Low-power wide-area network

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Short description: Type of wireless telecommunication network
Not to be confused with Low-power personal-area network.

A low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN or LPWA network) is a type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range communication at a low bit rate between IoT devices, such as sensors operated on a battery.

Low power, low bit rate, and intended use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LPWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per channel.

A LPWAN may be used to create a private wireless sensor network, but may also be a service or infrastructure offered by a third party, allowing the owners of sensors to deploy them in the field without investing in gateway technology.

Attributes

  1. Range: The operating range of LPWAN technology varies from a few kilometers in urban areas to over 10 km in rural settings. It can also enable effective data communication in previously infeasible indoor and underground locations.
  2. Power: LPWAN manufacturers claim years to decades of usable life from built-in batteries, but real-world application tests have not confirmed this.[1]

Platforms and technologies

Some competing standards and vendors for LPWAN space include:[2]

  • DASH7, a low latency, bi-directional firmware standard that operates over multiple LPWAN radio technologies including LoRa.
  • Wize is an open and royalty-free standard for LPWAN derived from the European Standard Wireless Mbus.[3]
  • Sigfox, UNB-based technology and French company.[4]
  • LoRa is a proprietary, chirp spread spectrum radio modulation technology for LPWAN used by LoRaWAN, Haystack Technologies, and Symphony Link.[5][6]
  • MIoTy, implementing Telegram Splitting technology.
  • Weightless is an open standard, narrowband technology for LPWAN used by Ubiik
  • ELTRES, a LPWA technology developed by Sony, with transmission ranges of over 100 km while moving at speeds of 100 km/h.[7]
  • IEEE 802.11ah, also known as Wi-Fi HaLow, is a low-power, wide-area implementation of 802.11 wireless networking standard using sub-gig frequencies.[8]

Ultra-narrow band

Ultra Narrowband (UNB), modulation technology used for LPWAN by various companies including:

Others

  • DASH7 Mode 2 development framework for low power wireless networks, by Haystack Technologies.[12] Runs over many wireless radio standards like LoRa, LTE, 802.15.4g, and others.
  • LTE Advanced for Machine Type Communications (LTE-M), an evolution of LTE communications for connected things by 3GPP.[13]
  • MySensors, DIY Home Automation framework supporting different radios including LoRa.
  • NarrowBand IoT (NB-IoT), standardization effort by 3GPP for a LPWAN used in cellular networks.[14]
  • Random phase multiple access (RPMA) from Ingenu, formerly known as On-Ramp Wireless, is based on a variation of CDMA technology for cellular phones, but uses unlicensed 2.4GHz spectrum.[15][16] RPMA is used in GE's AMI metering.[17]
  • Byron, a direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology from Taggle Systems in Australia.[18]
  • Wi-SUN, based on IEEE 802.15.4g.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Singh, Ritesh Kumar; Puluckul, Priyesh Pappinisseri; Berkvens, Rafael; Weyn, Maarten (2020-08-25). "Energy Consumption Analysis of LPWAN Technologies and Lifetime Estimation for IoT Application". Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 20 (17): 4794. doi:10.3390/s20174794. ISSN 1424-8220. PMID 32854350. Bibcode: 2020Senso..20.4794S. 
  2. ↑ Sanchez-Iborra, Ramon; Cano, Maria-Dolores (2016). "State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services". Sensors 16 (5): 708. doi:10.3390/s16050708. PMID 27196909. Bibcode: 2016Senso..16..708S. 
  3. ↑ Sheldon, John (2019-06-25). "French IoT Satellite Company Kinéis Announces Strategic Partnerships With Objenious And Wize Alliance" (in en-US). https://spacewatch.global/2019/06/french-iot-satellite-company-kineis-announces-strategic-partnerships-with-objenious-and-wize-alliance/. 
  4. ↑ "SIGFOX Technology". https://www.sigfox.com/en/#!/technology. 
  5. ↑ "What is LoRaWAN?" (in en-US). https://www.link-labs.com/blog/what-is-lorawan. 
  6. ↑ Jesus Sanchez-Gomez; Ramon Sanchez-Iborra (2017). "Experimental comparison of LoRa and FSK as IoT-communication-enabling modulations". IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom'17). doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2017.8254530. 
  7. ↑ "ELTRES Technology" (in en). https://www.sony-semicon.com/en/eltres/index.html. 
  8. ↑ IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 2: Sub 1 GHZ License Exempt Operation. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.7920364. ISBN 978-1-5044-3911-4. 
  9. ↑ "SIGFOX Technology". https://www.sigfox.com/en/#!/technology. 
  10. ↑ "Weightless-N – Weightless". http://www.weightless.org/about/weightlessn. 
  11. ↑ "What is NB-Fi Protocol – WAVIoT LPWAN" (in en-US). https://waviot.com/technology/what-is-nb-fi. 
  12. ↑ "Framework Details". http://haystacktechnologies.com/products-and-services/framework-details/. 
  13. ↑ Flynn, Kevin. "Evolution of LTE in Release 13". https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1628-rel13. 
  14. ↑ "LTE-M, NB-LTE-M, & NB-IOT: Three 3GPP IoT Technologies To Get Familiar With" (in en-US). https://www.link-labs.com/lte-iot-technologies/. 
  15. ↑ Freeman, Mike (2015-09-08). "On-Ramp Wireless becomes Ingenu, launches nationwide IoT network". The San Diego Union-Tribune. http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/sep/09/on-ramp-verizon-ingenu-internet-of-things-ATT/. 
  16. ↑ "Ingenu Launches the US's Newest IoT Network". Light Reading. http://www.lightreading.com/iot/m2m-platforms/ingenu-launches-the-uss-newest-iot-network-/d/d-id/718087. 
  17. ↑ St. John, Jeff (2013-02-01). "GE Dives Into AMI Fray With On-Ramp Wireless: Greentech Media". http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ge-dives-into-ami-fray-with-on-ramp-wireless. 
  18. ↑ Guiterrez, Peter (October 13, 2016). "How Taggle is spreading LPWAN across Australia". IoT HUB. https://www.iothub.com.au/news/how-taggle-is-spreading-lpwan-across-australia-439355. 
  19. ↑ "Wi-SUN Alliance". 2018-08-15. https://www.wi-sun.org/. 



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