Finance:Big Four (banking)

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Short description: Term for large banks; referred varies by country

The Big Four (or Big 4) is the colloquial name given to the four main banks in several countries where the banking industry is dominated by just four institutions and where the phrase has thus gained relevance.[1] Some countries include more or fewer institutions in such rankings, leading to other names such as Big Three, Big Five, or Big Six.

International use

Internationally, the term "Big Four Banks" has traditionally referred to the following central banks:[2]

  • United Kingdom The Bank of England
  • United States The Federal Reserve
  • Japan The Bank of Japan
  • European Union The European Central Bank

Australia

In Australia , the "big four banks" refers to the four largest banks that have traditionally dominated Australia's banking industry in terms of market share, revenue, and total assets.[3][4] The "big four banks" of Australia are:[5]

  • Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
  • Commonwealth Bank of Australia (owned by the Australian Government until 1996)[6]
  • National Australia Bank
  • Westpac Banking Corporation

A longstanding policy of the Federal Government in Australia has been to maintain this status quo, called the four pillars policy. The policy has been maintained through the Global Recession of 2008–09, as Westpac acquired St George Bank and the Commonwealth Bank acquired Bankwest, reinforcing the special status of the "big four".

Austria

The "Big Four" banks of Austria are:[7]

  • Erste Bank / Sparkasse* (credit unions)
  • UniCredit Bank Austria (formerly Bank Austria Creditanstalt)
  • Raiffeisen Bankengruppe*
  • BAWAG P.S.K. (formerly Österreichische Postsparkasse)

*separate legal entities operating under a common brand

Belgium

The big four banks of Belgium[8] are a result of national and international mergers in the early 90s.

  • KBC Bank, including its CBC Banque subsidiary in the French Community of Belgium and KBC Brussels brand in the Brussels-Capital Region
  • Belfius, government-owned bank
  • BNP Paribas Fortis, subsidiary of BNP Paribas
  • ING Bank, subsidiary of the ING Group

Brazil

In Brazil , the "big four", according to Exame Magazine[9] in 2017:

Name Description Year Net Assets
Itaú Unibanco Largest Private bank 2017 US$452.6 billion
Banco do Brasil Largest State Owned Bank 2017 US$430.2 billion
Caixa Econômica Federal State Owned Bank 2017 US$406.0 billion
Banco Bradesco Private Bank 2017 US$391.6 billion

Cambodia

According to the National Bank of Cambodia, the top three largest banks in Cambodia dominates 39.1% (The largest bank in term of total asset is Canadia Bank at 14.2%, followed by ACLEDA Bank at 12.7%, in third place Advanced Bank of Asia (ABA) at 12.2%) of the overall banking assets as of 2020. These banks are:[10]

  • Canadia Bank
  • ACLEDA Bank
  • Advanced Bank of Asia

Canada

There are five banks dominating the Canada banking sector, hence the "Big Five"[11] is used instead of "Big Four".

China

During the 1920s, the term "big four" applied to the Four Northern Banks of the Republic of China (i.e., the four most capitalized commercial banks in Northern China).[12] These were the Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, the Kincheng Banking Corporation, the Continental Bank and The China & South Sea Bank. They were contrasted with the Three Southern Banks of Southern China.

By 1949, the "big four" banks were the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, the Central Bank of China, and the Farmers Bank of China. All four were state-owned. Together with the Central Trust of China, Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau of China, and Central Cooperative Treasury of China, these banks were called the "four banks, two bureaus, one treasury" or "四行两局一库".[13]

In the People's Republic of China, the Big Four Banks ("四大银行") are:[14]

  1. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
  2. Bank of China
  3. China Construction Bank
  4. Agricultural Bank of China

Colombia

In Colombia, the ten biggest banking service networks are:[15][16]

Name Description Year Net Assets
Banco de Bogotá Largest Private Bank 2017 COP 3.6 trillion
Bancolombia Private Bank 2017 COP 2.6 trillion
Banco Davivienda Private Bank 2017 COP 1.204 trillion
Banco de Occidente Credencial Private Bank 2017 COP 932.827 billion
BBVA Colombia Private Bank 2017 COP 346.333 billion
Banco Agrario de Colombia (es) State owned Bank 2017 COP 339.410 billion
Banco Colpatria Private Bank 2017 COP 253.572 billion
Banco Caja Social (es) Private Bank 2017 COP 238.116 billion
Citibank Colombia Private Bank 2017 COP 172.051 billion
Banco Popular (Colombia) (es) Private Bank 2017 COP 156.033 billion

Czech Republic

In Czech Republic, the "big three" are:[17]

  • Česká spořitelna, subsidiary of Erste Group
  • Československá obchodní banka, subsidiary of KBC Bank
  • Komerční banka, subsidiary of Société Générale (formerly part of State Bank of Czechoslovakia)

Estonia

Finland

France

In France , according to The Banker,[18] the six major banking groups are:

Germany

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, some media refer to the following as the "big four":[19]

  • The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC Hong Kong)
  • Hang Seng Bank (Principal member of the HSBC Group)
  • Bank of China (Hong Kong)
  • Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong)

HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong), and Bank of China (Hong Kong) are the three note-issuing banks; Hang Seng and HSBC Hong Kong are both under the common ownership of London-based HSBC Holdings plc. According to Global Retail Banking Cross-sell conducted by RFi group in 2015, HSBC, Bank of China (Hong Kong), and Hang Seng Bank were the top 3 most popular banks in Hong Kong.[20]

India

In India the four largest banks, based on total assets, are:[21]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, the term "big four" is not explicitly used. As of 2018, the four largest banks by total assets are:[22]

  • Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI)
  • Bank Mandiri
  • Bank Central Asia (BCA)
  • Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI)

BRI, Bank Mandiri, and BNI are all controlled by the central government as state-owned enterprises.

Ireland

In Ireland, the term "big four" applies to the four largest banks by market capitalisation.[23][24]

  • Bank of Ireland
  • Allied Irish Banks[25]
  • Permanent TSB
  • Ulster Bank (a wholly-owned subsidiary of NatWest Bank). Has withdrawn from the Irish market as of 2023.

Israel

  • Bank Hapoalim
  • Bank Leumi
  • Discount Bank
  • Bank Mizrahi-Tefahot

Japan

In Japan , the term "big three"[26][27] is used instead of "big four". The related term city bank is also sometimes used for these banks. The "big three" are:

Japan had a "big four" between 2002 and 2005 when the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi and UFJ Japan were still separate entities.[28] The two merged to form Mitsubishi UFJ, now the largest of the three, in 2005.

These banks are all listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange (where they are constituents of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX Core30 indices) and the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American depositary receipts; MUFG and SMBC Group are both additionally listed in the Nagoya Stock Exchange and serve as the financial arms of their respective namesake keiretsu (Mitsubishi for MUFG, Sumitomo and Mitsui for SMBC).

Kenya

  • KCB Bank Kenya Limited
  • Equity Bank
  • Co-operative Bank
  • NCBA Group

Latvia

According to a consumer survey conducted in 2019,[29] the "big four" retail banks in Latvia are:

Lebanon

In Lebanon, where the banks have retained their banking secrecy laws since 1956, which is prevalent in the whole MENA region, and while adopting international measures to fight money laundering, the "big four" banks consist of:[30]

  • Bank Audi (founded in 1830 and ranked on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest public companies in the world in 2016)
  • Byblos Bank (founded in 1950 as "Société Commerciale et Agricole Byblos Bassil Frères & Co.")
  • BLOM Bank: Banque du Liban et d'Outre-Mer S.A.L (founded in 1951)
  • Fransabank (founded in 1921 as Société Centrale de Banque)

Furthermore, as of September 2016, there are more than 51 banks in Lebanon, one of the smallest countries in the Middle East, a fact that has always made investors from the Arab countries, especially the GCC petrodollar in addition to the European and world investors, to place their funds in the Lebanese banks.

Luxembourg

The "big four" full-service banks in Luxembourg are:[31]

  • Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État (Spuerkeess), state owned bank
  • Banque Internationale à Luxembourg,
  • BGL BNP Paribas
  • ING Luxembourg

There are bigger banks in Luxembourg, but these only deliver a limited number of services such as investment banking, private banking, or corporate banking only. Luxembourg is a financial center.

Malaysia

According to Central Bank of Malaysia, the top four banks by assets size are:[32]

Mexico

The "big four" in Mexico are:[33][34]

Myanmar

According to Asia Times, the four largest bank in Myanmar are:[35]

  • Kanbawza Bank
  • Ayeyarwady Bank
  • CB Bank
  • Yoma Bank

Netherlands

The "big four" banks in the Netherlands by market concentration are:[36]

  • ING Group
  • Rabobank
  • ABN AMRO
  • de Volksbank, state owned banking arm of SNS Reaal

The market leader for the Netherlands, ING Group, is one of the world's largest multinational banking and financial service corporations, with products and services reaching over 41 countries worldwide.[37]

New Zealand

New Zealand is Australia's closest neighbour, with very close cultural and economic ties. The big four Australian banks (often referred to collectively as the 'big banks'[38][39][40] or the 'big Aussie banks') also dominate the banking sector in New Zealand, through subsidiaries:

  • ANZ Bank New Zealand (ANZ), a subsidiary of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
  • ASB Bank (ASB), formerly Auckland Savings Bank, a subsidiary of Commonwealth Bank of Australia
  • Bank of New Zealand (BNZ), a subsidiary of the National Australia Bank
  • Westpac New Zealand (WBC), formerly WestpacTrust, after a merger with Trust Bank, a subsidiary of Westpac Banking Corporation

Together they hold over 90% of gross loans and advances in New Zealand[41] as well as close to 90% of all mortgages.[42]

These four NZ subsidiaries are massively profitable and sometimes even outperform the Australian parent companies.[43] The extent to which they dominate the banking sector can be seen in profits: In the 2012/2013 financial year, the largest of the Big Banks, ANZ New Zealand, made a profit of NZ$1.37 billion. The smallest, BNZ, made a profit of NZ$695 million.[38] State-owned Kiwibank, community trust-owned TSB Bank, SBS Bank (formerly Southland Building Society) and Heartland Bank, the next four largest banks by profit, made NZ$97 million,[44] NZ$73.5 million,[45] NZ$14 million[46] and NZ$7 million (albeit with an underlying result of about NZ$30 million) respectively.[47] Thus, the profit of New Zealand's next four largest banks (after the Big Four) is equal to less than 30% of the smallest of the Big Four, BNZ.

Nigeria

The term "Big Five" is used instead of four, with five banks dominating the Nigerian banking world. In 2011, these top five banks had a combined balance sheet, including contingents, of 12.9 trillion naira ($821 billion), 33 percent higher than the prior year.[48]

North Macedonia

According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, the three largest banks in North Macedonia dominate 60% of the banking market share.[49]

  • Komercijalna banka Skopje
  • Stopanska Banka
  • NLB Tutunska

Pakistan

The "top five" banks of Pakistan are:[50]

  • HBL
  • Meezan Bank Limited
  • MCB Bank Limited
  • National Bank of Pakistan
  • United Bank
  • Allied Bank

Panama

  • Banco General
  • Banistmo
  • Banco Nacional
  • BAC Credomatic

Peru

In Peru the "big four" are:[51]

  • Banco de Crédito del Perú
  • BBVA Perú
  • Scotiabank (a subsidiary of the Canadian bank)
  • Interbank

Philippines

The term "Big Four" is not explicitly used in the Philippines. The following are the four largest banks in the country in terms of total assets as of March 2020:[52]

  • Banco de Oro
  • Metrobank
  • Land Bank of the Philippines
  • Bank of the Philippine Islands

Romania

The Romanian banking system has almost 40 banks, most detained by local financial vehicles and some subsidiaries of foreign banks. The big four are as follows.

  • Banca Comercială Română, now part of the Erste Group
  • Banca Transilvania, the biggest bank detained by private investors with domestic capital
  • BRD – Groupe Société Générale, formerly known as Romanian Bank for Development
  • CEC Bank, the state-owned bank, formerly known as Casa de Economii și Consemnațiuni

Other major banks are Raiffeisen Bank, Unicredit Bank, and the ING Bank of Holland subsidiary.

Russia

Four largest banks by operations and assets in Russia by December 2020:[53][54]

  • Sberbank
  • VTB Bank
  • Gazprombank
  • Alfa-Bank


Singapore

In Singapore, the "Big Three" are:[55]

South Africa

In South Africa , the "big four" in order of value of assets are:[56]

  • FirstRand Bank, operators of First National Bank.
  • Standard Bank, spin off from Standard Chartered Bank in 1987.
  • Absa Group Limited, majority owned by Barclays between 2005 and early 2018
  • Nedbank, minority-owned by Old Mutual.

South Korea

In South Korea , the "Big Four" are:[57]

Spain

As of September 2021, the "big four" in Spain are:[58]

There was formerly a "big six" (los seis grandes) composed of three banks that are now part of BBVA (Banco de Bilbao, Banco de Vizcaya, and state-owned Banco Argentaria) and three now combined as Santander (Banco Central, Banco Hispanoamericano, and Banco de Santander).

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, the leading banks are, as of 2020[59]

State-owned banks,

  • Bank of Ceylon
  • National Savings Bank
  • People's Bank

Privately owned banks,

  • Commercial Bank of Ceylon PLC
  • Sampath Bank PLC
  • Hatton National Bank PLC
  • National Development Bank PLC

Foreign-owned leading banks,

Sweden

In Sweden the "big four" are:[60][61]

Switzerland

In Switzerland , the "big three" hold 45% of all customer deposits. They are:[62]

Taiwan

In Taiwan, the five "systemic banks" are:[63][64]

  • CTBC Bank
  • Cathay United Bank
  • Taipei Fubon Bank
  • Mega International Commercial Bank
  • Taiwan Cooperative Bank

Thailand

In 2014, the "big four"[65] together held over 66% of gross loans and controlled more than 67% of total assets in the banking system.[66]

  • Bangkok Bank
  • Siam Commercial Bank
  • Krung Thai Bank
  • Kasikornbank

Before the Siamese Revolution, the banking system was controlled by foreign powers, particularly the "big four" European banks.[67]:160–169

  • The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank in 1888 (Now HSBC)
  • The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China in 1894 (Now Standard Chartered Bank Thailand)
  • Banque de l'Indochine in 1897 (Now Banque Calyon, a subsidiary of Crédit Agricole)
  • Mercantile Bank of India in 1923 (Now Citibank Thailand, a subsidiary of Citigroup)

Turkey

In 2021, the top three largest state-owned banks held over 37.1% of the market share, while Turkey's top four largest foreign-owned banks dominate 22.9% of the overall market share.[68]

State-owned bank

  • Ziraat Bank
  • Halkbank
  • VakıfBank

Privately-owned bank

  • Garanti BBVA
  • Akbank
  • Yapı Kredi
  • Türkiye İş Bankası

United Arab Emirates

Based on the total assets of listed banks at the end of 2017,[69][70] big five banks in United Arab Emirates are:

  • First Abu Dhabi Bank
  • Emirates NBD
  • Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank
  • Dubai Islamic Bank
  • Mashreq

United Kingdom

England and Wales

In relation to England and Wales, the phrase "big four banks" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups:

Scotland

In relation to Scotland, the phrase "big four" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups:

  • Royal Bank of Scotland (NatWest Group)
  • Bank of Scotland (Lloyds Banking Group)
  • Clydesdale Bank (trading as Virgin Money UK)
  • TSB Bank (Banco Sabadell).[73]

Northern Ireland

In relation to Northern Ireland, the phrase "big four" is currently used to refer to the four largest banking groups:

  • Bank of Ireland
  • Ulster Bank (NatWest Group)
  • Northern Bank (trading as Danske Bank)
  • Allied Irish Banks.

Historical use

Until 1970, the phrase "big five" (as opposed to "little six")[74] was used to refer to the five largest UK clearing banks (institutions which clear bankers' cheques), which in England and Wales were:

  • Barclays Bank;
  • Midland Bank (now HSBC UK Bank and part of HSBC Holdings);
  • Lloyds Bank (now part of Lloyds Banking Group);
  • National Provincial Bank; and
  • Westminster Bank.

After the merger of Westminster Bank, National Provincial Bank and District Bank to form National Westminster Bank (now part of NatWest Group) in 1970,[75] the term "big four" came into use instead.

United States

In the United States , the "big four" banks hold about 45% of all U.S. customer deposits (as of 2018), and each have assets of more than 1.7 trillion United States dollar .[76] The banks are, in order of size:[77][78]

  • JPMorgan Chase (headquartered in New York City , bank chartered in Columbus, Ohio)
  • Bank of America (headquartered and bank chartered in Charlotte, North Carolina)
  • Citigroup (headquartered in New York City, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
  • Wells Fargo (headquartered in San Francisco , bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

Regardless of the jurisdiction of charter, the legal entity of these banks are all subsidiaries of Delaware-chartered bank holding companies.

From a retail banking perspective, U.S. Bank and PNC Bank both have significantly more branches than Citibank, the retail banking arm of Citigroup.[79] However, Citigroup still has significantly more assets than U.S. Bancorp and PNC Financial Services.[80]

Vietnam

In Vietnam, the four major banking groups are:[81]

  • Vietcombank
  • Agribank
  • BIDV
  • Vietinbank

As of the start of 2024, the big four held VNĐ13.5 quadrillion worth of public deposits (bank liabilities), equivalent to 50% of all bank deposits nationwide. Meanwhile, during the annual year 2023, these banks represented 42% of the outstanding loans (bank credit) that were issued over this period nationwide, a total of VNĐ685 trillion.[82]

See also

  • Big Four accounting firms
  • Big Oil
  • Big Soda
  • Big Tech
  • Big Three (automobile manufacturers)
  • Big Three (management consultancies)
  • Big Tobacco

References

  1. ↑ BusinessDictionary.com, big banks, 2011.
  2. ↑ Adler, Lee (25 June 2013). "The Big Four Central Banks Muddy The Same Sea of Liquidity". http://wolfstreet.com/2013/06/24/the-big-four-central-banks-muddy-the-same-sea-of-liquidity-and-then-theres-china/. 
  3. ↑ "Big four banks lower fixed rates". ABC News. 28 August 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/28/2349282.htm. 
  4. ↑ "Who really owns Australia's Big Four banks?". Finty Australia. 4 August 2020. https://finty.com/au/research/big-four-ownership/. 
  5. ↑ "'Big four' banks made huge profits as Australians took out bigger mortgages for pricier housing". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-10/big-four-banks-profits-home-loans-mortgage-debt-interest-rates/101051100. 
  6. ↑ "Quiggin, J. (2001), 'The 'People's Bank': the privatisation of the Commonwealth Bank and the case for a new publicly-owned bank', Australian Options". http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/johnquiggin/JournalArticles01/CBAPrivatisation01.html. 
  7. ↑ "Österreich – Größte Banken nach Bilanzsumme 2016". https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/288090/umfrage/banken-in-oesterreich-nach-ihrer-bilanzsumme/. 
  8. ↑ "Grootbanken gaan bankautomaten samenvoegen: kosten besparen en betere spreiding". VRTNWS. 8 January 2020. https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/01/08/grootbanken-gaan-bankautomaten-samenvoegen-goedkoper-voor-banke/. 
  9. ↑ "Os 20 maiores bancos do Brasil em valor de ativos". http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/os-20-maiores-bancos-do-brasil-em-valor-de-ativos. 
  10. ↑ "National Bank of Cambodia Supervision Annual Report 2020". https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/supervision/sup_an_rep_eng/EN_Annual_Report_2020.pdf. "The largest bank in term of total asset is Canadia Bank at 14.2%, followed by ACLEDA Bank at 12.7%, in third place Advanced Bank of Asia (ABA) at 12.2%. Source: National Bank of Cambodia" 
  11. ↑ https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/fsr_1203.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  12. ↑ Ji, Zhaojin (2003). A History of Modern Shanghai Banking. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-1003-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=aesatCvz-PgC&pg=PA121. 
  13. ↑ Yao Sui: Chinese Finance History, High Education Publisher in 2007, Beijing. (in Chinese: 《中国金融史》，姚遂 主编，高等教育出版社，2007年版)
  14. ↑ 黎晨 [Li Chen] (2015). "Holding 'China Inc.' together: The restructuring of the centrally controlled financial system". China's Centralized Industrial Order. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. pp. 126–147. ISBN 978-1-317-91055-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=aFdWBQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 8 August 2017. 
  15. ↑ "El top 10 de bancos con mayores ganancias en Colombia a septiembre". 21 October 2016. http://www.dinero.com/economia/articulo/los-bancos-que-mas-ganan-en-colombia-a-septiembre/235124. 
  16. ↑ "Cinco bancos del país están entre los 50 más grandes de A. L". http://www.portafolio.co/internacional/cinco-bancos-pais-50-grandes-l-128822. 
  17. ↑ "Největší banky v Česku. Nové žebříčky podle klientů a peněz". https://www.penize.cz/osobni-ucty/440001-nejvetsi-banky-v-cesku-zebricek-podle-poctu-klientu-a-spravovanych-penez. 
  18. ↑ James King, "Top 1000 World Banks – French prudence pays off for top banks" , The Banker, 1 July 2020.
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  20. ↑ "m18講場：你揀銀行同大部分港人有冇唔同？" (in zh-hk). 19 November 2015. https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/finance/20151119/bkn-20151119235858423-1119_00842_001.html. 
  21. ↑ Forbes India (16 October 2023). "Top 10 banks in India by market cap in 2023". Forbes (Forbes). https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/top-10-banks-india-by-market-cap/87913/1. 
  22. ↑ Mediatama, Grahanusa (26 September 2018). "11 bank terbesar Tanah Air kuasai 63% aset perbankan" (in id). http://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/11-bank-terbesar-tanah-air-kuasai-63-aset-perbankan. 
  23. ↑ "Anglo Irish Bank Corporation (Executive Summary)". http://wp.sme.ie/ireland-2/leadership-and-integrity/anglo-irish-bank-corporation-executive-summary/. "...The only banks with higher market capitalisation were Allied Irish Banks (AIB) and Bank of Ireland, with strong retail and commercial presences. Ulster Bank and National Irish Bank are the other members of the 'Big Four' retail and commercial banks, both owned by overseas parents and not listed on the Irish Stock Exchange" 
  24. ↑ Hardiman, Cyril (12 February 2005). "'Big Four' Northern banks face probe on pricing and competition claims". Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/big-four-northern-banks-face-probe-on-pricing-and-competition-claims-273782.html. 
  25. ↑ Ryan, Susan. AIB's First Trust refunds £350,000 to customers over fee error , Business ETC, 30 November 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  26. ↑ "Japan's Biggest Banks See Profit Declining in Second Half". Bloomberg.com (Bloomberg). 15 November 2013. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-14/japan-s-biggest-banks-set-to-report-a-profit-drop-in-second-half. 
  27. ↑ Nakano, M., Financial Crisis and Bank Management in Japan (1997 to 2016) (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 128.
  28. ↑ "Swallow hard". The Economist. 15 July 2004. https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2004/07/15/swallow-hard. 
  29. ↑ https://www.la.lv/kuras-bankas-ir-latvijas-iedzivotaju-topa-skds-pazino-jaunakos-datus
  30. ↑ "Top Lebanese Banks by Assets". http://www.thebanker.com/Banker-Data/Banker-Rankings/Local-focus-gives-Lebanon-a-record-year/Top-Lebanese-Banks-by-Assets. 
  31. ↑ "Luxembourg Banking Insights 2015". pwc. https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2016/07/lu-en-Banking-Insights-2015.pdf. 
  32. ↑ Khoo, Daniel (6 February 2020). "Malaysia's top 3 banks need to maintain higher than average capital needs". The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2020/02/06/malaysia039s-top-3-banks-need-to-maintain-higher-than-normal-capital-needs. 
  33. ↑ Jiménez, Ismael (18 May 2015). "Los 20 bancos más grandes en México • Forbes México". https://www.forbes.com.mx/los-20-bancos-mas-grandes-en-mexico/. 
  34. ↑ Navarro, María Fernanda (30 October 2017). "Los 10 bancos más grandes de México". https://www.forbes.com.mx/los-10-bancos-mas-grandes-de-mexico/. 
  35. ↑ Oo, Dominic; W. Crispin, Shawn (2 June 2021). "Myanmar banks on edge of a coup-caused collapse". Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/2021/06/myanmar-banks-on-edge-of-a-coup-caused-collapse/. 
  36. ↑ "Nederlandse Bankensector "(dutch)"". Banken.nl. http://www.banken.nl/bankensector/bankensector-nederland. 
  37. ↑ "Products and Services". ING Group. https://www.ing.com/Products-Services.htm. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Parker, Tamsyn. NZ's big banks record $3.5b profit , The New Zealand Herald, 5 November 2013. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  39. ↑ Gray, Jamie. NZ's big banks under pressure , The New Zealand Herald, 5 August 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  40. ↑ "Big Four banks' New Zealand profit up". 9 November 2012. http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/business/7932338/Big-Four-banks-New-Zealand-profit-up-20-per-cent-this-year. 
  41. ↑ "Insights – KPMG – NZ". 9 February 2018. https://home.kpmg.com/nz/en/home/insights.html. 
  42. ↑ "Kiwibank has the largest mortgage market share percentage growth in 2011; ANZ NZ adds the most volume". http://www.interest.co.nz/news/58613/kiwibank-has-largest-mortgage-market-share-percentage-growth-2011-anz-nz-adds-most-volume. 
  43. ↑ Westpac NZ outperforms Australian parent , The New Zealand Herald, 16 August 2011. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  44. ↑ Weir, James. Kiwibank lifts profit as customer base expands
  45. ↑ TSB profit rises despite mortgage market competition , Radio New Zealand, 31 May 2013. Accessed 14 April 2014.
  46. ↑ "SBS Bank lifts annual net profit nearly 22%". 26 June 2013. http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/business/138649/sbs-bank-lifts-annual-net-profit-nearly-22-percent. 
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  48. ↑ "Business: The 5 Biggest Banks in Nigeria". 16 August 2012. http://venturesafrica.com/the-5-biggest-banks-in-nigeria. 
  49. ↑ "Banking Market". PricewaterhouseCoopers. https://www.pwc.com/mk/en/industries/financial.html#banking. "The three largest banks – Komercijalna Banka, Stopanska Banka Skopje (National Bank of Greece is the main shareholder) and NLB Tutunska Banka (NLB Group is the main shareholder) dominate in the banking system, holding together more than 60% of the total market activities." 
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  51. ↑ Anon., "Top Banks in Peru 2019—Overview of Top 10 Banks" , ADV Ratings, 2019.
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  54. ↑ "Russia: Top 10 largest banks, by total assets 2020". https://www.statista.com/statistics/1116407/russia-top-10-largest-banks-by-assets/. 
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  59. ↑ "Sri Lanka Banking Sector: Status quo as of June 2018". 16 October 2018. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/careers/companies/top-banks-in-sri-lanka/. 
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  61. ↑ Anon., "Top Banks in Sweden 2019—Overview of Banking Industry" , ADV Ratings, 1 December 2019.
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  63. ↑ "大到不能倒！ 金管會公布5大系統性銀行名單" , China Times, 27 June 2019.
  64. ↑ Shih-ching, K., "Five banks given 'important' status" , Taipei Times, 1 July 2019.
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  67. ↑ Brown, R. A., Capital and Entrepreneurship in South-East Asia: Studies in the Economics of East and South-East Asia (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1994), pp. 160–169 .
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  70. ↑ Banker, The. "Top 1000 World Banks 2018 – Middle East" (in en-GB). https://www.thebanker.com/Top-1000/2018/2018-regions/Top-1000-World-Banks-2018-Middle-East. 
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  73. ↑ The Big Four by D Rogers
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