Whitelisting
A whitelist (or, less commonly, a passlist or allowlist) is a mechanism which explicitly allows some identified entities to access a particular privilege, service, mobility, or recognition i.e. it is a list of things allowed when everything is denied by default. It is the opposite of a blacklist which is list of things denied when everything is allowed by default.
Email whitelists
Spam filters often include the ability to "whitelist" certain sender IP addresses, email addresses or domain names to protect their email from being rejected or sent to a junk mail folder. These can be manually maintained by the user[1] or system administrator - but can also refer to externally maintained whitelist services.
Non-commercial whitelists
Non-commercial whitelists are operated by various non-profit organisations, ISPs, and others interested in blocking spam. Rather than paying fees, the sender must pass a series of tests; for example, their email server must not be an open relay and have a static IP address. The operator of the whitelist may remove a server from the list if complaints are received.
Commercial whitelists
Commercial whitelists are a system by which an Internet service provider allows someone to bypass spam filters when sending email messages to its subscribers, in return for a pre-paid fee, either an annual or a per-message fee. A sender can then be more confident that their messages have reached recipients without being blocked, or having links or images stripped out of them, by spam filters. The purpose of commercial whitelists is to allow companies to reliably reach their customers by email.
Advertising whitelists
Many websites rely on ads as a source of revenue, but the use of ad blockers is increasingly common. Websites that detect an adblocker in use often ask for it to be disabled - or their site to be "added to the whitelist"[2] - a standard feature of most adblockers.
Network whitelists
Network Whitelisting can occur at different layers of the OSI model.
LAN whitelists
LAN whitelists are enforced at layer 2 of the OSI model. Another use for whitelists is in local area network (LAN) security. Many network admins set up MAC address whitelists, or a MAC address filter, to control who is allowed on their networks. This is used when encryption is not a practical solution or in tandem with encryption. However, it's sometimes ineffective because a MAC address can be faked
Firewall whitelists
Some firewalls can be configured to only allow data-traffic from/ to certain (ranges of) IP-addresses. A firewall generally works at layer 3 and 4 of the OSI model. Layer 3 is the Network Layer where IP works and Layer 4 is the Transport Layer, where TCP and UDP function.
Application whitelists
The application layer is layer 7 in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model and in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Whitelisting is commonly enforced by applications at this level.
One approach in combating viruses and malware is to whitelist software which is considered safe to run, blocking all others.[3][4][5][6] This is particularly attractive in a corporate environment, where there are typically already restrictions on what software is approved.
Leading providers of application whitelisting technology include Bit9, Velox, McAfee, Lumension, Airlock Digital and SMAC[7][8] [9]
On Microsoft Windows, recent versions include AppLocker, which allows administrators to control which executable files are denied or allowed to execute. With AppLocker, administrators are able to create rules based on file names, publishers or file location that will allow certain files to execute. Rules can apply to individuals or groups. Policies are used to group users into different enforcement levels. For example, some users can be added to a report-only policy that will allow administrators to understand the impact before moving that user to a higher enforcement level.
Linux system typically have AppArmor and SE Linux features available which can be used to effectively block all applications which are not explicitly whitelisted, and commercial products are also available.[10]
On HP-UX introduced a feature called "HP-UX Whitelisting" on 11iv3 version.[11]
Controversy
In 2018, a journal commentary on a report on predatory publishing[12] was released making claims that 'white' and 'black' are racially charged terms that need to be avoided in instances such as 'whitelist' and 'blacklist'. The journal hit mainstream in Summer 2020 following the George Floyd protests in America[13] wherein a black man was murdered by an officer, sparking protests on police brutality.
The premise of the journal is that 'black' and 'white' have negative and positive connotations respectively.[12] It states that since 'blacklist's first recorded usage was during "the time of mass enslavement and forced deportation of Africans to work in European-held colonies in the Americas," the word is therefore related to race. There is no mention of 'whitelist' and its origin or relation to race.
This issue is most widely disputed in computing industries where 'whitelist' and 'blacklist' are prevalent (e.g. IP whitelisting[14]). Despite the commentary-nature of the journal, some companies and individuals in others have taken to replacing 'whitelist' and 'blacklist' with new alternatives such as 'allow list' and 'deny list'.[15]
Those that oppose these changes question its attribution to race, citing the same etymology quote that the 2018 journal uses.[15][16] The quote suggests that the term 'blacklist' arose from 'black book' almost 100 years prior. 'Black book' does not appear to have any etymology or sources that support ties to race, instead coming from the 1400s referring "to a list of people who had committed crimes or fallen out of favor with leaders" and popularized by King Henry VIII's literal usage of a book bound in black.[17] Others also note the prevalence of positive and negative connotations to 'white' and 'black' in the Bible, predating attributions to skin tone and slavery.[18] It wasn't until the 1960s Black Power movement that "Black" became a widespread word to refer to one's race as a person of color in America[19] (alternate to African-American) lending itself to the argument that the negative connotation behind 'black' and 'blacklist' both predate attribution to race.
See also
- DNSWL, whitelisting based on DNS
- Walled garden (technology), a whitelist that a device's owner cannot control
References
- ↑ e.g. Kindle users control the whitelist for email access. Besides Amazon itself, only e-mail addresses whitelisted by the device's registered owner can send content ("personal documents") to that device.
- ↑ "Adblock Instructions". https://www.forbes.com/adblock/instructions/#18c6e42f2739.
- ↑ John Harrison, Enhancing Network Security By Preventing User-Initiated Malware Execution, Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'05) (Wireless Ad Hoc/Sensor Networks and Network Security Track), Volume II - Volume 02; pages 597-602; IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA 2005.
- ↑ "SANS Institute: Reading Room - Analyst Papers". http://www.sans.org/reading_room/analysts_program/McAfee_09_App_Whitelisting.pdf.
- ↑ "Dark Reading - Security - Protect The Business - Enable Access". Dark Reading. http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=160433.
- ↑ "Application Whitelisting Gains Traction". eweek.com. 25 September 2008. http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Application-Whitelisting-Gains-Traction/.
- ↑ Blum, Dan (February 8, 2014). "Lessons Learned from Target Breach". Dan Blum. http://security-architect.blogspot.com/2014/02/lessons-learned-from-target-attack.html.
- ↑ Vamosi, Robert (2008-07-21). "Will you be ditching your antivirus app anytime soon?". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-10789_3-9994679-57.html.
- ↑ Korobov, EVGENIY (2020-07-27). "SMAC - application whitelist platform". iqp. https://smac.iqp.tech.
- ↑ Cooprider, Nathan (2016-02-03). "Live Whitelisting!". Threat Stack. https://www.threatstack.com/blog/whitelisting-is-dead-long-live-whitelisting.
- ↑ "HP-UX Whitelisting". HP. https://h20392.www2.hpe.com/portal/swdepot/displayProductInfo.do?productNumber=WhiteListInf.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Houghton, F., & Houghton, S. (2018). "“Blacklists” and “whitelists”: a salutary warning concerning the prevalence of racist language in discussions of predatory publishing."
- ↑ Taylor, Derrick Bryson (2020-07-10). "George Floyd Protests: A Timeline" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd-protests-timeline.html.
- ↑ "IP Whitelisting - Documentation" (in en). https://help.gooddata.com/doc/en/building-on-gooddata-platform/gooddata-architecture/ip-whitelisting#:~:text=IP%20whitelisting%20is%20a%20security,users%20can%20access%20your%20domains..
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cimpanu, Catalin. "GitHub to replace "master" with alternative term to avoid slavery references" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/github-to-replace-master-with-alternative-term-to-avoid-slavery-references/.
- ↑ "blacklist | Origin and meaning of blacklist by Online Etymology Dictionary" (in en). https://www.etymonline.com/word/blacklist.
- ↑ "What is Little Black Book?" (in en-US). https://writingexplained.org/idiom-dictionary/little-black-book.
- ↑ Grammarian, Angry. "Is 'master bedroom' a racist term? As language evolves, consider history and usage. | The Angry Grammarian" (in en-US). https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/master-bedroom-racist-words-blacklist-whitelist-20200722.html.
- ↑ Martin, Ben L. (1991). "From Negro to Black to African American: The Power of Names and Naming". Political Science Quarterly 106 (1): 83–107. doi:10.2307/2152175. ISSN 0032-3195. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152175.
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