Social:Forced assimilation

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Short description: Involuntary cultural assimilation of minority groups

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Forced assimilation is the involuntary cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups, during which they are forced by a government to adopt the language, national identity, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, way of life, and often the religion and ideology of an established and generally larger community belonging to a dominant culture.

The enforced use of a dominant language in legislation, education, literature, and worship also counts as forced assimilation. Unlike ethnic cleansing, the local population is not outright destroyed and may or may not be forced to leave a certain area. Instead, the assimilation of the population is made mandatory. This is also called mandatory assimilation by scholars who study genocide and nationalism.

Mandatory assimilation has sometimes been made a policy of new or contested nations, often during or in the aftermath of a war. Some examples are both the German and French forced assimilation in the provinces Alsace and (at least a part of) Lorraine, and some decades after the Swedish conquests of the Danish provinces Scania, Blekinge and Halland the local population was submitted to forced assimilation, or even the forced assimilation of ethnic Teochews in Bangkok by the Siam government during World War I until the 1973 uprising.

Ethnic

If a state puts extreme emphasis on a homogeneous national identity, it may resort, especially in the case of minorities originating from historical foes, to harsh, even extreme measures to 'exterminate' the minority culture, sometimes to the point of considering the only alternative its physical elimination (expulsion or even genocide).

States, mostly based on the idea of nation, perceived the presence of ethnic or linguistic minorities as a danger for their own territorial integrity. In fact minorities could claim their own independence, or to be rejoined with their own motherland. The consequence was the weakening or disappearing of several ethnic minorities.

The latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century saw the rise of Euro-Christian nationalism, which asserts the right to homeland for each nation with a common heritage through race, religion, and language. Previously, a country consisted largely of whatever peoples lived on the land that was under the dominion of a particular ruler. Thus, as principalities and kingdoms grew through conquest and marriage, a ruler could wind up with peoples of many different ethnicities under his dominion. This also reflected the long history of migrations of different tribes and peoples throughout Europe. Much of European history in the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century can be understood as efforts to realign national boundaries with this concept of "one people, one nation".

Much conflict would arise when one nation asserted territorial rights to land outside its borders on the basis of a common bond with the people living on that land. (Example: organized territorial rights by Russia for Georgia's breakaway province of South Ossetia to North Ossetia) Another source of conflict arose when a group of people who constituted a minority in one nation would seek to secede from the nation either to form an independent nation or join another nation with whom they felt stronger ties. Yet another source of conflict was the desire of some nations to expel people from territory within its borders on the ground that those people did not share a common bond with the majority of people living in that nation.[specify][citation needed]

It is useful to contrast the mass migrations and forced expulsion of ethnic Germans out of Eastern Europe with other massive population transfers, such as population exchange between Greece and Turkey, and population exchanges that occurred after the Partition of India. In all cases those expelled suffered greatly.[citation needed] Forced migrations took place after each of the two world wars.

East Asia

In Japan and Korea, as each country stated themselves as a single-nation country, ethnic minorities had to hide their national identity for centuries, and many resulted in assimilation, such as Ainu and Ryukyuan people in Japan, migrants of Goguryeo, Balhae and Tungusic peoples in Korea.

Thailand sought to assimilate its many Chinese immigrants by only granting Thai citizenship if they renounced all loyalty to China, learned to speak Thai, changed their names, and sent their children to Thai schools.[1]

China

At least one million members of China's Muslim Uyghur minority have been detained in mass detention camps in Xinjiang, termed "reeducation camps", aimed at changing the political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs.[2] Approximately one million Tibetan minority children are experiencing the impacts of Chinese government policies designed to assimilate Tibetan people culturally, religiously, and linguistically, primarily through a residential school system.[3]

North America

In the United States and Canada, forced assimilation had been practiced against indigenous peoples through the Canadian Indian residential school system and American Indian boarding schools.[4][5] The same assimilation was also faced by French and Spanish speaking peoples populating the US and Canada, through language bans, violence, and extreme prejudice by anglophones into and throughout the 20th century.

In the United States, during World War I, the American government burned most German books, banned the use of German in public places and renamed many places that previously had German names with more English-sounding words; the forced assimilation was highly successful. Before that, the German American community at large had refused assimilation, and retained their German traditions, such as having beers on Sundays. German also was the major language in many parts of the country.[6][7]

Middle East

Turkey

Main page: Social:Denial of Kurds by Turkey

The denial of Kurds was the official state policy of Turkey for several decades, which denied that Kurds constituted an ethnic group and instead alleged that they are a subgroup of Turks. The words 'Kurd' and 'Kurdistan' were omitted by state institutions, and during the 20th century, Kurds were referred to as Mountain Turks (Turkish: Dağ Türkleri). To this day, Turkey does not recognize Kurds as an ethnic group, though the Kurdish languages are now permitted to be used.[8][9]

It was denied that a Kurdish nation had ever existed; according to the Turkish History Thesis, the Kurds migrated from Turanic Central Asia in the past.[10][8] During the 1920s and 1930s, merchants were fined separately for every word of Kurdish they used.[8] In school, students were punished if they were caught speaking Kurdish and during the 1960s Turkish language boarding schools were established in order to separate the students from their Kurdish relatives[11] and Turkify the Kurdish population.[12]

Europe

Azerbaijan

Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan, including, Talyshis (see Talysh assimilation), Lezghins, Kurds, Tats and Georgian-Ingilois, are subjected to forced assimilation into Azerbaijani Turkic identity and ethnic discrimination by the Azerbaijani government since the Soviet era.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

Russia

As part of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine the Russian government forcibly relocated thousands of Ukrainian children to Russia and adopted them out to Russian families,[21] a process that is in violation of the forced assimilation prohibition of the Genocide Convention. On March 17, 2023 the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Russian Children's Rights Commissioner Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova for their roles in this alleged war crime.[22]

France

France practiced forced assimilation of Occitans and other ethnic minorities whose native language was not French, such as Alsatians, Basques and Catalans.[23] This process extended during the 19th and 20th centuries and was known as Vergonha. It included "being made to reject and feel ashamed of one's (or one's parents') mother tongue through official exclusion, humiliation at school and rejection from the media" and was endorsed by French political leaders from Henri Grégoire onward.[24] The number of Occitan speakers in France was reduced from 39% of the French population in 1860 to 7% in 1993.[25][26]

To this day, France has also continuously refused to ratify the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, and native non-French languages in France continue to be denied official recognition, with Occitans, Basques, Corsicans, Catalans, Flemings, Bretons, Alsatians, and Savoyards still having no explicit legal right to conduct public affairs in their regional languages within their home lands.[27]

Religious

Further information: Religion:Forced conversion

Assimilation also includes the (often forced) conversion or secularization[citation needed] of religious members of a minority group.

Throughout the Middle Ages and until the mid-19th century, most Jews in Europe were forced to live in small towns (shtetls) and were restricted from entering universities or high-level professions.

During the Cambodian Genocide, Cham Muslims were persecuted by the Khmer Rouge regime, first through forced assimilation, but later through direct violence (mass killing, raiding and destroying their villages).[28]

National

Further information: Social:Nationalism and Social:Patriotism

When new immigrants enter a country, there is a tension as they adapt to new people and surroundings to fit in, while holding on to their original culture. Here, studies show that native inhabitants often expect assimilation especially from negatively viewed immigrants.[29][30] Moreover, assimilation pressure seems to be particularly pronounced toward second generation.[31]

See also


References

  1. ↑ Baker, Chris and Pasuk Phongpaichit. A History of Thailand: Third Edition, Cambridge UP, 2014, p. 130.
  2. ↑ Cronin-Furman, Kate. "China Has Chosen Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang—For Now" (in en). https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/19/china-has-chosen-cultural-genocide-in-xinjiang-for-now/. 
  3. ↑ "China: Tibetan children forced to assimilate, independent rights experts fear | UN News" (in en). 2023-02-06. https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/02/1133212. 
  4. ↑ Little, Becky. "How Boarding Schools Tried to 'Kill the Indian' Through Assimilation". https://www.history.com/news/how-boarding-schools-tried-to-kill-the-indian-through-assimilation. 
  5. ↑ Carpenter, Mary. "Lost Generations". https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/first-nations-inuit-metis/lost-generations. 
  6. ↑ "German Immigrants and Assimilation - the Peopling of New York City". https://macaulay.cuny.edu/seminars/drabik09/articles/g/e/r/German_Immigrants_and_Assimilation_0e32.html. 
  7. ↑ When German Immigrants Were America’s Undesirables. (2019). Retrieved 10 October 2020, from https://www.history.com/news/anti-german-sentiment-wwi
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Hassanpour, Amir (1992) (in en). Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985. Mellen Research University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-7734-9816-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=fP9jAAAAMAAJ. 
  9. ↑ "Turkey to allow Kurdish lessons in schools". Aljazeera. 12 June 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/06/2012612133656956705.html. 
  10. ↑ Poulton, Hugh (1997) (in en). Top Hat, Grey Wolf, and Crescent: Turkish Nationalism and the Turkish Republic. C. Hurst & Co.. pp. 121. ISBN 0-81476648-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=f4dpAAAAMAAJ. 
  11. ↑ Hassanpour, Amir (1992). p.133
  12. ↑ webteam (11 December 2014). "SEÇBİR Konuşmaları-41: Bir Asimilasyon Projesi: Türkiye'de Yatılı İlköğretim Bölge Okulları | Haberler / Duyurular Arşivi | İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi" (in tr). https://www.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/etkinlik/6298/secbir-konusmalari-41-bir-asimilasyon-projesi-turkiyede-yatili-ilkogretim-bolge-okullari/. 
  13. ↑ "UNPO: Talysh". https://unpo.org/members/17338. 
  14. ↑ "UNPO: Lezghin". https://unpo.org/members/15284. 
  15. ↑ Goff, Krista A. (2021). Nested Nationalism: Making and Unmaking Nations in the Soviet Caucasus. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 132–179. ISBN 9781501753299. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/nested-nationalism-making-and-unmaking-nations-in-the-soviet-caucasus-by-krista-a-goff-ithaca-new-york-cornell-university-press-2021-336-pp-4995-hardcover-isbn-9781501753275-3299-ebook-isbn-9781501753299/1E6B52CA25F7F6B18E1762880D66B35B. 
  16. ↑ Angelova, Milena (2022). "Ethnography, Demography and Assimilation – How Talysh Community was Made to Disappear in Soviet Azerbaijan" (in bg). Balkanistic Forum (2): 162–166. https://www.academia.edu/91430327. 
  17. ↑ "The Talysh (or the Talishi)". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/talysh.shtml. "During recent decades, Talysh were put under considerable pressure by the administration of the Azerbaijan SSR, whose aim it was to unite all minorities in the republic into one unified Azerbaijani people. This policy was relatively easy to act on with peoples of the Islamic faith, as they were simply proclaimed to be an ethnic group of the Azerbaijani people. This is borne out by the census policy which simply left several minorities of different languages unregistered. Therefore, the 1959 and following censuses do not mention the Talysh." 
  18. ↑ "The Tats". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/tats.shtml. "The assimilation of the Tats by the Azerbaijani has been an on-going process for centuries. It is greatly assisted by the common Islamic religion. The process was accelerated in recent years, however, when the covert but purposeful assimilation of all minorities living on the territory of the republic became the aim and policy of the Azerbaijani SSR. This is illustrated, for example, by the constant stressing of a common history and closeness of culture (even in academic publications)." 
  19. ↑ "Kurds". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/kurds.shtml. "Kurdish identity is most endangered in Azerbaijan. In recent decades the Azerbaijani authorities have been attempting to assimilate all ethnic minorities. In the absence of religious differences they have succeeded. The Kurdish language is not officially used and during censuses the Kurds have been recorded as Azerbaijanis." 
  20. ↑ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Azerbaijan : Lezgins". Minority Rights Group International. March 2018. https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d5a2d.html. "In general, Lezgins enjoyed better rights in Dagestan under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation than in Azerbaijan itself, where they have been subjected to assimilation policies. This could in part explain the variance in official statistics and unofficial estimates in the numbers of Lezgins in Azerbaijan.
    […]
    Lezgins traditionally suffered from unemployment and a shortage of land. Resentments were fuelled in 1992 by the resettlement of 105,000 Azeri refugees from the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict on Lezgin lands and by the forced conscription of Lezgins to fight in the conflict. This contributed to an increase in tensions between the Lezgin community and the Azeri government over issues of land, employment, language and the absence of internal autonomy…"     
  21. ↑ "How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians" (in en). 2022-10-13. https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6. 
  22. ↑ Borger, Julian; Sauer, Pjotr (2023-03-17). "ICC judges issue arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin over alleged war crimes" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes. 
  23. ↑ Joubert, Aurélie (2010). "A Comparative Study of the Evolution of Prestige Formations and of Speakers' Attitudes in Occitan and Catalan". https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54504513/FULL_TEXT.PDF. 
  24. ↑ Grégoire, Henri (1790). "Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalise the use of the French language" (in fr). Paris: French National Convention. https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Rapport_sur_la_n%C3%A9cessit%C3%A9_et_les_moyens_d%E2%80%99an%C3%A9antir_les_patois_et_d%E2%80%99universaliser_l%E2%80%99usage_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise. 
  25. ↑ Louis de Baecker, Grammaire comparée des langues de la France, 1860, p. 52: parlée dans le Midi de la France par quatorze millions d'habitants ("spoken in the South of France by fourteen million inhabitants"). [1] + [2]
  26. ↑ Stephen Barbour & Cathie Carmichael, Language and nationalism in Europe, 2000, p. 62: Occitan is spoken in 31 départements, but even the EBLUL (1993: 15–16) is wary of statistics: 'There are no official data on the number of speakers. Of some 12 to 13 million inhabitants in the area, it is estimated that 48 per cent understand Occitan, 28 per cent can speak it, about 9 per cent of the population use it on a daily basis, 13 per cent can read and 6 per cent can write the language.'
  27. ↑ Roger, Geoffrey (2019). "The langues de France and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Keeping Ratification at Bay Through Disinformation: 2014–2015". French Language Policies and the Revitalisation of Regional Languages in the 21st Century: 309–333. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95939-9_14. ISBN 978-3-319-95938-2. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-95939-9_14. Retrieved 29 July 2022. 
  28. ↑ Bartrop, Paul R. (2022). Cambodian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4408-7653-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=unhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25. 
  29. ↑ Montreuil, Annie; Richard, Y. Bourhis Majority Acculturation Orientations Toward (2001). "Valued" and "Devalued" Immigrants". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 32 (6): 698–719. doi:10.1177/0022022101032006004. 
  30. ↑ Montreuil, Annie; Bourhis, Richard Y. (2004). "Acculturation orientations of competing host communities toward valued and devalued immigrants". International Journal of Intercultural Relations 28 (6): 507–532. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.01.002. 
  31. ↑ Kunst, Jonas R.; Sam, David L. (2014). ""It's on Time That They Assimilate" – Differential acculturation expectations towards first and second generation immigrants". International Journal of Intercultural Relations 39: 188–195. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.10.007. https://zenodo.org/record/812238. 

Further reading

  • Bibliography of Genocide studies



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