Finance:996 working hour system

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Short description: Overtime work schedule in Mainland China, 9AM-9PM, 6 days per week
996 working hour system
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The 996 working hour system (Chinese: 996工作制) is a work schedule practiced by some companies in China . It derives its name from its requirement that employees work from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, 6 days per week; i.e. 72 hours per week, 12 hours per day.[1][2][3][4][5][6] A number of Mainland Chinese internet companies have adopted this system as their official work schedule. Critics argue that the 996 working hour system is a violation of Chinese Labour Law and have called it "modern slavery".[7][8]

In March 2019, an "anti-996" protest was launched via GitHub.[9][10][11] Since then, the 996 issue has been met with growing discontent in China, but despite China's official promises that the 996 working hour system will disappear, it is still widespread.[12][13][14]

Background

The culture of overtime work has a long history in Chinese IT companies,[15] where the focus is typically on speed and cost reduction.[16] Companies employ a range of measures, such as reimbursing taxi fares for employees who remain working at the office late into the night, to encourage overtime work.[17]

This system of working for long hours with few breaks has been known to increase the occurrence of mental and physical problems seen in workers. It is estimated that more than three-quarters of urban workers in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou suffer from work-related fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, sleep[18] or eating disorders, occupational stress, and work-family imbalance.[19] According to China's state-owned media People's Daily, a 2013 survey showed that 98.8% of Chinese IT industry workers said they had health problems.[20][21] Numerous overwork deaths and suicides have occurred during past decades due to the 996 system and other overtime working system in China.[22][23]

In 2020, a study found that "Chinese businesses are more likely to follow long work hours than American ones".[24] Another study likened 996 culture to "modern slavery", formed through the combination of "unrestricted global capitalism and a Confucian culture of hierarchy and obedience".[7]

Companies involved

58.com

In September 2016, the classified advertising website 58.com officially declared its adoption of the 996 working hour system,[25] attracting criticism from employees and social commentators. The company responded that the 996 system would be an encouraged, not compulsory, practice.[26][27]

ByteDance

A CNBC article in May 2021 reported that workers at TikTok's parent company ByteDance were unhappy with the 996 work culture there and that people were turning down job opportunities at TikTok because of it.[28] In November 2021, ByteDance moved away from 996 and mandated somewhat shorter working hours.[29] Nevertheless, on 23 February 2022, the sudden death was reported of a 28-year-old employee at ByteDance, after he posted a message on Maimai, a career and social networking platform, the night before. ByteDance later issued a statement that was shared in an internal letter with its staff in China, according to which the employee felt dizzy after an hour of exercise at the company gym, before he was taken to the hospital. The incident raised scrutiny of the frequent overtime demands of Chinese tech companies.[30]

JD.com

After 58.com's 996 schedule was made known to the public, an internal email from the vice-president Gang He (Chinese: 何剛) of JD.com was leaked online, which contained a demand for the management team of JD.com to implement the 996 working hour system "on a flexible basis".[31]

On 15 March 2019, an employee of JD.com alleged that some departments have begun implementing the 995 schedule (9am-9pm, but 5 days per week), while other departments have already finished doing so. Following the report, the public relations department of JD.com announced that overtime work was not compulsory.[32]

Richard Liu, the founder of the company, referred to people complaining about the work schedule as "slackers".[33]

Pinduoduo

In early January 2021, the e-commerce platform Pinduoduo was accused of forcing its employees to do extremely intensive overtimes, which supposedly led to the karoshi death of a 22-year-old worker.[34][35] Later, the official account of Pinduoduo posted (but deleted shortly afterwards) an answer on Zhihu, saying "Those who are at the bottom of the society earn their wages at the risk of losing their lives".[36]

Just a few days after the early January accident, another employee committed suicide by jumping.[37][38] On January 10, news sources reported that Pinduoduo fired an employee who posted photos showing his colleague being carried into an ambulance.[39][40]

Youzan

In January 2019, an employee of Youzan stated on the social platform Maimai that their supervisor had enforced the 996 schedule.[41] Bai Ya, the CEO of Youzan, replied, "it would be a good thing to look back at a few years later".[17] Some media outlets criticized this schedule.[42] Later that month, the Labour Supervision Group of Xihu District, Hangzhou announced that the company was under investigation.[43]

Others

At least 40 companies, including Huawei and Alibaba Group, have implemented the 996 schedule or an even more intensive alternative.[44][45]

Online protests

996.ICU GitHub campaign

Logo of Anti-996 GitHub project

On 26 March 2019, the 996.ICU repository and website were created. The repository on GitHub states that the name "996.icu" refers to how developers who work under the 996 system (9AM–9PM, 6 days per week) would risk poor health and a possible stay in an intensive care unit. The movement's slogan is "developers' lives matter".[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

Two days later, on 28 March 2019, the repository had already received 50 thousand stars, and 100 thousand stars on 30 March 2019, which made it the top trending repository on GitHub.[53] The repository reached 120 thousand stars on 31 March 2019, and 200 thousand stars on 9 April 2019, making it the second most starred repository on GitHub. The flurry of activity led to the "issue" page of the repository to be flooded with spam and shut down, which was hotly discussed on Zhihu, Sina Weibo, and WeChat.[1][54]

The original aim of the repository was to list the companies that use the 996 working hour system, but it soon developed into a movement; the Anti 996 Licence (zh) was created to explicitly prohibit companies using the 996 system from using open source[lower-alpha 1] code licensed under it.[55][56]

On 2 April 2019, it was widely reported that Tencent's QQ browser and WeChat, Alibaba's UC Browser, Qihoo 360's 360 Browser, and many other Chromium-based Mainland Chinese browsers blocked the 996.icu repository on GitHub, describing it as "an illegal and fraudulent site".[57][27]

On 18 April 2019, employees at Microsoft and GitHub created a GitHub repository named "support.996.ICU" in support of the 996.ICU campaign, which they believe could be under threat of Chinese government censorship.[58][59][60][61][62][63]

Reactions

Support

Jack Ma stated that workers should consider 996 "a huge blessing" as there is no way to "achieve the success [one] want[s] without paying extra effort and time",[64][65][66][67][68][27][69] while Richard Liu, founder of JD.com, said that "Slackers are not my brothers!"[27][33] Jason Calacanis, an entrepreneur and angel investor, describes 996 as "the same exact work ethic that built America".[70]

Criticism

Several Chinese media outlets criticized the 996 working system. Xin Shi Ping[lower-alpha 2] of the Xinhua News Agency said that the system "violates labor law and overtakes health and the future. It does harm to hard-working workers and is a misunderstanding of the hard-working spirit".[71] The People's Daily wrote that "advocating 'hard work' does not mean resorting to and enforcing the 996 system",[72][73][74] while an editorial in the China News Service said that it is "unnecessary to exchange life for money".[75]

Beijing Daily criticized Jack Ma and Richard Liu for "boasting" the 996 work schedule, claiming that it is "aimed at disguising reduction of salary of lay-off",[76] while Wang Xinya, a writer for Banyuetan, stated that some entrepreneurs disregarded the law and associate 996 with hard work, calling it "poisonous" chicken soup. Wang also stated that the system has nothing to do with employee diligence, but has everything to do with company interests.[77]

Python creator Guido van Rossum described the 996 work schedule as "inhumane".[78][55][79][80] In 2021, Chinese scholars stressed on policy-makers that "there is a need to reform work policies to realize the lowering of working time per worker in China (and also to curb excessive-work cultures like 996)".[81] They argued, without such initiatives the dual circulation policy is doomed to fail.

Legal issues

The 996 working hour system was deemed illegal by the Supreme People's Court on 27 August 2021.[82] However, it has been doubted whether this ruling will be fully enforced.[83][84]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Such a license would not meet most definitions of open source software, such as The Open Source Definition, as the 996 exclusion counts as a limitation on purpose of use.
  2. ↑ Not to be confused with Xi Jinping.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Xue Yujie (2019-03-28). "Chinese Developers Protest Overwork on GitHub". in David Paulk (in en). https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003771/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github. 
  2. ↑ Denise Hruby (2018-05-08). "Young Chinese are sick of working long hours" (in en). http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime. 
  3. ↑ Zhao, Ang (2018-06-03). "不接受"996"是不能吃苦？媒体：合法权益应获保障" (in zh-hans). Workers' Daily. http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-06/03/c_1122929624.htm. 
  4. ↑ Sarah Dai; Li Tao (2019-01-29). "China's work ethic stretches beyond '996' as tech companies feel the impact of slowdown" (in en). https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/2183950/chinas-work-ethic-stretches-beyond-996-tech-companies-feel-impact. 
  5. ↑ Li Yuan (2017-02-22). "China's Grueling Formula for Success: 9-9-6" (in en). https://www.wsj.com/articles/long-days-a-staple-at-chinese-tech-firms-1487787775. 
  6. ↑ Zheping Huang (2019-03-20). "No sleep, no sex, no life: tech workers in China's Silicon Valley face burnout before they reach 30" (in en). https://www.scmp.com/tech/apps-social/article/3002533/no-sleep-no-sex-no-life-tech-workers-chinas-silicon-valley-face. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wang, Jenny Jing (2020). "How managers use culture and controls to impose a '996' work regime in China that constitutes modern slavery" (in en). Accounting & Finance 60 (4): 4331–4359. doi:10.1111/acfi.12682. ISSN 1467-629X. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acfi.12682. 
  8. ↑ Lu, Ying-Ying (2019-04-13). "Ep. 42: To 996, or Not to 996, That Is the Question" (in en). https://pandaily.com/ep-42-to-996-or-not-to-996-that-is-the-question/. 
  9. ↑ Yuan Yang (2019-04-03). "China tech worker protest against long working hours goes viral" (in en). https://www.ft.com/content/72754638-55d1-11e9-91f9-b6515a54c5b1. 
  10. ↑ Bill Ide (2019-04-04). "China Tech Workers Protest Long Work Hours in Online Campaign" (in en). https://www.voanews.com/a/china-tech-workers-protest-long-work-hours-in-online-campaign/4861553.html. 
  11. ↑ "'996' Is China's Version of Hustle Culture. Tech Workers Are Sick of It." (in en). 2019-04-29. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/29/technology/china-996-jack-ma.html. 
  12. ↑ Hamer, Lars (5 December 2022). "China's Gen-Z Is Entering the Workforce. Employers Are Terrified." (in en). Sixth Tone. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1011815/chinas-gen-z-is-entering-the-workforce.-employers-are-terrified.. 
  13. ↑ Yang, Stephanie (30 January 2023). "Burned out by COVID, Chinese professionals take up nomadic life: 'I wasted so much time'". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-01-30/china-economic-slowdown-population-decline-burned-out-covid-young-nomads. 
  14. ↑ Yip, Waiyee (1 September 2021). "China steps in to regulate brutal '996' work culture". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-58381538. 
  15. ↑ Wang, Pinzhi (2018-03-30). "50.7%受访者称所在企业有"加班文化"" (in zh-hans). China Youth Daily. http://www.xinhuanet.com/yuqing/2018-03/30/c_129840094.htm. 
  16. ↑ Justin Bergman (2016-08-26). "Inside the high-pressure world of China's start-up workers" (in en). http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160825-inside-the-high-pressure-world-of-chinas-overtime-dogs. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Liu, Jia, ed (2019-01-31). "默认996工作制背后：被撕掉的焦虑遮羞布" (in zh-hans). https://www.yicai.com/news/100111346.html. 
  18. ↑ Liang, Lu-Hai (21 January 2021). "The psychology behind 'revenge bedtime procrastination'". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination. 
  19. ↑ Tsui, Audrey H.H. (27 June 2008). "Asian wellness in decline: a cost of rising prosperity". International Journal of Workplace Health Management 1 (2): 123–135. doi:10.1108/17538350810893919. ISSN 1753-8351. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17538350810893919/full/html. Retrieved 29 May 2022. 
  20. ↑ Monet, Charmika (26 March 2014). "Working to Death in China". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/working-to-death-in-china/. 
  21. ↑ "英报：过劳死提醒中国人"懒散些"". People's Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 6 March 2014. http://world.people.com.cn/n/2014/0306/c157278-24548778.html. "信息技术(IT)从业人员似乎尤其脆弱：近日一项覆盖35万IT从业者的调查显示，98.8%的受访者表示自己有健康问题。" 
  22. ↑ "Death from Overwork in China" (in en). 11 August 2006. https://clb.org.hk/content/death-overwork-china. 
  23. ↑ Tan, JS (2022). "Tech Workers Lie Flat". Dissent. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/tech-workers-lie-flat. 
  24. ↑ Zhang, Jiayun; Chen, Yang; Gong, Qingyuan; Wang, Xin; Ding, Aaron Yi; Xiao, Yu; Hui, Pan (March 2021). "Understanding the Working Time of Developers in IT Companies in China and the United States". IEEE Software 38 (2): 96–106. doi:10.1109/MS.2020.2988022. ISSN 0740-7459. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9068220. 
  25. ↑ "Leak from 58.com: Chinese tech companies' overtime culture" (in en). 2016-09-05. https://e27.co/leak-58-com-chinese-tech-companies-overtime-culture-20160905/. 
  26. ↑ Zhao, Lei; Wang, Yu (2016-09-03). "58同城员工吐槽"996工作制"" (in zh-hans). The Beijing News. http://news.ifeng.com/a/20160903/49890940_0.shtml. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "Office workers in China organise a rare online labour movement". The Economist. 2019-04-17. https://www.economist.com/china/2019/04/20/office-workers-in-china-organise-a-rare-online-labour-movement. 
  28. ↑ Shead, Sam (2021-05-06). "Why some tech workers are turning down jobs at TikTok". https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/06/tiktoks-toxic-culture-reviews-on-glassdoor-impact-hiring.html. 
  29. ↑ Huang, Zheping (2021-10-31). "TikTok Owner ByteDance Mandates Shorter Working Hours". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-01/tiktok-owner-limits-workday-to-nine-hours-in-blow-to-996-culture. 
  30. ↑ "Death of 28-year-old ByteDance employee fuels ongoing controversy on overwork in Chinese tech companies". KrASIA. 2022-02-23. https://kr-asia.com/death-of-28-year-old-bytedance-employee-fuels-ongoing-controversy-on-overwork-in-chinese-tech-companies. 
  31. ↑ Song, Tao (2016-09-02). "不学好！曝京东云高管"以身作则"实行996工作制" (in zh-hans). https://news.qudong.com/article/358861.shtml. 
  32. ↑ Xu, Qian'ang (2019-03-12). "京东回应"955工作制"：不强制，但要全情投入" (in zh-hans). https://www.guancha.cn/economy/2019_03_12_493302.shtml. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "China's JD.com boss criticizes 'slackers' as company makes cuts" (in en). 2019-04-13. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jd-com-labour-idUSKCN1RP06D. 
  34. ↑ Yujie Xue (2021-01-04). "Death of 22-year-old Pinduoduo employee renews controversy over China's 996 overwork culture, sparking an investigation". https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3116385/death-22-year-old-pinduoduo-employee-renews-controversy-over-chinas. 
  35. ↑ "Death of Chinese tech worker fuels anger over brutal hours". The Washington Post. 2021-01-05. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-tech-death-pinduoduo/2021/01/05/c68bdd76-4eff-11eb-a1f5-fdaf28cfca90_story.html. 
  36. ↑ "知乎回应拼多多账号截图：身份真实无误相关回答实为自行删". 4 January 2021. https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-01-04/doc-iiznezxt0543159.shtml. 
  37. ↑ "2 employee deaths and a viral video renew debate of China's '996' overwork culture". 2021-01-11. https://fortune.com/2021/01/11/pinduoduo-employee-death-suicide-china-996/. 
  38. ↑ "New employee death at Chinese tech giant Pinduoduo prompts calls for boycott". The Washington Post. 2021-01-11. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pinduoduo-employee-suicide-china/2021/01/11/7e56dd14-53c1-11eb-acc5-92d2819a1ccb_story.html. 
  39. ↑ "网传拼多多员工因在网上发布同事被抬上救护车的照片，被管理层逼迫主动辞职、赶出公司？事件真实性如何？". https://www.zhihu.com/question/438581129/answer/1670519587. 
  40. ↑ "拼多多员工因发帖被逼主动辞职". https://finance.sina.com.cn/zt_d/pddyg/. 
  41. ↑ 三言财经 (2019-01-28). "有赞年会宣布996制度、鼓励员工离婚，为什么越来越多企业炫耀"扭曲"价值观？" (in zh-hans). https://36kr.com/p/5174571. 
  42. ↑ 张瑜 (2019-01-29). "强推"996"工作制 有赞做错了什么？". in 尹淑琼 (in zh-hans). http://www.njdaily.cn/2019/0129/1750899.shtml. 
  43. ↑ 尹莉娜 (2019-01-31). "杭州劳动监察部门回应有赞"996"工作制：已介入调查" (in zh-hans). http://www.sohu.com/a/292405890_115565. 
  44. ↑ Wen, Jing (2019-04-05). "互联网公司加班问题加剧 40家陷"996"工作制风波" (in zh-hans). Beijing Youth Daily. http://news.cctv.com/2019/04/05/ARTIofU2qyA67PWOlgfMBbgR190405.shtml. 
  45. ↑ Qiqing, Lin; Zhong, Raymond (2019-04-29). "'996' Is China's Version of Hustle Culture. Tech Workers Are Sick of It." (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/29/technology/china-996-jack-ma.html. 
  46. ↑ "996.ICU/README.md". 2019-03-30. https://github.com/996icu/996.ICU/blob/5a9758795661b0f38ea4b8f2cb0f015bff91d884/README.md. 
  47. ↑ Yingzhi Yang (2019-03-29). "'Developers' lives matter' – Chinese software engineers use Github to protest against the country's 996 work schedule" (in en). https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/3003691/developers-lives-matter-chinese-software-engineers-use-github. 
  48. ↑ "China's tech workers protest brutal work culture with communist jingles" (in en). 2019-03-29. https://www.inkstonenews.com/tech/china-tech-workers-protest-996-working-schedule-github/article/3003800. 
  49. ↑ 局长 (2019-03-29). "No sleep, no sex, no life，程序员这次忍不了了" (in zh-hans). https://www.oschina.net/news/105515/developers-lives-matter. 
  50. ↑ Xinmei Shen (2019-03-28). "Follow China's "996" work hours and you'll end up in an ICU, says Chinese developer" (in en). https://www.abacusnews.com/digital-life/follow-chinas-996-work-hours-and-youll-end-icu-says-chinese-developer/article/3003702. 
  51. ↑ RADII China (2019-03-28). "GitHub Protest Over Chinese Tech Companies' "996" Culture Goes Viral" (in en). https://radiichina.com/github-protest-chinese-tech-996/. 
  52. ↑ Liao, Shannon (2019-04-02). "Chinese developers use GitHub to protest long work hours" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/2/18291035/chinese-developers-github-protest-long-work-hours. 
  53. ↑ 橙皮书 (2019-03-28). "用代码抗议996加班：集结在github上的程序员，正在进行一场社会实验" (in zh-hans). https://36kr.com/p/5189654. 
  54. ↑ Alfred数据室 (2019-03-29). "数据解读｜都是哪些程序员在GitHub上反对996？" (in zh-hans). https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3219454. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "996 惹怒程序员之后，他们的抗议引发了全球关注" (in zh-hans). 2019-04-04. https://www.qdaily.com/articles/62652.html. 
  56. ↑ "火爆的996.ICU项目正在酝酿开源许可证 禁止996公司使用" (in zh-hans). 蓝点网. 2019-03-29. https://www.cnbeta.com/articles/tech/832449.htm. 
  57. ↑ Xinmei Shen (2019-04-03). "Chinese browsers block protest against China's 996 overtime work culture" (in en). https://www.abacusnews.com/digital-life/chinese-browsers-block-protest-against-chinas-996-overtime-work-culture/article/3004543. 
  58. ↑ Shannon Liao (2019-04-22). "Microsoft workers pressure company to stand by embattled Chinese GitHub repo" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/22/18511088/microsoft-github-tech-censorship-996-repository-china. 
  59. ↑ David Reid (2019-04-23). "Microsoft employees add support to Chinese tech workers protesting 'grueling' overtime culture" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/23/microsoft-google-and-facebook-staff-protest-against-grueling-work-culture-of-chinese-tech-engineers.html. 
  60. ↑ "Microsoft workers join China's debate over grueling workweek" (in en). Associated Press. 2019-04-22. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/microsoft-workers-join-chinas-debate-grueling-workweek-62557182. 
  61. ↑ Rosalie Chan (2019-04-23). "A group of Microsoft and GitHub employees have come out in support of Chinese tech workers protesting the infamous '996' work hours" (in en). https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-github-employees-stand-up-censorship-china-996-work-schedule-2019-4. 
  62. ↑ Sarah Emerson (2019-04-23). "Microsoft Employees Support Chinese Developers Fighting for Fair Labor Practices" (in en). https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3k3n3v/microsoft-employees-support-chinese-developers-fighting-for-fair-labor-practices. 
  63. ↑ Caroline O'Donovan (2019-04-22). "A Post About China's "996" Workweek Went Viral On GitHub. Now Microsoft Employees Want To Protect It From Censorship." (in en). https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolineodonovan/microsoft-petition-996-icu-workweek-china. 
  64. ↑ "Jack Ma endorses China's controversial 12 hours a day, 6 days a week work culture" (in en). 2019-04-16. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/15/business/jack-ma-996-china/index.html. 
  65. ↑ "Jack Ma defends the 'blessing' of a 12-hour working day" (in en). 2019-04-15. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47934513. 
  66. ↑ Lulu Yilun Chen; Bloomberg (2019-04-15). "Alibaba's Jack Ma Again Endorses China's '996' Overtime Culture as Testament to Professional Passion" (in en). http://fortune.com/2019/04/15/jack-ma-996-culture/. 
  67. ↑ Nicole Lyn Pesce (2019-04-15). "Alibaba's Jack Ma calls the '996' — China's 72-hour workweek — a 'huge blessing'" (in en). https://www.marketwatch.com/story/alibabas-jack-ma-calls-the-996-chinas-72-hour-work-week-a-huge-blessing-2019-04-15. 
  68. ↑ Lily Kuo (2019-04-15). "Working 9 to 9: Chinese tech workers push back against long hours" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/15/china-tech-employees-push-back-against-long-hours-996-alibaba-huawei. 
  69. ↑ Bryce Covert (2019-04-21). "The Richest Man in China Is Wrong. 12-Hour Days Are No 'Blessing.'" (in en). https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/21/opinion/jack-ma-996.html. 
  70. ↑ @Jason (15 April 2019). "#Founders: We're up against #JackMa...". https://twitter.com/Jason/status/1117871180990439425. 
  71. ↑ 辛识平 (2019-04-15). "辛识平：奋斗应提倡，996当退场" (in zh-hans). http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-04/15/c_1124370790.htm. 
  72. ↑ "【#你好，明天#】" (in zh-hans). 2019-04-14. http://t.people.com.cn/527612/185832169. 
  73. ↑ "人民日报微评：崇尚奋斗 绝不等于强制"996"". 2019-04-14. https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/gncj/2019-04-14/doc-ihvhiewr5835380.shtml. 
  74. ↑ "人民日报发声：崇尚奋斗，不等于强制996". 中国财经报. 2019-04-14. http://www.sohu.com/a/307927700_481640. 
  75. ↑ "逃离996：我宁可不婚不育不买房，也不要拼命" (in zh-hans). 中国新闻网. 2019-04-16. http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0416/c345459-32846731.html. 
  76. ↑ 董禹含 (2019-04-15). "马云强东争相鼓吹"996"背后是变相降薪或裁员" (in zh-hans). 北京日报. http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0415/c82840-32841638.html. 
  77. ↑ 王新亚 (2019-04-15). "半月谈评论：996与奋斗无关，与利益有关". in 孔德明 (in zh-hans). http://www.banyuetan.org/dyp/detail/20190415/1000200033134991555306789054254821_1.html. 
  78. ↑ Qu, Tracy (9 April 2019). "How GitHub became a bulletin board for Chinese tech worker complaints" (in en). Quartz. https://qz.com/1589309/996-icu-github-hosts-chinese-tech-worker-complaints/. 
  79. ↑ "Alibaba's Founder Jack Ma Says 996 Work Schedule Is a Blessing for Employees" (in en). 2019-04-12. https://en.pingwest.com/w/1238. 
  80. ↑ Rita Liao (2019-04-12). "China's startup ecosystem is hitting back at demanding working hours" (in en). https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/12/china-996/. 
  81. ↑ Javed, Saad Ahmed; Bo, Yu; Tao, Liangyan; Dong, Wenjie (2021-06-07). "The 'Dual Circulation' development model of China: Background and insights" (in en). Rajagiri Management Journal 17: 2–20. doi:10.1108/RAMJ-03-2021-0016. ISSN 0972-9968. 
  82. ↑ "China Spells Out How Excessive 996 Work Culture is Illegal" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 27 August 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-27/china-s-top-court-says-excessive-996-work-culture-is-illegal. 
  83. ↑ Meng, Siyuan (15 November 2021). "China's burned-out tech workers are fighting back against long hours". MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/11/15/1039650/china-tech-workers-996-fight-back/. "But even though authorities and state media seem to be taking a tougher stand, it is unclear when or if the rules that make 996 illegal will be fully enforced." 
  84. ↑ Liu, Hong Yu (24 January 2022). "The role of the state in influencing work conditions in China's internet industry: Policy, evidence, and implications for industrial relations". Journal of Industrial Relations 65: 12. doi:10.1177/00221856211068488. ISSN 0022-1856. "The contradictory rulings by the district courts in these cases, one for the employee and two against, suggest that the legislative framework in China is not in a position that can stand firmly to defend workers against the inhumane and unlawful working hours. Wang and Cooke (2021) found a similar level of arbitrariness in court rulings in labour disputes between Chinese platforms and their workers.". 

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