Finance:List of oldest banks in continuous operation
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This list of the oldest banks includes financial institutions in continuous operation, operating with the same legal identity without interruption since their establishment until the present time.
Depending on the definition, the world's oldest bank is either Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena or Berenberg Bank. Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena was founded in its present form in 1624, but traces its history to a mount of piety founded in 1472. The Berenberg company was founded in 1590 and has operated continuously ever since with the same family as owners or major co-owners. Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena is today a large Italian retail bank, while Berenberg Bank is primarily involved in investment banking and private banking for wealthy customers; in any event Berenberg Bank is the world's oldest merchant bank or investment bank. The world's oldest central bank is the Sveriges Riksbank, which was founded in 1668. Not to mention Banco di Napoli, whose origins date back to 1539, when the first mount of piety was established in Naples; the bank, absorbed by different entities between 2002-2018; according to some scholars its origin may be dated back to 1463; this would make the Bank of Naples the oldest bank in continuous operation until 2018, world-wide.[1]
Banks established before 1600
| Year | Company | Country (historic) | Country (modern) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1472 1624 |
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena | Siena, Republic of Siena (1472) & Republic of Florence (1624) |  Italy
|
Tracing its history to a mount of piety founded in 1472, but founded in its present form in 1624. Since 2017, the main shareholder is the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance (68.247% in 2017). |
| 1590 | Berenberg Bank | Hamburg, Holy Roman Empire |  Germany
|
The oldest bank operating continuously with the same legal identity; the oldest merchant bank |
Banks established in the 17th century
| Year | Company | Country (historic) | Country (modern) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1668 | Sveriges Riksbank | Kingdom of Sweden |  Sweden
|
The world's oldest central bank.[citation needed] |
| 1672 | C. Hoare & Co. | Kingdom of England |  United Kingdom
|
One of the oldest British banks and the oldest privately owned bank, not a limited company. |
| 1674 | Metzler Bank | Free City of Frankfurt | Germany
|
|
| 1683 | The Madras Bank (1683) | Presidency of Madras |  India
|
Oldest bank in India[2][3] |
| 1690 | Barclays | Kingdom of England | United Kingdom
|
|
| 1692 | Coutts & Co. | Kingdom of England | United Kingdom
|
Part of NatWest Group. |
| 1694 | Bank of England | Kingdom of England | United Kingdom
|
|
| 1695 | Bank of Scotland | Kingdom of Scotland | United Kingdom
|
Part of Lloyds Banking Group. |
Banks established in the 18th century
| Year | Company | Country (historic) | Country (modern) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1717 | Drummonds Bank | Kingdom of Great Britain | United Kingdom
|
A branch of the Royal Bank of Scotland |
| 1727 | Royal Bank of Scotland | Kingdom of Great Britain | United Kingdom
|
Part of NatWest Group |
| 1737 | Van Lanschot Kempen | Dutch Republic |  Netherlands
|
The oldest independent bank in the Netherlands[4] and the Benelux.[5][6] |
| 1747 | Banque Nagelmackers | Liège |  Belgium
|
|
| 1750 | Rahn+Bodmer | Zürich |  Switzerland
|
|
| 1760 | Banque Courtois | Kingdom of France |  France
|
|
| 1765 | Lloyds Bank | Kingdom of Great Britain | United Kingdom
|
Part of Lloyds Banking Group. |
| 1774 | Fürstlich Castell'sche Bank | Würzburg | Germany
|
|
| 1780 | Landolt & Cie | Neuchâtel | Switzerland
|
|
| 1782 | Bank of Spain | Spain |  Spain
|
|
| 1783 | Bank of Ireland | Kingdom of Ireland |  Ireland (and Northern Ireland)
|
|
| 1784 | The Bank of New York | United States |  United States
|
Oldest US bank tracing to its original incorporation, without resorting to an acquired predecessor[citation needed] |
| 1785 | Trinkaus & Burkhardt | Palatinate | Germany
|
Acquired in 1980s by Midland Bank and then 1992 to British bank HSBC |
| 1786 | Hottinger & Cie | Kingdom of France | United Kingdom
|
Edmond de Rothschild acquired a 42.5% stake in Hottinger Group on 31 May 2022 |
| 1792 | State Street Corporation | United States | United States
|
Age dated to predecessor Union Bank |
| 1796 | Hauck & Aufhäuser | Free City of Frankfurt | Germany
|
|
| 1796 | Lombard Odier & Cie | Geneva | Switzerland
|
|
| 1798 | Donner & Reuschel | Hamburg | Germany
|
|
| 1798 | M. M. Warburg & Co. | Hamburg | Germany
|
|
| 1799 | Bank of the Manhattan Company | United States | United States
|
Predecessor institution to JPMorgan Chase |
Banks established in the 19th century
| Year | Company | Country (historic) | Country (modern) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1800 | The Washington Trust Company | United States | United States
|
United States' oldest commercial bank Rhode Island community bank |
| 1800 | Banque de France | French Republic | France
|
|
| 1804 | Schroders | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
|
|
| 1805 | Pictet & Cie | France (Léman/annexed Geneva) | Switzerland
|
|
| 1806 | State Bank of India | Calcutta under the British East India Company | India
|
India's oldest bank[citation needed] |
| 1808 | Banco do Brasil | Kingdom of Portugal (State of Brazil) |  Brazil
|
Brazil's oldest bank |
| 1810 | Brown, Shipley & Co. | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
|
|
| 1811 | N M Rothschild & Sons | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
|
|
| 1811 | Bank of Finland | Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire |  Finland
|
|
| 1812 | Citibank | United States | United States
|
Originally City Bank of New York and then National City Bank of New York |
| 1812 | Sparkasse Schwyz | Swiss Confederation | Switzerland
|
|
| 1814 | Caisse d'Epargne Riviera (de) | Switzerland | Switzerland
|
One of the oldest active banks in Switzerland. |
| 1814 | De Nederlandsche Bank | Netherlands | Netherlands
|
Precursor: Amsterdam Wisselbank, founded in 1609 and the first Central bank in the world |
| 1815 | Banque Bonhôte | Swiss Confederation | Switzerland
|
|
| 1816 | Norges Bank | Norway |  Norway
|
Central bank of Norway, founded on the capital of privately owned silver which was delivered to the bank |
| 1816 | Cater Allen Private Bank | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
|
|
| 1817 | Bank of Montreal | Lower Canada |  Canada
|
|
| 1817 | Bank of New South Wales | New South Wales |  Australia
|
|
| 1818 | Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. | United States | United States
|
|
| 1818 | Groupe Caisse d'Épargne | Kingdom of France | France
|
Merged with Groupe Banque Populaire in 2009 to form Groupe BPCE |
| 1818 | Berliner Sparkasse | Prussia | Germany
|
|
| 1818 | Danmarks Nationalbank | Denmark |  Denmark
|
|
| 1819 | Mirabaud & Cie | Swiss Confederation | Switzerland
|
|
| 1819 | Erste Bank | Austrian Empire |  Austria
|
|
| 1819 | BankNewport | United States | United States
|
as Newport Savings Bank |
| 1820 | Nordea | Finland | Finland
|
|
| 1820 | Swedbank | Sweden | Sweden
|
|
| 1820 | Institution for Savings | United States | United States
|
|
| 1822 | Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires | Buenos Aires Province, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata |  Argentina
|
|
| 1822 | DNB | Norway | Norway
|
as Christiania Sparebank |
| 1824 | Stadtsparkasse München | Bavaria | Germany
|
|
| 1825 | Česká spořitelna | Bohemia, Austrian Empire |  Czech Republic
|
|
| 1825 | Key Bank | United States | United States
|
Oldest ancestor chartered as Commercial Bank of Albany |
| 1826 | AEK Bank 1826 | Restored Swiss Confederacy | Switzerland
|
|
| 1827 | Hamburger Sparkasse | Hamburg | Germany
|
|
| 1828 | Bank of Poland | Congress Poland |  Poland
|
Succeeded by the National Bank of Poland (NBP) in 1945 |
| 1828 | Bankhaus Spängler | Austrian Empire | Austria
|
|
| 1828 | De Curaçaosche Bank | Curaçao |  Curaçao
|
|
| 1828 | Citizens Financial Group | United States | United States
|
|
| 1828 | Centreville Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1828 | Bank Indonesia | Dutch East Indies |  Indonesia
|
as De Javasche Bank, the current form was nationalized and officially founded in 1953 |
| 1829 | Clientis Caisse d’Epargne CEC | Restored Swiss Confederacy | Switzerland
|
|
| 1831 | Dedham Institution for Savings | United States | United States
|
The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves has an account at the bank, opened in 1832, that is believed to be the oldest account in the nation.[7][8] The bank is also called Dedham Savings.[9] |
| 1831 | National Grand Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1832 | Wilmington Savings Fund Society | United States | United States
|
|
| 1832 | Scotiabank | Nova Scotia | Canada
|
|
| 1833 | Chemung Canal Trust Company | United States | United States
|
Merged with Elmira Trust Company in 1902, originally named Chemung Canal Bank.[10] |
| 1833 | Arbuthnot Latham | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
|
|
| 1834 | Hingham Institution for Savings | United States | United States
|
|
| 1834 | Bank BSU | Restored Swiss Confederacy | Switzerland
|
|
| 1834 | First Financial Bank | United States | United States
|
as Terre Haute branch of the Second State Bank of Indiana |
| 1834 | Old National Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1835 | Australia and New Zealand Banking Group | Colony of New South Wales | Australia
|
founded in London as Bank of Australasia; first branch in Sydney |
| 1836 | The Honesdale National Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1836 | Ulster Bank | United Kingdom | United Kingdom & Ireland
|
Now a subsidiary of NatWest and operates in two countries |
| 1838 | Ballston Spa National Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1838 | Clydesdale Bank | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
|
|
| 1838 | First National Bank | Cape Colony |  South Africa
|
|
| 1838 | Mauritius Commercial Bank | British Mauritius |  Mauritius
|
|
| 1839 | Provident Bank of New Jersey | United States | United States
|
|
| 1840 | Montepio | Portugal |  Portugal
|
|
| 1841 | National Bank of Greece | Kingdom of Greece |  Greece
|
|
| 1841 | Sberbank | Russian Empire |  Russia
|
as Russian Imperial Savings Associations |
| 1844 | Bordier & Cie | Restored Swiss Confederacy | Switzerland
|
|
| 1844 | CaixaBank | Spain | Spain
|
as Caixa de Barcelona |
| 1846 | Banco de Portugal | Portugal | Portugal
|
|
| 1846 | Laurentian Bank | Lower Canada | Canada
|
As the Montreal City and District Savings Bank |
| 1847 | Auckland Savings Bank | New Zealand |  New Zealand
|
|
| 1847 | National Iron Bank | United States | United States
|
Oldest private bank in New England |
| 1848 | Lazard | United States | United States
|
Founded as Lazard Frères & Co., a merchant goods store that expanded into banking and foreign exchange.[11] |
| 1849 | Oddo et Cie | France | France
|
|
| 1849 | Hoerner Bank | Baden | Germany
|
|
| 1849 | Australian Mutual Provident Society | New South Wales | Australia
|
|
| 1850 | Spar- und Leihkasse Bucheggberg | Switzerland | Switzerland
|
|
| 1850 | Nationale Bank van België | Belgium | Belgium
|
|
| 1850 | Bank Sparhafen Zürich | Switzerland | Switzerland
|
|
| 1850 | Volksbank | Austrian Empire | Austria
|
|
| 1851 | Bank of the Philippine Islands | Spanish Philippines |  Philippines
|
Oldest bank in Southeast Asia |
| 1851 | Essex Savings Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1852 | PNC Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1852 | Crédit Foncier de France | France | France
|
|
| 1852 | Wells Fargo | United States | United States
|
|
| 1854 | Newburyport Five Cents Savings Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1854 | UBS | Switzerland | Switzerland
|
|
| 1855 | Salem Five Cents Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1855 | Toronto-Dominion Bank | Province of Canada | Canada
|
as Bank of Toronto; merged with The Dominion Bank in 1955 |
| 1856 | Credit Suisse | Switzerland | Switzerland
|
|
| 1856 | Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État | Luxembourg |  Luxembourg
|
|
| 1856 | Garanti Bank | Ottoman Empire |  Turkey
|
as Ottoman Bank; merged 2001 |
| 1856 | M&T Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1856 | Regions Bank | United States | United States
|
as 1st National Bank of Huntsville; merged with two other banks in 1971 |
| 1856 | Exchange Bank & Trust[12] | United States | United States
|
Founding date of 1/1/1856 comes from predecessor bank - First National Bank of Leavenworth, Kansas. Exchange was founded in Atchison, Kansas in 1857. |
| 1857 | Baraboo State Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1857 | Santander | Spain | Spain
|
|
| 1857 | Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria | Spain | Spain
|
|
| 1858 | Fifth Third Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1858 | Bendigo Bank | Colony of Victoria | Australia
|
|
| 1858 | Standard Chartered | British Raj | India
|
|
| 1859 | National Bank of Canada | Province of Canada | Canada
|
|
| 1859 | Standard Chartered (Singapore) | Straits Settlement |  Singapore
|
First few foreign banks established in Singapore. |
| 1860 | State Bank of the Russian Empire | Russian Empire | Russia
|
|
| 1861 | Caixa Econômica Federal | Empire of Brazil | Brazil
|
|
| 1861 | Bank of New Zealand | New Zealand | New Zealand
|
|
| 1861 | Associated Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1862 | Bank Spółdzielczy w Brodnicy | Prussia | Poland
|
|
| 1862 | Standard Bank | Cape Colony | South Africa
|
|
| 1863 | Crédit Lyonnais | Second French Empire | France
|
|
| 1863 | First Financial Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1863 | U.S. Bank | United States | United States
|
through merger with The First National Bank of Cincinnati (National Charter #24) |
| 1863 | Ziraat Bankası | Ottoman Empire | Turkey
|
|
| 1864 | First National Bank of Pennsylvania | United States | United States
|
as First National Bank of West Greenville |
| 1864 | First Horizon National Corporation | United States | United States
|
Founded as First National Bank of Memphis, or First National Bank, and also later went by First Tennessee Bank.[13] |
| 1864 | Royal Bank of Canada | Province of Canada | Canada
|
|
| 1864 | Société Générale | Second French Empire | France
|
|
| 1864 | CEC Bank | Romanian United Principalities |  Romania
|
|
| 1864 | The First National Bank & Trust Company of Newtown | United States | United States
|
|
| 1865 | HSBC | British Hong Kong |  Hong Kong
|
as The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank |
| 1865 | Allahabad Bank | British Raj | India
|
|
| 1866 | Huntington Bancshares | United States | United States
|
as The Huntington National Bank |
| 1867 | Bank of Stockton | United States | United States
|
|
| 1867 | Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce | Province of Canada[lower-alpha 1] | Canada
|
as Canadian Bank of Commerce; merged on 1 June 1961 with the Imperial Bank of Canada |
| 1868 | Busey Bank | United States | United States
|
both Busey Brothers Bank, and bought-out The Bank of Edwardsville, date back to 1868 |
| 1868 | Sandy Spring Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1868 | Oldenburgische Landesbank | Oldenburg | Germany
|
|
| 1869 | The Savings Bank | United States | United States
|
founded as the Wakefield Savings Bank |
| 1869 | Goldman Sachs | United States | United States
|
|
| 1869 | Baker Boyer Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1869 | Jefferson Security Bank | United States | United States
|
Founded as Jefferson Savings Bank[14] |
| 1870 | Banco de Bogotá | Colombia |  Colombia
|
|
| 1870 | Bank Handlowy | Congress Poland, Russian Empire | Poland
|
|
| 1870 | Commerzbank | Kingdom of Prussia | Germany
|
|
| 1870 | Deutsche Bank | Kingdom of Prussia | Germany
|
|
| 1870 | Dominick & Dominick | United States | United States
|
Founded as Dominick & Dickerman, renamed several times.[15] |
| 1870 | Zürcher Kantonalbank | Switzerland | Switzerland
|
|
| 1871 | Banco Nacional de Bolivia | Bolivia |  Bolivia
|
|
| 1871 | Danske Bank | Denmark | Denmark
|
|
| 1871 | Handelsbanken | Sweden | Sweden
|
|
| 1871 | Wayne Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1872 | Truist Financial | United States | United States
|
|
| 1872 | Sparkasse Schwaz | Austrian Empire | Austria
|
|
| 1873 | The Daishi Bank (ja) | Japan |  Japan
|
|
| 1873 | Zions Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1873 | Bank of the Province of Córdoba | United Provinces | Argentina
|
|
| 1874 | Bank of Queensland | Queensland | Australia
|
|
| 1875 | Toowoomba Permanent Building Society | Queensland | Australia
|
|
| 1875 | Standard Chartered Bank | Straits Settlements |  Malaysia
|
Malaysia's oldest bank |
| 1876 | Pharaon & Chiha Bank | Ottoman Empire |  Lebanon
|
Oldest bank in Lebanon; acquired by Byblos Bank in 2016[16] |
| 1876 | Caixa Geral de Depósitos | Portugal | Portugal
|
|
| 1877 | POSB Bank | Straits Settlements | Singapore
|
Singapore's oldest local bank |
| 1877 | Banco de Costa Rica | Costa Rica |  Costa Rica
|
|
| 1877 | QNB Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1877 | The Juroku Bank (ja) | Japan | Japan
|
|
| 1877 | The Eighteenth Bank (ja) | Japan | Japan
|
|
| 1877 | Bank of Washington | United States | United States
|
|
| 1878 | Close Brothers Group | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
|
|
| 1878 | Bank of the City of Buenos Aires | Argentina | Argentina
|
|
| 1878 | The Hyakujushi Bank (ja) | Japan | Japan
|
|
| 1878 | The 77 Bank | Japan | Japan
|
|
| 1878 | The Hyakugo Bank (ja) | Japan | Japan
|
|
| 1879 | Alpha Bank | Kingdom of Greece | Greece
|
|
| 1879 | Bulgarian National Bank | Principality of Bulgaria |  Bulgaria
|
|
| 1879 | Kakegawa Shinkin Bank (ja) | Japan | Japan
|
|
| 1880 | Illawarra Mutual Building Society | Colony of New South Wales | Australia
|
|
| 1880 | National Bank of Romania | Romania | Romania
|
|
| 1881 | Oppenheimer | United States | United States
|
|
| 1881 | Banc Sabadell | Spain | Spain
|
|
| 1881 | Bank of Clarke County | United States | United States
|
|
| 1882 | Crédit Mutuel | French Third Republic | France
|
|
| 1882 | Bank of Japan | Japan | Japan
|
|
| 1883 | Bank Mendes Gans | Netherlands | Netherlands
|
|
| 1883 | Hancock Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1884 | National Bank of Serbia | Kingdom of Serbia |  Serbia
|
|
| 1884 | Banque de Tunisie | French protectorate of Tunisia |  Tunisia
|
|
| 1884 | Banco Nacional de Mexico | Mexico |  Mexico
|
|
| 1885 | Banco Davivienda El Salvador | El Salvador |  El Salvador
|
|
| 1886 | Banca Sella Group | Kingdom of Italy | Italy
|
as Gaudenzio Sella & C. |
| 1886 | E. Gutzwiller & Cie. Banquiers | Switzerland | Switzerland
|
|
| 1886 | Obwaldner Kantonalbank | Switzerland | Switzerland
|
|
| 1886 | Banco Francés del Río de la Plata | Argentina | Argentina
|
|
| 1887 | Banco Nacional de la República Oriental del Uruguay | Uruguay |  Uruguay
|
The only part of the bank that did not go into bankruptcy, the mortgage section, became in 1892 the Banco Hipotecario del Uruguay, nationalized in 1912 and still in operation. |
| 1888 | Hatton National Bank | Ceylon |  Sri Lanka
|
Established in 1888 as the “Hatton Bank” to cater to the flourishing tea industry in the central region of Sri Lanka.[17] |
| 1888 | Powell Valley National Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1889 | Bryn Mawr Trust | United States | United States
|
|
| 1889 | Northern Trust | United States | United States
|
|
| 1889 | First National Bank of Berryville | United States | United States
|
Later named the First National Bank of Arkansas and then in 2022, the Bank of 1889.[18] |
| 1890 | Banco de Venezuela | Venezuela |  Venezuela
|
Founded as a government institution as Banco Comercial, then renamed in 1890 to Banco de Venezuela. |
| 1891 | Banco de la Nación Argentina | Argentina | Argentina
|
|
| 1893 | Banca d'Italia | Kingdom of Italy | Italy
|
|
| 1893 | Banco de Chile | Chile |  Chile
|
|
| 1893 | Blue Ridge Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1893 | National Australia Bank | Colony of Victoria | Australia
|
|
| 1894 | First Bank of Nigeria | Lagos Colony |  Nigeria
|
|
| 1895 | Punjab National Bank | British Raj | India
|
|
| 1895 | Bankwest | Colony of Western Australia | Australia
|
as Agricultural Bank of Western Australia; from October 2008 a corporate division of Commonwealth Bank of Australia |
| 1895 | Bank Rakyat Indonesia | Dutch East Indies | Indonesia
|
|
| 1895 | Bay State Savings Bank | United States | United States
|
|
| 1896 | The Awa Bank (ja) | Japan | Japan
|
|
| 1896 | Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay | Uruguay | Uruguay
|
|
| 1896 | Kenya Commercial Bank Group | East Africa Protectorate |  Kenya
|
as a subsidiary of National Bank of India |
| 1897 | Shinhan Bank | Joseon |  South Korea
|
|
| 1898 | National Bank of Egypt | Egypt |  Egypt
|
|
| 1899 | Bank of Cyprus | British Cyprus |  Cyprus
|
|
| 1899 | Woori Bank | Korean Empire | South Korea
|
|
| 1899 | Fukui Bank (ja) | Japan | Japan
|
|
| 1899 | Bank of Taiwan | Japan-administered Formosa |  Taiwan
|
|
| 1899 | First Commercial Bank | Japan-administered Formosa | Taiwan
|
See also
- History of banking
- List of oldest companies
Notes
- ↑ Bank was founded on May 15; two months before Canadian confederation (July 1)
References
- ↑ https://group.intesasanpaolo.com/it/chi-siamo/storia/banco-napoli
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ International Investment UBS to sell its Netherlands wealth management bizhttps://www.internationalinvestment.net/internationalinvestment/news/3503988/ubs-sell-netherlands-wealth-management-biz Accessed 2 January 2021
- ↑ "A Chinese carmaker agrees to buy a Danish investment bank". The Economist. 5 October 2017. https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21730048-despite-curbs-outward-investment-chinese-firms-are-expanding-european.
- ↑ The New York Times Belgian Bank Deal 25 April 1990 https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/25/business/company-news-belgian-bank-deal.html Accessed 2 January 2021
- ↑ Dedham Institution for Savings (2004). "This man has an account with us, opened in 1832, to fund the apprehension of horse thieves". http://www.legendinc.com/Pages/LegendAdvertising/LGNDPages/CourierStuff/Media/HorseThieves_DTLight.pdf.
- ↑ Howard, Marjorie (January 25, 2013). "Office Treasures: No Horse Thievery Here". Tufts Now. http://now.tufts.edu/articles/office-treasures-no-horse-thievery-here.
- ↑ https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/03/14/business/south-shore-dedham-savings-banks-merge-keep-their-respective-brands/
- ↑ https://www.stargazette.com/story/news/local/2023/09/05/how-elmira-banker-philanthropist-matthias-arnot-founded-arnot-art-museum/70698697007/
- ↑ Guy de Rougemont, Lazard Frères, Banquiers des Deux Mondes (1840-1939), Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2010
- ↑ "Exchange Bank & Trust | Personal, Business & Military Banking". https://www.ebt.bank/.
- ↑ "First Tennessee National Corporation." International Directory of Company Histories, edited by Paula Kepos, vol. 11, St. James Press, 1995, pp. 120-121. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
- ↑ "Tennant recognizes Jefferson Security Bank as state’s oldest business" (in en-US). https://www.shepherdstownchronicle.com/news/local-news/2015/07/24/tennant-recognizes-jefferson-security-bank-as-state-s-oldest-business/.
- ↑ "ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATED.; Dominick & Dominick, Brokers, Observe Fiftieth Year in Business.". The New York Times. 15 June 1920. https://www.nytimes.com/1920/06/15/archives/anniversary-celebrated-dominick-dominick-brokers-observe-fiftieth.html?searchResultPosition=1.
- ↑ "News Room | Byblos Bank Acquires Banque Pharaon & Chiha | Lebanon | Byblos Bank" (in en). https://www.byblosbank.com/about/news-room/byblosbankacquiresbanquepharaonandchiha.
- ↑ https://www.hnb.net/about-the-bank/our-profile
- ↑ Waldon, George (May 30, 2022). "‘Bank of 1889' Set to Debut In Berryville". https://www.arkansasbusiness.com/article/140099/bank-of-1889-set-to-debut-in-berryville.
Literature
- Manfred Pohl; Sabine Freitag (1994), Handbook on the History of European Banks, European Association for Banking History, Cambridge University Press.
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