Finance:Free trade agreements of the European Union
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Short description: Overview of free trade agreements in the European Union
The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs)[1] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.[2] The European Union negotiates free trade deals on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU has an "exclusive competence" to conclude trade agreements. Even so, member states' governments control every step of the process (via the Council of the European Union, whose members are national ministers from each national government):
- Before negotiations start, member states' governments (via the Council of Ministers) approve the negotiating mandate;
- During negotiations, member states' governments are regularly briefed on the progress of negotiations and can update the negotiations mandate or suspend negotiations;
- Upon conclusion of negotiations, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be signed;
- After approval from the European Parliament and (in case the agreement covers areas other than trade such as investment protection) upon ratification in each member state parliament, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be concluded and enter into effect.
Trade agreements in force - fully ratified
| No | State | No of jurisdictions represented[lower-alpha 1] | Signed | Provisional application |
In force since | Notes | Relations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |  Akrotiri and Dhekelia
|
1 | 2003 | 2004[3][lower-alpha 2] | Customs union | ||
| 2. |  Albania
|
1 | 2006 | 2006[lower-alpha 3] | 2009[4] | SAA | Negotiating for EU accession |
| 3. |  Algeria
|
1 | 2002 | 2005[5] | Euro-mediterranean AA | ||
| 4. |  Andorra
|
1 | 1990 | 1991[6] | Customs union | Andorra–EU relations | |
| 5. |  Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
1 | 2008 | 2008[lower-alpha 3] | 2015[7] | SAA | Potential candidate for EU accession |
| 6. |  Chile
|
1 | 2002 | 2003 | 2005[8] | AA[9] | |
| 7. |  Egypt
|
1 | 2001 | 2004[10] | Euro-mediterranean AA | ||
| 8. |  Faroe Islands
|
1 | 1996 | 1997[11] | Autonomous entity of Denmark | Faroe Islands-EU relations | |
| 9. |  Georgia
|
1 | 2014 | 2014 | 2016[12] | AA incl DCFTA | Georgia–EU relations |
| 11 |  Iceland
|
1 | 1992 | 1994[13] | EEA | Iceland–EU relations | |
| 13. |  Israel
|
1 | 1995 | 1996[lower-alpha 3][14] | 2000[15] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Israel–EU relations |
| 14. |  Japan
|
1 | 2018[16] | 2019[17] | Economic Partnership Agreement [18] | Japan-EU relations | |
| 16. |  Jordan
|
1 | 1997 | 2002[19] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Jordan–EU relations | |
| 17. |  Kosovo
|
1 | 2015 | 2016[20] | SAA | Potential candidate for EU accession | |
| 18. |  Lebanon
|
1 | 2002 | 2006[21] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Lebanon–EU relations | |
| 19. |  Liechtenstein
|
1 | 1992 | 1995[13] | EEA | Liechtenstein–EU relations | |
| 20. |  Mexico
|
1 | 1997 | 2000[22] | FTA[23][24] | Mexico–EU relations | |
| 21. |  Moldova
|
1 | 2014 | 2014 | 2016[25] | Moldova–European Union Association Agreement incl DCFTA | Moldova–EU relations |
| 22. |  Monaco
|
1 | 1958 | Franco-Monegasque Customs Convention (customs union)[26] | Monaco - European Union relations | ||
| 23. |  Montenegro
|
1 | 2007 | 2008[lower-alpha 3] | 2010[27] | SAA | Negotiating for EU accession |
| 24. |  Morocco
|
1 | 1996 | 2000[28] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Morocco–EU relations | |
| 25. |  North Macedonia
|
1 | 2001 | 2001[lower-alpha 3] | 2004[29] | SAA | Negotiating for EU accession |
| 26. |  Norway
|
1 | 1992 | 1994[13] | EEA | Norway–EU relations | |
| 27. |  EU's Overseas Countries and Territories
|
13 | 2001 | 2001[30][31] | Association of the OCTs with the EU | ||
| 28. | Template:Country data Palestinian Authority | 1 | 1997 | 1997[32] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | Palestine–EU relations | |
| 29. |  San Marino
|
1 | 1991 | 1992[lower-alpha 4] | 2002[33] | Customs union | San Marino–EU relations |
| 30. |  Serbia
|
1 | 2008 | 2010[lower-alpha 3] | 2013[34] | SAA | Negotiating for EU accession |
| 31. |  Singapore
|
1 | 2018[35] | 2019[36] | FTA[37] | ||
| 32. |  South Africa
|
1 | 1999 | 2000[38] | 2004[39] | ATDC[lower-alpha 5] | South Africa–EU relations |
| 33. |  South Korea
|
1 | 2010 | 2011 | 2015[40] | FTA[41] | South Korea–EU relations |
| 34. |  Switzerland
|
1 | 1972 | 1973[42] | Trade agreement | Switzerland–EU relations | |
| 35. |  Tunisia
|
1 | 1995 | 1998[43] | Euro-Mediterranean AA | ||
| 36. |  Turkey
|
1 | 1995[lower-alpha 6] | 1995[44] | Customs union | Turkey–EU relations | |
| 37. |  Ukraine
|
1 | 2014 | 2016 | 2017[45][46] | Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement incl DCFTA | Ukraine–EU relations |
| 38. | United Kingdom[lower-alpha 7]
|
1 | 2020 | 2021[47] | 2021[48] | Trade and Cooperation Agreement | United Kingdom–EU relations |
| 39. |  Vietnam
|
1 | 2019 | 2020[49] | EVFTA[50] | Vietnam–European Union relations |
Trade agreements in force - provisionally applied
| State | Signed | Provisional Application |
Ratification | Notes | Relations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CARIFORUM States Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Haiti
|
2008 | 2008 | 37 / 44 [51]
|
EPA - Croatia acceded to the agreement on 28 November 2017 | |
Eastern and Southern Africa States Comoros Madagascar Mauritius Seychelles Zambia[52] Zimbabwe
|
2009 | 2012, 2019 | 5 / 35 [53]
|
Interim Agreement for establishing a framework for an EPA | |
Central America Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama El Salvador
|
2012 | 2013 | 32 / 34 [54]
|
AA | |
 Côte d'Ivoire
|
2009 | 2016 | 22 / 30 [55]
|
Stepping Stone EPA | |
 Colombia Peru
|
2012[56] | 2013 | 28 / 30 [57]
|
FTA[58] | |
 Cameroon
|
2009 | 2014 | 21 / 30 [59]
|
Interim agreement with a view to an EPA | |
Pacific States Fiji Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands
|
2009 | 2009, 2014, 2018, 2020 | 4 / 5 [60]
|
Interim Partnership Agreement | |
South African Development Community members Botswana Lesotho Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland
|
2016 | 2016 | 19 / 35 [61]
|
Economic Partnership Agreement | |
 Ghana
|
2016 | 2016[62] | 9 / 30 [62]
|
Stepping Stone EPA | |
 Ecuador
|
2016[63] | 2017[64] | 29 / 32 [65]
|
Accession to EU-Peru-Colombia Free Trade Agreement[66] | |
 Canada
|
2016 | 2017[67] | 18 / 30 [68]
|
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement[69] | |
 New Zealand
|
2023 | 1 / 2 [70]
|
FTA[71] |
Agreements finalised (negotiations concluded, but not signed)
| State | Negotiations Concluded | Signed | Provisional Application |
Ratification | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic Community of West African States members Benin Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Côte d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo
|
6 February 2014 | No | No | Economic Partnership Agreement[72] | |
Eastern African Community members Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda
|
16 October 2014 | No | Ratified by Rwanda and Kenya
|
Economic Partnership Agreement[73] | |
| Chile
|
9 December 2022[74] | Yes[75] | No | No | Updated EU-Chile Association Agreement |
 China
|
30 December 2020[76] | No | No | No | Comprehensive Agreement on Investment |
Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay
|
28 June 2019[77] | No | No | No | European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement. Part of an Association Agreement. |
| Mexico
|
28 April 2020[78] | No | No | No | Updated Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and the European Union |
Negotiating new agreements
| State | New agreement being negotiated | Status |
|---|---|---|
 Australia |
Australia Agreement | Negotiations launched in 2018[79] |
| Andorra
|
European Union Association Agreement | Negotiations launched in 2015[80] |
 Indonesia |
Free Trade Agreement | Negotiations launched in 2016[79] |
| Monaco
|
European Union Association Agreement | Negotiations launched in 2015[80] |
 Philippines |
Free Trade Agreement | Negotiations launched in 2015[79] |
 Timor-Leste
|
Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement | Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[81] |
 Tonga |
Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement | Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[82] |
| San Marino
|
European Union Association Agreement | Negotiations launched in 2015[80] |
 India
|
Free Trade Agreement |
Negotiations on hold
| Country or bloc | Agreement being negotiated | Status |
|---|---|---|
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf States  Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
|
Free Trade Agreement | Negotiations started in 1990, suspended since 2008[83] |
Central Africa Central African Republic Chad Republic of Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Democratic Republic of CongoTemplate:Country data São Tomé and Principe |
Economic Partnership Agreement | Negotiations started in 2003, paused until further notice in 2011[83] |
| Eastern and Southern Africa States
|
Economic Partnership Agreement | Negotiations started in 2004, paused until further notice in 2011[83] |
 Malaysia
|
Free Trade Agreement | Negotiations started in 2010, paused since 2012[83] |
| Morocco
|
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area | Negotiations started in 2013, on hold since 2014 at Morocco’s request[84] |
 Myanmar
|
Investment protection agreement | Negotiations launched in 2015[83] |
 Thailand
|
Free Trade Agreement | Negotiations started in 2013, no negotiations scheduled since 2014 [83] |
| Tunisia
|
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area | Negotiations launched in 2015, on hold since 2019[85] |
 United States
|
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership | Negotiations started in 2013, suspended since 2019[83] |
Obsolete agreements
| Country or bloc | Agreement | Signed | Active | Obsolete |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Croatia
|
SAA | 29 October 2001 | 1 March 2001 | 1 July 2013[86] |
Competence
The European Court of Justice has held that investor-state arbitration provisions (including a dedicated tribunal planned by some free trade agreements) falls under competency shared between European Union and its member states and that for this reason, the ratification of such mixed agreements[87] should be approved by the EU as well as by each of the union's member states.[88] This court decision has resulted in a new architecture of external trade negotiations which will have two components:[89]
- a free trade agreement - related exclusively to trade matters - which can be adopted at the EU level;
- an investment agreement - containing investment, arbitration and other non-trade provisions - which needs to be ratified by the member states as well.
Impact to consumers
One study found that the trade agreements that the EU implemented over the period 1993-2013 have, on average, increased the quality of imported goods by 7% and therefore "lowered quality-adjusted prices by close to 7%," without having much of an impact on the non-adjusted price.[90]
See also
- Economic Partnership Agreements
- EU-ACP
- EUR.1 movement certificate
- Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
- European Union Association Agreement
- Everything but Arms
- Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
- Free trade area
- Free trade areas in Europe
- List of bilateral free trade agreements
- List of free trade agreements
- List of the largest trading partners of the European Union
- Trade deal negotiation between the UK and EU (2020)
- Trade defence instrument
- United States free trade agreements
Notes
- ↑ Excluding the EU and its member states
- ↑ From 2021 under the provisions of the Brexit withdrawal agreement (Protocol relating to the sovereign base areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Entry into force of Interim Agreement
- ↑ Interim Agreement
- ↑ Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation
- ↑ Decision of the EC-Turkey Association Council
- ↑ Includes Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man with regards to trade in goods and fisheries. For Northern Ireland, a more comprehensive arrangement is in place with regards to trade in goods based on the Withdrawal Agreement.
References
- ↑ "Negotiations and agreements". European Commission. https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/negotiations-and-agreements_en.
- ↑ "Agreements". European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/agreements/.
- ↑ "EUR-Lex - 12003T/PRO/03 - EN". https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX%3A12003T%2FPRO%2F03%3AEN%3AHTML. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Albania, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2006040.
- ↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2002036.
- ↑ "Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Economic Community and the Principality of Andorra". http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1990030.
- ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008023.
- ↑ "Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Chile, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2002086.
- ↑ "Chile - Trade - European Commission". http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/chile/.
- ↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Communities and its Member States and the Arab Republic of Egypt". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2001033.
- ↑ "Agreement between the European Community, of the one part, and the Government of Denmark and the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, of the other part". http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1996089.
- ↑ "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2014007.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Agreement on the European Economic Area". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1992045.
- ↑ "Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related matters between the European Community and the European Coal and Steel Community, of the one part, and the State of Israel, on the other part". http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/agreement/?aid=1995083.
- ↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel, of the other part". http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1995061.
- ↑ "EU and Japan sign Economic Partnership Agreement" (in en). Trade - European Commission. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=1891.
- ↑ "EU-Japan trade agreement will enter into force on 1 February 2019". 2018-12-21. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/12/21/eu-japan-trade-agreement-will-enter-into-force-on-1-february-2019/. "Today, the EU and Japan notified each other of the completion of their respective ratification procedures."
- ↑ "Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and Japan". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2018022&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1997126.
- ↑ "Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo (*), of the other part". Europa.eu. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:JOL_2016_078_R_0001&from=EN.
- ↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2002037.
- ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1997129.
- ↑ "Mexico - Trade - European Commission". http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/mexico/.
- ↑ "Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the United Mexican States, of the other part". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:f95ad1a3-795e-4fb0-84e1-28351b99415c.0004.02/DOC_2&format=PDF.
- ↑ "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2014001.
- ↑ "Monaco and the European Union". Gouvernement Princier. https://en.gouv.mc/Policy-Practice/Monaco-Worldwide/Monaco-and-the-European-Union.
- ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2007070.
- ↑ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1996003.
- ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2001014.
- ↑ "Council Decision 2013/755/EU of 25 November 2013 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Union". EUR-Lex. 19 December 2013. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:344:0001:0118:EN:PDF.
- ↑ "Council Decision 2001/822/EC of 27 November 2001 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Community". EUR-Lex. 27 November 2001. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32001D0822.
- ↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on Trade and Cooperation between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1997014.
- ↑ "Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino". http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1991054.
- ↑ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Serbia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2007137.
- ↑ "Singapore, EU ink landmark free trade agreement" (in en). https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/singapore-eu-ink-landmark-free-trade-agreement-10846210. "[...] the EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (EUSFTA) was signed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong with European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker, European Council president Donald Tusk and Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz. [...] The leaders also witnessed the signing of the EU-Singapore Investment Protection Agreement (EUSIPA) – a pact that will replace 12 existing bilateral investment treaties between Singapore and EU member states to offer better investment protection – and the EU-Singapore Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (ESPCA)."
- ↑ "Council Decision on the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore". https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CONSIL:ST_13370_2019_INIT&from=EN. "[...] the Agreement should enter into force on 21 November 2019 in agreement with the Singaporean side"
- ↑ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore" (in en). Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2018028&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the Community and South Africa, which provides for the provisional application of a portion of the Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, on the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, on the other part". http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1999062.
- ↑ "Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, on the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, on the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1999056.
- ↑ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Korea, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2010036.
- ↑ "EUR-Lex - L:2011:127:TOC - EN - EUR-Lex". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=OJ:L:2011:127:TOC.
- ↑ "Trade agreement details". Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1972003.
- ↑ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Tunisia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=1995041.
- ↑ "Delegation of the European Union to Türkiye | EEAS". https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/t%C3%BCrkiye_en. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ↑ "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2013005.
- ↑ "Agreement". http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2014045.
- ↑ "EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: Council adopts decision on the signing". Consilium. 29 December 2020. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/29/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement-council-adopts-decision-on-the-signing/.
- ↑ "Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part" (in en). https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2020037&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam" (in en). Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2019016&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "Vietnam - Trade - European Commission". http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/vietnam/.
- ↑ "Economic Partnership Agreement between the CARIFORUM States, of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008034&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ Did not sign
- ↑ "Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States, on the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, on the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2009014&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "Agreement establishing an Association between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Central America on the other". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2012001&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008063&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ http://euobserver.com/9/32177 EU signs FTA
- ↑ "Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Colombia and Peru, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2011057&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ http://en.mercopress.com/2013/08/03/eu-fta-agreements-with-colombia-and-central-america-became-effective-august-first EU FTA agreements with Colombia and Central America became effective August first
- ↑ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008059&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2009024&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2016020&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2008064&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "Ecuador joins the EU's trade agreement with Colombia and Peru - Consilium". http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/11/11-ecuador-joins-eu-trade-agreement-colombia-peru/. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ↑ "Notice concerning the provisional application". EUR-Lex. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.358.01.0001.02.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2016:358:TOC.
- ↑ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2016044&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "EU Trade Policy with the Andean Community". http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/andean-community/.
- ↑ "Canada, EU to provisionally apply CETA in September". CBC News. 8 July 2017. http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ceta-september-provisionally-1.4196210.
- ↑ "Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada, of the one part, and the European Union and its Member States, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2016017&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "In Focus: EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement". http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in-focus/ceta/.
- ↑ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and New Zealand". https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2023005&DocLanguage=en.
- ↑ "New Zealand, EU ink trade deal that likely goes into effect in 2024" (in en), Reuters, 2023-07-09, https://www.reuters.com/business/new-zealand-eu-ink-trade-deal-that-likely-goes-into-effect-2024-2023-07-09/title=New_Zealand%E2%80%93European_Union_relations&oldid=1164643195, retrieved 2023-11-26
- ↑ "West Africa - Trade - European Commission". https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/west-africa/.
- ↑ "East African Community (EAC) - Trade - European Commission". https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/eac/.
- ↑ "EU trade relations with Chile" (in en). 9 December 2022. https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/chile_en.
- ↑ "Press corner" (in en). https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_6542.
- ↑ "EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment". https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/china/eu-china-agreement_en.
- ↑ "EU and Mercosur agree huge trade deal after 20-year talks" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2019-06-28. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48807161.
- ↑ "Press corner" (in en). https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en.
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 "Agreements being negotiated". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/negotiations-and-agreements/#_being-negotiated.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 "RECORDED HRVP Federica MOGHERINI host the ceremony on the occasion of the launching of the Association Agreement(s) negotiations with the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of San Marino". European Commission. 2015-03-18. http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?ref=I100473.
- ↑ "OVERVIEW OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS". https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/september/tradoc_144912.pdf.
- ↑ "Agreements being negotiated". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/pacific/.
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 83.6 "Agreements on hold". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/negotiations-and-agreements/#_on-hold.
- ↑ "Countries and regions: Morocco". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/morocco/.
- ↑ "Countries and regions: Tunisia". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/tunisia//.
- ↑ "EU - Croatia". World Trade Organization. http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicPreDefRepByStatusInactiveShowCard.aspx?rtaid=67.
- ↑ "EU Trade Agreements: To Mix or not to Mix, That is the Question". https://respect.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/05/Mixity.pdf.
- ↑ "UE. Pas de traité commercial sans l'accord des parlements nationaux". 15 May 2017. http://www.ouest-france.fr/economie/ue-pas-de-traite-commercial-sans-l-accord-des-parlements-nationaux-4994855.
- ↑ "EU trade agreements - New architecture of trade agreements". https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/trade-policy/trade-agreements/.
- ↑ Berlingieri, Giuseppe; Breinlich, Holger; Dhingra, Swati (2018-03-12). "The consumer benefits of trade agreements: Evidence from the EU trade policy". https://voxeu.org/article/consumer-benefits-trade-agreements.
External links
- Negotiations and agreements, EU trade relationships by country/region, European Commission
- Trade Flows, Animated infographics, European Parliamentary Research Service
- Articles on EU FTAs, at Agritrade
- The Transatlantic Colossus: Global Contributions to Broaden the Debate on the EU-US Free Trade Agreement A collaborative publication with over 20 articles on the global implications of the TAFTA | TTIP
- Koeth, Wolfgang (8 December 2014) "The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements: an Appropriate Response by the EU to the Challenges in its Neighbourhood"?
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