Chemistry:Karlsruhe Congress

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Formulas of acetic acid given by August Kekulé in 1861.

The Karlsruhe Congress was an international meeting of chemists organized by August Kekulé and held in Karlsruhe, Germany from 3 to 5 September 1860. It was the first international conference of chemistry.

The conference is known for the adoption of atomic weights in chemistry motivated by the participation of Stanislao Cannizzaro. During the congress he showed evidence using Avogadro's hypothesis, that certain gases were not made of atoms but of diatomic molecules.

Organization and invitation

The Karlsruhe Congress was called so that European chemists could discuss matters of chemical nomenclature, notation, and atomic weights. The organization, invitation, and sponsorship of the conference were handled by August Kekulé, Adolphe Wurtz, and Karl Weltzien.[1] As an example of the problems facing the delegates, Kekulé's Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie gave nineteen different formulas used by chemists for acetic acid, as shown in the figure on this page.[2][3]

An understanding was reached on the time and place of the meeting, and printing of a circular addressed to European chemists listed below, which explained the objectives and goals of an international congress was agreed upon. The circular concluded: "...with the aim of avoiding any unfortunate omissions, the undersigned request that the individuals to whom this circular will be sent please communicate it to their scientist friends who are duly authorized to attend the planned conference."[4] The circular of the conference was sent to:

Country City Scientists
Austria Innsbruck Heinrich Hlasiwetz
Vienna Anton Schrötter von Kristelli
Leopold von Pebal
Belgium Brussels Jean Servais Stas
Ghent Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz
France Paris Anselme Payen
Antoine Bussy
Antoine Jérôme Balard
Auguste André Thomas Cahours
Charles Adolphe Wurtz
Edmond Frémy
Eugéne-Melchior Péligot
Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville
Henri Victor Regnault
Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
Jean-Baptiste Dumas
Louis Pasteur
Théophile-Jules Pelouze.
Rennes Faustino Malaguti
Germany Berlin Eilhard Mitscherlich
Freiburg im Breisgau Lambert Henrich von Babo
Geissen Heinrich Will (de)
Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp
Göttingen Friedrich Wöhler
Heidelberg Robert Bunsen
Karlsruhe Karl Weltzien
Leipzig Otto Linné Erdmann
Munich Justus von Liebig
Stuttgart Hermann von Fehling
Tübingen Adolph Strecker
Italy Genova Stanislao Cannizzaro
Turin Raffaele Piria
Russia Kasan Nikolay Nikolayevich Beketov
St. Petersburg Alexander Nikolayevich Engelhardt
Carl Julius Fritzsche
Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov[5]
Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin
Switzerland Geneva Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Zurich Georg Andreas Karl Staedeler
United Kingdom London Alexander William Williamson
August Wilhelm von Hofmann
Sir Edward Frankland
William Odling
Manchester Henry Enfield Roscoe
Oxford Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 2nd Baronet

The meeting

The Karlsruhe meeting started with no firm agreement on the vexing problem of atomic and molecular weights. However, on the meeting's last day reprints of Stanislao Cannizzaro's 1858 paper on atomic weights,[6] in which he utilized earlier work by Amedeo Avogadro and André-Marie Ampère, were distributed. Cannizzaro's efforts exerted a heavy and, in some cases, an almost immediate influence on the delegates. Lothar Meyer later wrote that on reading Cannizzaro's paper, "The scales seemed to fall from my eyes."[7][8]

An important long-term result of the Karlsruhe Congress was the adoption of the now-familiar atomic weights. Prior to the Karlsruhe meeting, and going back to John Dalton's work in 1803, several systems of atomic weights were in use.[9] In one case, a value of 1 was adopted as the weight of hydrogen (the base unit), with 6 for carbon and 8 for oxygen. As long as there were uncertainties over atomic weights then the compositions of many compounds remained in doubt. Following the Karlsruhe meeting, values of about 1 for hydrogen, 12 for carbon, 16 for oxygen, and so forth were adopted. This was based on a recognition that certain elements, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, were composed of diatomic molecules and not individual atoms.

Aaron Ihde has argued[10] that the Karlsruhe meeting was the first international meeting of chemists and that it led to the eventual founding of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

Attendance

The number of people who wanted to participate was considerable, and on 3 September 1860, 140 chemists met together in the meeting room of the second Chamber of State, which was made available by the Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden.

According to Wurtz, the printed list of members, supplemented by handwritten additions, contains 126 names listed below.[11]

  1. Belgium:
    • Brussels: J. Stas;
    • Ghent: François Donny Jr. (nl), A. Kekulé
  2. Germany:
    • Berlin: Ad. Baeyer, G. Quinke;
    • Bonn: H. Landolt;
    • Breslau: Lothar Meyer;
    • Kassel: Guckelberger,;
    • Klausthal: Johann August Streng (de);
    • Darmstadt: E. Winckler;
    • Erlangen: v. Gorup-Besanez;
    • Freiburg i. B.: v. Babo, Schneyder (Woldemar Alexander Adolph von Schneider,[12] 1843–1914);
    • Giessen: Boeckmann (Emil Boeckmann[13]), H. Kopp, Heinrich Will (de)
    • Göttingen: F. Beilstein;
    • Halle a. S.: W. Heintz;
    • Hanover: Heeren;
    • Heidelberg: Becker, O. Braun, R. Bunsen, L. Carius, E. Erlenmeyer, O. Mendius, Schiel (Jacob Heinrich Wilhelm Schiel,[14] 1813-1889);
    • Jena: Lehmann, H. Ludwig;[15]
    • Karlsruhe: A. Klemm, R. Muller, J. Nessler, Theodor Petersen (de), K. Seubert (Karl Seubert,[16] 1815–1868), Weltzien;
    • Leipzig: O. L. Erdmann, Christoph Heinrich Hirzel (de), Knop, Kuhn;
    • Mannheim: Gundelach (Carl Gundelach[17][18]), Schroeder;
    • Marburg a. L.: R. Schmidt, Constantin Zwenger (de)
    • Munich: Geiger (Friedrich Geiger,[19] 1833-1889);
    • Nuremberg: v. Bibra;
    • Offenbach: Grimm;[20]
    • Rappenau: Finck;
    • Schönberg: R. Hoffmann (Gustav Reinhold Hoffmann,[21] 1831-1919);
    • Speyer: Keller (Franz Keller[22]), Mühlhaüser (Albert Mühlhaüser[23]);
    • Stuttgart: v. Fehling, W. Hallwachs;
    • Tübingen: Finckh (Karl Finckh,[24][25] von Winterbach,), A. Naumann, A. Strecker;
    • Wiesbaden: Wilhelm Theodor Oscar Casselmann (de), R. Fresenius, Carl Neubauer (de);
    • Würzburg: Scherer, V. Schwarzenbach (Valentin Schwarzenbach,[26] 1830-1890)
  3. United Kingdom:
    • Dublin: Apjohn A.;
    • Edinburgh: Al. Crum Brown, Wanklyn, F. Guthrie;
    • Glasgow: Anderson;
    • London: B. F. Duppa (Baldwin Francis Duppa,[27] 1828–1873), G. C. Foster, Gladstone, Hugo Müller (de), Noad, A. Normandy, Odling;
    • Manchester: Roscoe;
    • Oxford: Daubeny, G. Griffeth (G. Griffith[28]), F. Schickendantz;
    • Woolwich: Abel
  4. France:
    • Montpellier: A. Béchamp, A. Gautier, C. G. Reischauer;[29]
    • Mülhousen i. E.: Th. Schneider;[30]
    • Nancy: Jérôme Nicklès (de);
    • Paris: Boussingault, J-B. Dumas, C. Friedel, Louis Grandeau (fr), Le Canu (Louis René Le Canu,[31] 1800–1871), Persoz, Alf. Riche (Jean Baptiste Leopold Alfred Riche,[32] 1829-1908), Paul Thénard (fr), Verdét, C.-A. Wurtz;
    • Strasbourg i. E.: Jacquemin (Eugène Théodore Jacquemin,[33] 1828–1909), Oppermann (Charles Oppermann,[34] 1805-1872), F. Schlagdenhaussen (Frédéric Charles Schlagdenhauffen,[35] 1830–1907), P. Schützenberger;
    • Tann: Charles Kestner (fr), Scheurer-Kestner
  5. Italy:
    • Genoa: Cannizzaro;
    • Pavia: Pavesi (Angelo Pavesi[36])
  6. Mexico: Posselt (Louis Posselt, 1817-1880, brother of Christian Posselt (de))
  7. Austria:
    • Innsbruck: Hlasiwetz;
    • Lemberg: Pebal;
    • Pesth: Th. Wertheim;
    • Vienna: V. v. Lang, A. Lieben, Folwarezny (Carl Folwarezny[37]), F. Schneider
  8. Portugal:
    • Coimbra: Mide Carvalho (Mathias de Carvalho e Vasconcellos,[38] 1832-1910)
  9. Russia:
    • Kharkov: Alexei Nikolajewitsch Sawitsch (de);
    • St. Petersburg: Borodin, Mendelyeev, Leon Nikolajewitsch Schischkow (de), Zinin;
    • Warsaw: Teofil Lesiński (pl), Jakub Natanson.
  10. Sweden:
    • Harpenden: J. H. Gilbert;
    • Lund: Berlin, C. W. Blomstrand;
    • Stockholm: Johann Friedrich Bahr (de).
  11. Switzerland:
    • Bern: Carl Emanuel Brunner (de), H. Schiff;
    • Geneva: C. Marignac;
    • Lausanne: Bischoff (Henri Bischoff,[39] 1813–1889)
    • Reichenau bei Chur: {{ill|Adolph von Planta|es|lt=A. v. Planta]];
    • Zurich: J. Wislicenus.
  12. Spain:
    • Madrid: Ramón Torres Muñoz de Luna (es) .

References

  1. ↑ Leicester, Henry M. (1956). The Historical Background of Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-0-486-61053-5. 
  2. ↑ Kekulé, A. (1861) (in de). Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie … , vol. 1. Erlangen, (Germany): Ferdinand Enke. p. 58. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101058262955;view=1up;seq=72. 
  3. ↑ The French chemist Auguste Laurent also listed many different contemporary representations of acetic acid (acide acétique) in his book: Laurent, Auguste (1854) (in fr). Méthode de Chimie. Paris, France: Mallet-Bachelier. pp. 27–28. https://archive.org/details/mthodedechimie00laurgoog. 
  4. ↑ "Charles-Adolphe Wurtz". http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/karlsruhe.html. 
  5. ↑ Brooks, Nathan M. (1995-11-01). "Russian chemistry in the 1850s: A failed attempt at institutionalization". Annals of Science 52 (6): 577–589. doi:10.1080/00033799500200411. ISSN 0003-3790. 
  6. ↑ See:
  7. ↑ Moore, F. J. (1931). A History of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. pp. 182–184. ISBN 978-0-07-148855-6. https://archive.org/details/apchemistry200820000moor/page/182.  (2nd edition)
  8. ↑ Cannizzaro, Stanislao (1891) with Arthur Miolati, trans., and Lothar Meyer, ed. Abriss eines Lehrganges der theoretischen Chemie [Outline of a Course of Theoretical Chemistry] (Leipzig, (Germany): Wilhelm Engelmann, 1891), p. 59. On p. 59, Lothmar Meyer wrote: "Nach Schluss der Versammlung vertheilte Freund Angelo Pavesi im Auftrage des Verfassers eine kleine ziemlich unscheinbare Schrift, den hier wiedergegeben "Sunto" etc. Cannizzaro's, der schon einige Jahre früher erschienen, aber wenig bekannt geworden war. Auch ich erhielt ein Exemplar, das ich einsteckte, um es unterwegs auf der Heimreise zu lesen. Ich las es wiederholt auch zu Hause und war erstaunt über die Klarheit, die das Schriftchen über die wichtigsten Streitpunkte verbreitete. Es fiel mir wie Schuppen von den Augen, die Zweifel schwanden, und das Gefühl ruhigster Sicherheit trat an ihre Stelle." (At the conclusion of the meeting, friend Angelo Pavesi, on behalf of the author, distributed a small, inconspicuous pamphlet, Cannizzaro's "Sunto" etc. [which is] reproduced here [Note: "Sunto" refers to: Stanislao Cannizzaro (1858) "Lettera del Prof. Stanislao Cannizzaro al Prof. S. de Luca; Sunto di un corso di filosofia chimica fatto nella Reale Università di Genova dal Professore S. Cannizzaro," Il Nuovo Cimento, 7 : 321–366.], which had appeared a few years earlier but has been little known. I too received a copy, which I pocketed to read on the way home. I also read it at home repeatedly and was amazed at the clarity that the pamphlet spread about the main issues. It was as if the scales fell from my eyes, the doubts faded, and the feeling of calmest assurance took its place.)
  9. ↑ An example of the confusion is provided by the table of atomic weights in the various prevailing systems, which appears in: Gehler, Johann Samuel Traugott (1840). Gmelin; Littrow; Muncke et al.. eds (in de). Johann Samuel Traugott Gehler's Physikalisches Wörterbuch, 9. Band, 3. Abtheilung. Leipzig, (Germany): E.B. Schwickert. pp. 1909–1912. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044089527675;view=1up;seq=321.  In the tables of pages 1911–1912, Column C presents the relative atomic weights of the known elements, assigning to hydrogen (Wasserstoff) an atomic weight of 1. Column D contains the same relative atomic weights as column C, except that oxygen (Sauerstoff) is assigned a relative atomic weight of 100. (Gehler says of columns C and D: "In den Columnen C und D finden sich die Atomgewichte, wie sie sich nach den so eben entwickelten Grundsätzen als die wahrscheinlichsten ergeben möchten, … " (In columns C and D are found the atomic weights, as they would result from the principles [that have been] developed just now as the most probable ones … ) But this system assigns to oxygen an atomic weight of 8 and to carbon (Kohlenstoff) an atomic weight of 6.) Column E presents the relative atomic weights according to Berzelius, who assigned to hydrogen atoms (das Atomgewicht des einfachen Wasserstoffatoms (the atomic weight of single hydrogen atoms)) a value of 0.5 and who found oxygen to have a value of 8.01 — about 16 times greater than that of the hydrogen atom, which is correct. Column F contains the same relative atomic weights as column E, except that oxygen is assigned a relative atomic weight of 100.
  10. ↑ Ihde, Aaron J. (1961). "The Karlsruhe Congress: A Centennial Retrospective". Journal of Chemical Education 38 (2): 83–86. doi:10.1021/ed038p83. Bibcode: 1961JChEd..38...83I. http://search.jce.divched.org/JCEIndex/FMPro?-db=jceindex.fp5&-lay=wwwform&combo=karlsruhe&-find=&-format=detail.html&-skip=0&-max=1&-token.2=0&-token.3=10. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}] (subscription required)
  11. ↑ "Charles-Adolphe Wurtz". http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/karlsruhe.html. 
  12. ↑ "Woldemar Alexander Adolph von Schneider" (in en-US). https://www.geni.com/people/Woldemar-Alexander-Adolph-von-Schneider/6000000013737978128. 
  13. ↑ Boeckmann, Emil (1837-01-01). "Ueber einige Doppelverbindungen von Cyanquecksilber mit Schwefelcyan‐Metallen". Annalen der Pharmacie 22 (2): 153–158. doi:10.1002/jlac.18370220205. 
  14. ↑ Partington, J. R. (1964-06-18). History of Chemistry. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 9781349005543. https://books.google.com/books?id=-1JdDwAAQBAJ&q=Jacob+Heinrich+Wilhelm+Schiel+chemistry&pg=PA413. 
  15. ↑ "[Earliest: (01/01/1846 TO 12/31/1930) AND [Author: Ludwig, H] : Search"] (in en). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Ludwig%2C+H&content=articlesChapters&countTerms=true&target=default&AfterYear=1846&BeforeYear=1930&. 
  16. ↑ "handbuch der allgemeinen waarenkunde von seubert karl – ZVAB". https://www.zvab.com/buch-suchen/titel/handbuch-der-allgemeinen-waarenkunde/autor/seubert-karl/. 
  17. ↑ Ärzte, Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und (1861) (in de). Tageblatt der Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. https://books.google.com/books?id=7j0_AAAAcAAJ&q=Dr.+Carl+Gundelach%2C+Fabrikdirectors+in+Mannheim&pg=PA85. 
  18. ↑ (in de) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. Verlag Chemie.. 1878. https://books.google.com/books?id=4RhKAQAAMAAJ&q=Dr.+Carl+Gundelach%2C+Fabrikdirectors+in+Mannheim&pg=PA157. 
  19. ↑ Brock, William H. (2002-06-20) (in en). Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521524735. https://books.google.com/books?id=VugoemP2th0C&q=justus+von+liebig+munich+Geiger&pg=PA139. 
  20. ↑ Ärzte, Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und (1861) (in de). Tageblatt der Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. https://books.google.com/books?id=7j0_AAAAcAAJ&q=Grimm%2C+Dr.%2C+Chemiker+in+Offenbach&pg=PA85. 
  21. ↑ Fruton, Joseph Stewart (1990) (in en). Contrasts in Scientific Style: Research Groups in the Chemical and Biochemical Sciences. American Philosophical Society. p. 282. ISBN 9780871691910. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tRlC9NyNNN8C. "Gustav Reinhold Hoffmann (1831–1919)." 
  22. ↑ (in de) Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. C.F. Winter'sche. 1859. https://books.google.com/books?id=juq3mNJubykC&q=Franz+Keller+chemiker+speyer&pg=PA209. 
  23. ↑ Ärzte, Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und (1861) (in de). Tageblatt der Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte. https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPxxZmHPzAC&q=m%C3%BChlhausen+speyer&pg=PA89. 
  24. ↑ Hermann, Armin; Wankmüller, Armin (1980) (in de). Physik, physiologische Chemie und Pharmazie an der Universität Tübingen. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 9783164428019. https://books.google.com/books?id=leQcAOFbyK8C&q=chemiker+T%C3%BCbingen+Carl+Finckh&pg=PA160. 
  25. ↑ (in da) Archiv for Pharmacie Og Technisk Chemie Med Deres Grundvidenskaber. 1864. https://books.google.com/books?id=FrB35xQvBiUC&q=chemiker+T%C3%BCbingen+Carl+Finckh&pg=PA256. 
  26. ↑ Buchner, Max (2014-01-13) (in de). Aus der Vergangenheit der Universität Würzburg: Festschrift Zum 350 Jährigen Bestehen der Universität. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9783642995781. https://books.google.com/books?id=83WuBgAAQBAJ&q=von+Schwarzenbach+privatdozent+in+w%C3%BCrzburg&pg=PA674. 
  27. ↑ Archives, The National. "The Discovery Service". https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F32630. 
  28. ↑ Gadd, Ian Anders; Eliot, Simon; Louis, William Roger; Robbins, Keith (November 2013). History of Oxford University Press: Volume II: 1780 to 1896. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199543151. https://books.google.com/books?id=_bYJAgAAQBAJ&q=George+Griffith&pg=PA540. 
  29. ↑ (in de) Archiv Der Pharmazie: Chemistry in Life Sciences. Wiley-Blackwell. 1865. https://books.google.com/books?id=YJgp9CqrpjkC&q=C.+G.+Reischauer&pg=PA181. 
  30. ↑ (in de) Jahresberichte über die leistungen der chemischen technologie. O. Wigand. 1866. https://books.google.com/books?id=GThGAQAAMAAJ&q=Th.+Schneider+mulhousen+garancine&pg=PA620. 
  31. ↑ "Le Canu,Louis-René Études chimiques sur le Sang Humain. Thèse.". https://www.medicusbooks.com/2-Medizin/Anatomie-und-Physiologie/Biochemie-Physiologische-Chemie/Le-Canu-Louis-Rene-Etudes-chimiques-sur-le-Sang-Humain-These::32313.html. 
  32. ↑ Figurovskii, N. A.; Solov'ev, Yu I. (2012-12-06). Aleksandr Porfir'evich Borodin: A Chemist's Biography. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642727320. https://books.google.com/books?id=nG_tCAAAQBAJ&q=Jean+Baptiste+Leopold+Alfred+Riche&pg=PA143. 
  33. ↑ "Eugène Jacquemin (1828–1909)". https://data.bnf.fr/fr/10708625/eugene_jacquemin/. 
  34. ↑ Nationalizing Science: Adolphe Wurtz and the Battle for French Chemistry. MIT Press. 8 November 2000. ISBN 9780262264297. https://books.google.com/books?id=gySfgVZ8LtgC&q=Charles+Oppermann+chemistry&pg=PA84. 
  35. ↑ "Frédéric Charles Schlagdenhauffen". https://www.geni.com/people/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Schlagdenhauffen/6000000020850410841. 
  36. ↑ McDonald, Donald; Hunt, Leslie B. (1982-01-01). A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals. Johnson Matthey Plc. ISBN 9780905118833. https://books.google.com/books?id=xriMAgAAQBAJ&q=Angelo+Pavesi+Chemistry+Pavia&pg=PA338. 
  37. ↑ (in de) Oesterreichisch-ungarischer Ordens-Almanach. Sommer. 1876. https://books.google.com/books?id=9dy-eUjKAREC&q=Carl+Folwarezny%3A+Physiologische+und+pathologische+Chemie&pg=PA115. 
  38. ↑ Formosinho, Sebastião J. (2007-08-01) (in pt). Nos Bastidores da Ciência: 20 anos depois. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra / Coimbra University Press. ISBN 9789898074096. https://books.google.com/books?id=ONb3bmzAzXkC&q=Mide+Carvalho+coimbra&pg=PT111. 
  39. ↑ "Bischoff, Henri" (in fr). https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/031285/2002-11-21/. 

Further reading

(Note the incorrect spelling of Weltzien's name.)
  • Ihde, Aaron J. (1984). The Development of Modern Chemistry. Dover. pp. 228–230. ISBN 978-0-486-64235-2. 
(Originally published in 1964.)
(Note the incorrect month given for the conference.)

External links



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