Social:Attilid dynasty

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A yellow banner with a bird of prey
Bird of prey (Turul) on Attila's banner in the Chronica Hungarorum.
A saddle fitting artifact representing a bird of prey
Hunnic saddle fitting from the tomb of a Gepid prince.
The Turul is a bird of prey often associated with Attila and more generally the Huns.[by whom?][when?][1] Hungarian chronicles consider this bird the ancestor of the Hungarian rulers. Several objects with representations of a bird of prey have been found in 4th and 5th-century Hunnic tombs.[2]

The Attilids were a leading dynasty of the Huns,[citation needed] a nomadic pastoralist people who confronted the Roman Empire during the decline of the Western Roman Empire, as well as the Eastern Roman Empire.[clarification needed] They also often fought in alliance with both of these empires against the invading Germanic people.[3]

Origin

The Attilids descended from Attila, the last sole ruler of the Hunnic Empire.[clarification needed] Attila was of noble origin, the son of Mundzuk.[4][5] His father was a brother of co-rulers of the Hunnic Empire Rugila and Octar, but never became king himself. He begat two sons by an unknown consort. His sons were Bleda and Attila, who succeeded their uncle Rugila as regents of the Empire. Rugila had become sole ruler after the death of his brother Octar in 430.[6]

History

Attila and Bleda made a series of successful campaigns in the Balkans and Greece, capturing the major Roman cities up to arriving to Constantinople, where they destroyed the Roman forces around the city before forcing the Romans to pay an increased tribute of gold, along with other privileges. Thereafter, Bleda died, allegedly killed by his brother Attila, possibly after provocation, Bleda having himself tried to kill Attila.

As sole ruler, Attila named his son Ellac King of the Nations of Pontic Scythia and bestowed on him the title of King of the Akatziri. Attila also showed a particular fondness for his younger son, Ernak, about whom his shamans/prophets had predicted an important role in the continuation of his line. Attila died before naming an heir, and his sons fought among themselves for the empire, tearing it apart. It is not known whether Ellac, the eldest son, became himself the sole ruler after the death of his father. He nevertheless died just a year later, at the Battle of Nedao. Dengizich, another prominent son of Attila, died 15 years later, in 469, after a failed invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire. Attila's young son, Ernak, is thought to have survived and to have been given land in the region of Dobruja.[7][8]

Legacy

Attila had many wives, and numerous children, allegedly "amounting to a people".[9] According to historian Hyun Jin Kim, the Kutrigurs, Utigurs, Onogurs and Akatziris were all ruled by branches of the Attilid dynasty.[10]

The Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans claimed the second ruler of the Dulo was Irnik (Ирникъ), who is often identified with Ernak, a son of Attila.[11][12] According to Bulgarian historian Vasil Zlatarski, if Irnik was indeed Ernak, then both Ernak and his father Attila belonged to the Dulo clan.[13][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]

Chronicon Pictum, Attila, Hun, Hungarian, King, sword, saber, crown, orb, beard, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
King Attila (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)

Foundation of the Hungarian state is connected to the Hungarian conquerors, who arrived from the Pontic steppes as a confederation of seven tribes. The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince Álmos and his son Árpád, they became founders of the Árpád dynasty, the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The Árpád dynasty claimed to be a direct descendants of the great Hun leader Attila.[17][18][19]

Medieval Hungarian chronicles from the Hungarian royal court like Gesta Hungarorum, Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, Chronicon Pictum, Buda Chronicle, Chronica Hungarorum claimed Attilid ancestry for the Árpád dynasty and the Aba clan:[20]

Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians says in the Gesta Hungarorum:

The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila.
—Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum[21]

The Aba clan supposedly descended from the legendary Prince Csaba, son of Attila.[22][23][24][lower-alpha 4]

In popular culture

Attilid Rulers

Genealogy

 
Octar
king of the Huns
 
Rugila
king of the Huns
 
Mundzuk
nobleman of the Huns
 
Oebarsius
nobleman of the Huns
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bleda
king of the Huns
 
Attila
king of the Huns
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ellac
king of the Huns, Akatziri, Pontic Scythia
 
Dengizich
king of the Huns
 
Ernak
king of the Huns
 
 
 
Csaba
prince of the Huns
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mundus
 
 
 
 
 
Dulo clan
 
Árpád dynasty
 
Aba clan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mauricius
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Theudimundus
 
Anonyma
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ However, according to Zlatarski, the identification between Irnik and Ernak is pointless, and they were two different persons; and that Irnik's rule from 437 (according to the Nominalia), i.e. years before Attila's death in 453, is impossible.[13]
  2. ↑ Sedlar (2011) considers the Attila connection justly doubtful, yet she also thinks that the same steppe dynasty which produced Attila could also produce rulers for the Bulgars.[12]
  3. ↑ Golden, Németh and Sophoulis conclude that claiming of Attilid descent shows the intermingling of European Huns elements with newly arrived Oğuric Turkic groups, as the number of evidence of linguistic, ethnographic and socio-political nature show that Bulgars belonged to the group of Turkic peoples.[14][15][16]
  4. ↑ However, Anonymus did not link Ed(u), his brother Edumen, their nephew Pota, and their Aba descendants to Attila; instead he ascribed them Cuman ancestry.[25] Even so, historians Carlile Aylmer Macartney and György Györffy contend that Anonymus mistakenly thought that the word Kun (derived from Hun & later applied to other nomadic Turkic peoples like Pechenegs and Oghuzes) in his sources denoted his Cuman contemporaries (also called Kun, from Qun).[26][27] Györffy, along with Szegfű, Tóth, etc., propose that the Aba clan belonged instead to the Kabars, Khazar confederation's members who revolted, escaped and then joined the Hungarians in the middle of the 9th century, before the Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin around 895.[27][28][29]
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 According to the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, a member of the Dulo clan, descended from Avitohol and Irnik, whom historians identify with Attila's son Ernak

References

  1. ↑ Arnold, Dana (2018). Arnold, Dana; Facos, Michelle. eds. A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Art. Wiley. p. 382. ISBN 9781118856338. https://books.google.com/books?id=CCxuDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 22 October 2022. 
  2. ↑ Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (2022). Knight, Max. ed. The World of the Huns Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 461. ISBN 9780520357204. https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq1hEAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 22 October 2022. 
  3. ↑ Archer, Christon I.; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H. E. (2002). World History of Warfare. University of Nebraska Press. p. 106. ISBN 9780803244238. https://books.google.com/books?id=nLM1Kolw_vMC. Retrieved 18 November 2022. 
  4. ↑ Hodgkin, Thomas (1892). Italy and Her Invaders Volume 2. Clarendon Press. pp. 94. https://books.google.com/books?id=nMtWAAAAMAAJ. 
  5. ↑ Herbert, William (1838). Attila King of the Huns. H.G. Bohn. p. 415. https://books.google.com/books?id=mFiEy0DIFwQC. Retrieved 26 October 2022. 
  6. ↑ Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780520015968.
  7. ↑ Given, John P. (2015). The Fragmentary History of Priscus: Attila, the Huns and the Roman Empire, AD 430–476. Arx Publishing. p. 154. ISBN 9781935228141.
  8. ↑ Heather, Peter (2007). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford University Press. p. 469. ISBN 9780195325416.
  9. ↑ Hughes, Ian (2019). Attila the Hun Arch-Enemy of Rome. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 9781473890329. https://books.google.com/books?id=WU4IEAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 18 November 2022. 
  10. ↑ Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 9781107009066. https://books.google.com/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC. Retrieved 18 November 2022. 
  11. ↑ Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 415
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. p. 28
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Zlatarski, V. N. (1918). Medieval History of the Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part I: Age of Hun-Bulgar Domination (679-852) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Science and Arts Publishers, 2nd Edition (Petar Petrov, Ed.), Zahari Stoyanov Publishers, 4th Edition, 2006. p. 79-80
  14. ↑ Golden, Peter B. (2003). Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. Ashgate/Variorum. p. 71.
  15. ↑ Sophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. Brill. pp. 92, 147–148, 71, 111.
  16. ↑ Németh, Gyula A honfoglaló magyarság kialakulása (The Shaping of the Hungarians of the Conquest Era), pp. 38, 95–98. cited in Sanping Chen (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 96
  17. ↑ Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Maár, Kitti; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György et al. (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports 9 (1): 16569. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMID 31719606. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...916569N. 
  18. ↑ Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet et al. (18 October 2018). "Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians". PLOS ONE 13 (10): e0205920. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. PMID 30335830. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1305920N. 
  19. ↑ Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor; Makoldi, Miklós; Neparáczki, Endre (2022). Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds. Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6. https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf. 
  20. ↑ Neparáczki, Endre (2022). Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds. Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. pp. 243. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6. https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf. 
  21. ↑ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf
  22. ↑ Moose, Christina J. (1998). Aves, Alison; Northen Magill, Frank. eds. Dictionary of World Biography The Middle Ages. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 86. ISBN 9781579580414. https://books.google.com/books?id=CurSh3Sh_KMC. Retrieved 18 November 2022. 
  23. ↑ of Kéza, Simon (1999). Veszprémy, László; Schaer, Frank. eds. The Deeds of the Hungarians. Central European University Press. p. 73. ISBN 963-9116-31-9. .
  24. ↑ Mark of Kalt, Chronicon Pictum László Geréb's Hungarian translation, quote: "Csaba Attila törvényes fia volt, Honorius görög császár leányától; az ő fiait Edöménnek és Ednek hívták. Mikor a magyarok másodízben tértek vissza Pannóniába, Edömén atyjának és anyjának nagyszámú atyafiságával jött el, mert anyja khvarezmi származású volt. Ed pedig Szittyaországban maradt atyjánál. Csabától ered az Aba nemzetség."
  25. ↑ Anonymus (author), Martyn Rady (translator) (2009) Gesta Hungarorum. pdf, p. 12-16, 23, 33-34.
  26. ↑ Macartney, C. A. (1953). The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical & Analytical Guide. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65, 73.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Györffy, György (1988). Anonymus: Rejtély vagy történeti forrás [Anonymous: An Enigma or a Source for History] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 110-111
  28. ↑ Szegfű, László (1994). "Sámuel". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század) [Encyclopedia of Early Hungarian History (9th-14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 592–593.
  29. ↑ Tóth, S. L. "The Qavars (Qabars) and their Role in the Hungarian Tribal Federation", Chronica, 12, quote: "It was assumed as well, that the Qavars had their own-prince, and the Aba-clan hold this dignity." p. 16-17 of pp. 3-22.
  30. ↑ Bram Stoker, Dracula, "Chapter III".
  31. ↑ The Cambridge Companion to 'Dracula'. Cambridge University Press. 2018. p. 101. ISBN 9781107153172.




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