Chemistry:Ichthyotoxin
Ichthyotoxins are compounds which are either toxic to fish, or are toxins produced by fish. The former include the algae-produced euglenophycin and prymnesins, which can cause large-scale fish deaths. The latter includes ostracitoxin, produced by boxfish.[1] Many toxin-producing algal species can be found both in marine and fresh water environments when the algae are in bloom. Ichthyotoxic poisoning in humans can cause symptoms ranging in severity dependent on how much toxin was consumed. The symptoms of an ichthyotoxin poisoning from fish venoms can include headache, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and drop in blood pressure.[2]
Examples
The eggs of gar and the roe and eggs of several other fish species contain toxins.[3] Toxin-producing algae include Prymnesium parvum.[1]
Anti-cancer research
Euglonophycin
It was discovered that euglonophycin, a euglenoid ichthyotoxin derived from Euglena sanguinea, displays anticancer activity.[4] By sharing a similar chemical structure to solenopsin, an angiogenic inhibitor and alkaloid toxin derived from fire ant venom, euglonophycin has been studied for potential application in natural products and drug development for cancer therapy.[5] Based on experimental studies, anti-cancer activity by euglonophycin was demonstrated in leukemia, neuroblastoma, and colorectal cancer cell lines.[6][7] Specifically, in colorectal cancer cells, euglenophycin exposure exhibited cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-inflammatory activity.[7] It was determined that autophagic regulation and G1 cell cycle arrest contributes to euglenophycin's ability to inhibit colorectal cancer cell proliferation, prevent metastasis, and suppress tumour inflammation.[7]
See also
- Piscicide
- Fish toxins, poisons derived from plants used for hunting fish
- Venomous fish, fish which produce venom
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Ichthyotoxic algae and their effects on fish". 2012. http://www2.bio.ku.dk/bibliotek/phd/Nikolaj%20Gedsted%20Andersen.pdf.
- ↑ (in English) Dangerous fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula. Cham: Springer. 2018. ISBN 9783319579269.
- ↑ "Gar ichthyotoxin: Its effect on natural predators and the toxin's evolutionary function". The Southwestern Naturalist 41 (4): 375–377. 1996.
- ↑ "Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids". Toxicon 55 (1): 100–4. January 2010. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.004. PMID 19615398.
- ↑ "PCR identification of toxic euglenid species Euglena sanguinea". Journal of Applied Phycology 30 (3): 1759–1763. 2018-06-01. doi:10.1007/s10811-017-1376-z. PMID 29899599.
- ↑ "Augmenting anti-cancer natural products with a small molecule adjuvant". Marine Drugs 13 (1): 65–75. December 2014. doi:10.3390/md13010065. PMID 25548974.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Therapeutic effects of the euglenoid ichthyotoxin, euglenophycin, in colon cancer". Oncotarget 8 (61): 104347–104358. November 2017. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.22238. PMID 29262645.
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