418-0. https://www.academia.edu/296296/Becoming_Socialist_or_Becoming_Kinh_Government_Policies_for_Ethnic_Minorities_In_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam. 
  34. ↑ McElwee, Pamela (2008). ""Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains". Journal of Vietnamese Studies (Regents of the University of California) 3 (3): 81–82. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81. ISSN 1559-372X. https://www.academia.edu/192968/_Blood_Relatives_or_Unfriendly_Neighbors_Vietnamese_Ethnic_Minority_Interactions_in_the_Annamite_Mountains. Retrieved 17 August 2015. 
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  63. ↑ "FOR MIN CALLS VIETNAMESE AMBASSADOR TO DISCUSS MONTAGNARD". Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale e Transpartito (Rome, Italy). 2004-04-13. http://www.radicalparty.org/en/content/min-calls-vietnamese-ambassador-discuss-montagnard. 
  64. ↑ "Vietnam accused of rights abuses". BBC NEWS. 14 April 2004. Archived from the original on 14 April 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/3625337.stm. 
  65. ↑ "Vietnam accused of rights abuses". BBC NEWS. 14 April 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/3625337.stm. 
  66. ↑ "Human Rights Group Condemns Vietnam for Treatment of Montagnards - 2004-04-14". Voice of America (Bangkok). October 30, 2009. http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-a-2004-04-14-5-1/300730.html. 
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  72. ↑ Parker, Jenni (April 14, 2004). "Commentary & News Briefs". Agape Press Christian News Service. Archived from the original on 2004-05-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20040531013015/http://headlines.agapepress.org/archive/4/142004h.asp. 
  73. ↑ SIHANOUK, NORODOM (April 15, 2004). "Montagnards: King Sihanouks statement on the current Montagnard situation in Vietnam". Pyongyang: Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. http://www.unpo.org/article/513. 
  74. ↑ "CAMBODIAN KING WANTS VIETNAMESE MONTAGNARDS PROTECTED". Radio Free Asia. 2004-04-16. Archived from the original on 2004-06-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20040602054046/http://origin.rfaweb.org/front/article.html?service=eng&encoding=10&id=133574. 
  75. ↑ Martin, Allie (April 16, 2004). "Vietnamese Christians Face Persecution During Holiday Protest". Agape Press Christian News Service. Archived from the original on 2004-10-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20041027121232/http://headlines.agapepress.org/archive/4/162004c.asp. 
  76. ↑ Ksor, Kok (April 16, 2004). "THE FORGOTTEN ALLIES". AASSIST News Service (ANS). Archived from the original on 2004-07-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20040703100514/http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/s04040065.htm. 
  77. ↑ Associated Press (April 18, 2004). "Vietnamese media report deaths, injuries in Central Highlands a week after protests". The Mercury News (HANOI, Vietnam). Archived from the original on 2004-09-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20040913233613/http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/local/states/california/counties/alameda_county/8461233.htm?1c. 
  78. ↑ "All aspects of life remain normal in Central Highlands". 2004-04-16. http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/news/newsitem.php3?datestamp=2004041. 
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  81. ↑ DOW JONES NEWSWIRES (April 19, 2004). "Vietnam Accuses Ethnic Christian Grp Of Staging Uprising". US-Vietnam Trade Council (HANOI (AP)). http://www.usvtc.org/httpdocs%202/News/2004/April%2004/vietnam_accuses_ethnic_christian.htm. 
  82. ↑ DOW JONES NEWSWIRES (2004-04-19). "Fabrication about Central Highlands situation rejected". Vietnam News Agency (Ha Noi, Apr. 19 (VNA)). Archived from the original on 2004-05-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20040504122520/http://www.vnagency.com.vn/newsA.asp?LANGUAGE_ID=2&CATEGORY_ID=29&NEWS_ID=95716. 
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  96. ↑ "Insight: The Plight of the Dega in Vietnam". 2004. http://www.khmerkrom.net/node/312. 
  97. ↑ Article Title: A Cross to Bear: The Plight of the Dega in Vietnam. Contributors: Eric Fish - author. Journal Title: Harvard International Review. Volume: 25. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 2004. Page Number: 14. COPYRIGHT 2004
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  100. ↑ Staff (April 20, 2004). "Vietnamese government represses ethnic minority Christians". Baptist Press (NASHVILLE, Tenn.). Archived from the original on April 20, 2004. http://www.bpnews.net/18099. 
  101. ↑ Staff (2004-04-22). "Cambodian hill tribe family murdereds". ABC Radio Australia News. Archived from the original on 2004-05-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20040515002107/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/newstories/RANewsStories_1093092.htm. 
  102. ↑ "JUBILEE CAMPAIGN CALLS FOR SANCTIONS AGAINST VIETNAM". Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale e Transpartito (Rome, Italy). 2004-04-23. http://www.radicalparty.org/es/node/5070181. 
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  106. ↑ "Vietnam lifts bans on visits to Highlands". ABC Radio Australia News. 2004-04-24. Archived from the original on 2004-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20040904094002/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/newstories/RANewsStories_1094129.htm. 
  107. ↑ "Easter Massacre Vigil: Reps. Betty McCollum, Phil Crane Blasted at Laos, Vietnam Protests in Washington". U.S. Newswire. 2004-04-24. http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=105-04242004. 
  108. ↑ Easter Massacre Vigil: Reps. Betty McCollum, Phil Crane Blasted at Laos, Vietnam Protests in Washington
  109. ↑ MASON, MARGIE (April 26, 2004). "Vietnam opens Central Highlands to journalists weeks after violent mass protests". The Mercury News (PLEIKU, Vietnam). http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/breaking_news/8521738.htm?template=contentModules/printstory.jsp. 
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  111. ↑ AP. "Hanoi opens highlands to journalists". Borneo Bulletin Online (PLEIKU, Vietnam). http://www.brunei-online.com/bb/tue/apr27w9.htm. 
  112. ↑ "ON THE OCCASION OF THE VOTE ON THE REPORT ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD (KEYSER REPORT), THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT HAS VOTED AN ORAL AMENDMENT BY GIANFRANCO DELL'ALBA, ON BEHALF OF THE RADICAL MEPS.". Transnational Radical Party Press Release. 2004-04-22. Archived from the original on 2004-06-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20040624015821/http://coranet.radicalparty.org/pressreleases/press_release.php?func=detail&par=6945. 
  113. ↑ "Official says central highlands unrest planned". Vietnam News Agency (Dac Lac). 2004-04-27. Archived from the original on 2004-06-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20040623010434/http://www.vnagency.com.vn/NewsA.asp?LANGUAGE_ID=2&CATEGORY_ID=29&NEWS_ID=96875. 
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  116. ↑ MASON, MARGIE (2004-04-27). "VIETNAM HITS BACK AT U.S. OVER MONTAGNARDS". Radio Free Asia. Associated Press. http://origin.rfaweb.org/front/article.html?service=eng&encoding=10&id=134496. 
  117. ↑ MASON, MARGIE (2004-04-27). "Cambodia Forces Montagnard Refugees Back to Vietnam". Radio Free Asia. Associated Press. http://origin.rfaweb.org/front/article.html?service=eng&encoding=10&id=134476. 
  118. ↑ "Gia Lai leader rejects allegation on Central Highlands situation". Vietnam News Agency (Gia Lai). 28 April 2004. http://www.vnagency.com.vn/newsA.asp?LANGUAGE_ID=2&CATEGORY_ID=29&NEWS_ID=97131. 
  119. ↑ "Vietnam Sends More Forces to Central Highlands". ExpertClick NewsRelaseWire (Washington, DC 20036: Broadcast Interview Source, Inc.). April 17, 2004. http://www.expertclick.com/NewsReleaseWire/default.cfm?Action=ReleaseDetail&ID=6105. 
  120. ↑ Amelia-Collins, Nancy (14 April 2004). "Human Rights Group Condemns Vietnam for Treatment of Montagnards". Voice of America (Bangkok). Archived from the original on 2004-04-14. http://m.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2004-04-14-5-1/300730.html. 
  121. ↑ "Vietnam warned to rethink policy towards minorities". ABC Radio Australia News. 2004-04-29. Archived from the original on 2004-08-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20040818113346/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/newstories/RANewsStories_1098009.htm. 
  122. ↑ Belz, Mindy (May 8, 2004). "'Slaughter by police and civilians'". World 19 (18). Archived from the original on 2004-05-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20040529072102/http://www.worldmag.com/world/issue/05-08-04/international_3.asp. 
  123. ↑ "Forum: Communism's victims today". The Washington Times (The Washington Times). May 2, 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-05-02. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/may/2/20040502-121032-5549r/. 
  124. ↑ "Foreign journalists visit highlands". Borneo Bulletin (BUON MA THUOT, Vietnam). May 2, 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-05-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20040507031637/http://www.brunei-online.com/bb/tue/may4w9.htm. 
  125. ↑ "UN SLAMS CAMBODIA'S TREATMENT OF MONTAGNARD REFUGEES". Radio Free Asia (PHNOM PENH). 2004-05-07. Archived from the original on 2004-05-07. http://www.rfa.org/english/news/135423-20040507.html. 
  126. ↑ http://khmerconnection.com/topic/un-slams-cambodias-treatment-of-montagnard-refugees-26348/
  127. ↑ "MORE MONTAGNARDS REACH UN OFFICE IN CAMBODIA". Radio Free Asia (PHNOM PENH). 2004-06-09. http://www.rfa.org/english/news/138222-20040609.html. 
  128. ↑ Radio Free Asia (May 28, 2004). "Montagnards: Four more Montagnards fled to Cambodia". Bangkok: Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: UNPO. http://unpo.org/article/690. 
  129. ↑ "Hanoi vows to stamp out violence in Central Highlands". ABC Radio Australia News. 2004-05-12. Archived from the original on 2004-12-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20041222095607/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/newstories/RANewsStories_1106307.htm. 
  130. ↑ VOA News (11 May 2004). "Vietnam: Government Weakness Partly to Blame for Protests". Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/article.cfm?objectID=6A238CCA-BB1C-48C8-A327A81E9B5F00C0. 
  131. ↑ "Vietnam: Government Weakness Partly to Blame for Protests". Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale e Transpartito (Rome, Italy). 2004-05-11. http://www.radicalparty.org/en/content/vietnam-government-weakness-partly-blame-protests. 
  132. ↑ Linki - Naomi Watts
  133. ↑ Robinson, Dan (11 May 2004). "US House Criticizes Vietnam for Human Rights Violations". Voice of America (Capitol Hill). http://www.voanews.com/article.cfm?objectID=D0B4AC58-6F9A-4F5F-ABEDC325CAAE8F08. 
  134. ↑ "US House Criticizes Vietnam for Human Rights Violations". Voice of America (C). 2004-05-11. http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-a-2004-05-11-29-1/292505.html. 
  135. ↑ "Vietnam: Montagnards Harshly Persecuted Forced Renunciation of Faith, Harassment, Violence, and Arrests". Human Rights Watch. March 30, 2011. https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/03/30/vietnam-montagnards-harshly-persecuted. 
  136. ↑ Vietnam: Montagnards Harshly Persecuted | Human Rights Watch
  137. ↑ Nadia Hussain (2011). "The Persecution of the Degar People.". Restless Beings: Voice the voiceless. Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20160313051220/http://www.restlessbeings.org/human-rights/the-persecution-of-the-degar-people. 
  138. ↑ Nadia Hussain (18 August 2011). "The Persecution of the Degar People". Archived from the original on 2014-07-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20140709001732/http://www.degarfoundation.org/the-persecution-of-the-degar-people/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...18-08-2011/MRO=83. 
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  140. ↑ "UN Committee Highlights Pattern of Racial Discrimination in Vietnam". UNPO. 21 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-02-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20140218212756/http://www.degarfoundation.org/un-committee-highlights-pattern-of-racial-discrimination-in-vietnam/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...21-02-2012/MRO=873. 
  141. ↑ Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
  142. ↑ Ðêgar (13 March 2013). "Degar Man Was Hung By Vietnamese Civilians". UNPO. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130821055315/http://www.degarfoundation.org/?p=1388. 
  143. ↑ Ðêgar (13 March 2013). "Degar Man Was Hung By Vietnamese Civilians". UNPO. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044612/http://www.degarfoundation.org/degar-man-was-hung-by-vietnamese-civilians/HRUE-DM...13-03-2013/MRO=1388. 
  144. ↑ Ðêgar (13 March 2013). "Degar Man Was Hung By Vietnamese Civilians". Archived from the original on 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140204042002/http://www.degarfoundation.org/degar-man-was-hung-by-vietnamese-civilians/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...13-03-2013/MRO=1388. 
  145. ↑ Ðêgar (6 December 2012). "Vietnam Continues To Persecute Degar Christians Regardless Of International Law". Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. http://www.degarfoundation.org/vietnam-continues-to-persecute-degar-christians-regardless-of-international-law/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...06-12-2012/MRO=1344. 
  146. ↑ "Mass Raid Against Degar Christians". 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-02-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20140218215819/http://www.degarfoundation.org/mass-raid-against-degar-christians/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...03-10-2012/MRO=1326. 
  147. ↑ MFIpr (9 March 2012). "Vietnamese Authorities Continue Interrogating And Threatening So Called "ILLEGAL" Christians". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. http://www.degarfoundation.org/vietnamese-authorities-continue-interrogating-and-threatening-so-called-illegal-christians/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...09-03-2012/MRO=823. 
  148. ↑ Mr. Kok Ksor (21 February 2012). "Kok Ksor's Statement to CERD 80th Session". Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. http://www.degarfoundation.org/kok-ksors-statement-to-cerd-80th-session/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...21-02-2012/MRO=718. 
  149. ↑ Ðêgar (24 November 2011). "Vietnamese Security Forces beat and threaten relatives of Christian Prisoner". Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. http://www.degarfoundation.org/vietnamese-security-forces-beat-and-threaten-relatives-of-christian-prisoner/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...24-11-2011/MRO=73. 
  150. ↑ Ðêgar (14 September 2011). "Vietnam Sentences Degar Christian to 5 Years". Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. http://www.degarfoundation.org/vietnam-sentences-degar-christian-to-5-years/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...14-09-2011/MRO=74. 
  151. ↑ Ðêgar (12 September 2011). "A Mother’s Silent Pain". Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. http://www.degarfoundation.org/a-mothers-silent-pain/HRUE-D%C6%AFM...12-09-2011/MRO=81. 
  152. ↑ Ðêgar (23 February 2011). "VN authorities beat and torment Montagnard men". Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102064659/http://www.degarfoundation.org/vn-authorities-beat-and-torment-montagnard-men-during-interrogations-because-of-their-religious-activities-and-beliefs/HRUE-DM...23-02-2011/MRO=154. 
  153. ↑ Ðêgar (24 February 2011). "VN Uses Dogs To Attack Degar Christian". Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. http://www.degarfoundation.org/vn-uses-dogs-to-attack-degar-christian/HRUE-DM...24-02-2011/MRO=151. 
  154. ↑ Reynalds, Jeremy (October 15, 2007). "Persecution of Degar Montagnards Continues". Worthy News. https://www.worthynews.com/1499-persecution-of-degar-montagnards-continues. 
  155. ↑ "Vietnam religious minorities face persecution says activist". Expatica. 20 February 2012. http://www.expatica.com/ch/news/swiss-news/vietnam-religious-minorities-face-persecution-says-activist_209627.html. 
  156. ↑ Vietnam religious minorities face persecution says activist | News | Expatica Switzerland
  157. ↑ Voice of America (May 15, 2012). "Degar-Montagnards: Vietnamese Minority Groups Unite". Voice of America. http://www.unpo.org/article/14284. 
  158. ↑ Voice of America (November 20, 2012). "Degar-Montagnards: Refugees In Cambodia’s Jungles". Voice of America. http://www.unpo.org/article/15157. 
  159. ↑ Wral.com (February 4, 2013). "Degar-Montagnards: Father Reunited With His Family After 6 Years". Wral.com. http://www.unpo.org/article/15451. 
  160. ↑ Biblical Recorder (December 4, 2013). "Degar-Montagnards: 11 Christian Vietnamese And Cambodian Refugees Ordained". Biblical Recorder. http://www.unpo.org/article/16663. 
  161. ↑ Montagnard Foundation (May 28, 2009). "Montagnard: Government Destroys First Christian Degar Church". Montagnard Foundation. http://www.unpo.org/article/9642. 
  162. ↑ Charisma Magazine (August 19, 2011). "Degar Montagnard: Beaten for Worshiping in Church.". Charisma Magazine. http://www.unpo.org/article/13058. 
  163. ↑ Montagnard Foundation (October 1, 2010). "Degar Montagnard: Foundation Announces Establishment Of "Sang Ae Die Degar" Christian Church In Vietnam". Montagnard Foundation. http://www.unpo.org/article/11735. 
  164. ↑ Evans, Robert; Enuol, Rich (November 16, 2014). "I Don't Know My Age: 5 Things I Learned in My Isolated Tribe". Cracked.com. http://www.cracked.com/personal-experiences-1492-i-dont-know-my-age-5-things-i-learned-in-my-isolated-tribe.html. 
  165. ↑ Montagnard Christians in Vietnam A Case Study in Religious Repression (Report). Human Rights Watch. March 2011. ISBN 1-56432-755-8. http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d95751d2.pdf. 




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