Biography:Paolo Macchiarini

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Short description: Italian physician (born 1958)
Paolo Macchiarini
Born
Paolo Macchiarini

(1958-08-22) 22 August 1958 (age 66)
Basel, Switzerland
NationalityItalian
OccupationSurgeon
Known forScientific misconduct, plastic tracheas
Children3

Paolo Macchiarini (born 22 August 1958)[1][2] is a thoracic surgeon and former regenerative medicine researcher who became known for research fraud and manipulative behavior.[3][4] He has been convicted of research-related crimes in Italy and Sweden.[5][6]

Previously considered a pioneer for using both biological and synthetic scaffolds seeded with patients' own stem cells as trachea transplants, Macchiarini was a visiting professor and director on a temporary contract at Sweden's Karolinska Institutet (KI) from 2010.[7] Macchiarini has been convicted of unethically performing experimental surgeries, even on relatively healthy patients, resulting in fatalities for seven of the eight patients who received one of his synthetic trachea transplants. [8] Articles in Vanity Fair and Aftonbladet further suggested that he had falsified some of his academic credentials on résumés.[9][10]

Urban Lendahl, the secretary of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, resigned in February 2016, owing to his involvement in recruiting Macchiarini to KI.[11] Shortly afterwards KI's vice chancellor, Anders Hamsten, who in 2015 had cleared Macchiarini of misconduct, also resigned.[12] KI terminated its clinical relationship with Macchiarini in 2013 but allowed him to continue as a researcher; in February 2016, the university announced that it would not renew his research contract, which was due to expire in November, and terminated the contract the following month.[13] After being dismissed from KI, Macchiarini worked at the Kazan Federal University in Russia until that institution terminated his project in April 2017, effectively firing him.[14][15]

After a one-year medico-legal investigation, the Swedish Prosecution Authority announced in October 2017 that Macchiarini had been negligent in four of the five cases investigated due to the use of devices and procedures not supported by evidence, but that a crime could not be proven because the patients might have died under any other treatment given.[16][17] Macchiarini was convicted of causing bodily harm, but not assault. He received a suspended sentence in June 2022.[18][6] However, a year later his sentence was increased to two years and six months imprisonment by an appeals court.[19][20][21] Following an appeal to the Supreme Court, the Court declined to consider the appeal in October 2023.[22][23]

Sweden's Expert Group on Scientific Misconduct also found evidence of research fraud by Macchiarini and his co-authors in six papers and called for them to be retracted.[24] As of 2023, Macchiarini has had 11 of his research papers retracted, four others have received an expression of concern, and three others have been corrected.[25]

Education and career

Macchiarini obtained his medical degree (equivalent to MD) at the Medical School of the University of Pisa (UniPi) in 1986 and a Master of Surgery in 1991.[26] He was an assistant professor at UniPi from 1990 to 1992.[26] He claimed he was a fellow for approximately two years in the Department of Thoracic Surgery at University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1989, though this was refuted later by the university as they did not have a department of thoracic surgery, nor do they have one currently. He was, however, a fellow for 6 months in their Hematology/Oncology department.[26] Macchiarini obtained degree certificates—a masters in organ and tissue transplantation dated 1994 and a doctorate in the same dated 1997—from University of Franche-Comté in France.[26] According to Germany's Hannover Medical School, he never had a salaried position there, but was head of the department of thoracic and vascular surgery at the Heidehaus Hanover hospital between 1999 and 2004.[26] Macchiarini was an investigator at the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas in Barcelona, Spain, from 2006 to 2009; he was affiliated with but not an employee of the University of Barcelona and was apparently an employee at the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona during this time.[26] He had an honorary appointment as a visiting professor from 2009 to 2014, at University College London.[26] He was a consultant and project manager at University Hospital Careggi (AOUC) starting in 2010.[26]

Later in 2010, Macchiarini was appointed as a visiting professor at the Karolinska Institute (KI) in Stockholm and as a part-time position as surgeon at the affiliated university hospital.[26] In 2013, his clinical relationship with KI was terminated, but Macchiarini was able to continue his research at the institute. In February 2016, the university announced that it would not renew Macchiarini's research contract, which was due to expire in November, and terminated the contract the following month.[13][27] KI published the incomplete results of its verification of Macchiarini's CV in February 2016.[26]

Macchiarini made ties in Russia after he gave a master class in 2010, at the invitation of politician Mikhail Batin; a few months later he did a trachea transplant there which was widely covered in Russian media.[15] This led to Macchiarini's 2011 appointment at Kuban State Medical University, funded by the university and the Russian government,[15] along with an honorary doctorate.[26] In 2016, he moved to Kazan Federal University and the grant money moved with him.[15] In April 2017, the university terminated Macchiarini's research project there.[15]

Notable trachea surgeries

Claudia Castillo

In June 2008, Macchiarini conducted a transplant of a donated trachea colonized with the stem cells of the recipient, Claudia Castillo; the tissue was used to replace her left bronchus, which had been damaged by tuberculosis, and her left lung had collapsed.[28] The trachea came from a cadaver, and was stripped of its cells and seeded with cells taken from Castillo's bone marrow.[28][29][30] The bone marrow cells were cultured at the University of Bristol, the donor trachea was stripped at University of Padua, the stripped trachea was seeded with the cultured cells at University of Milan, and the trachea was transplanted by a team led by Macchiarini at Hospital Clinic in Barcelona.[28][31]

Ciaran Finn-Lynch

In March 2010, Macchiarini attended a transplant performed by Great Ormond Street surgeons. Similar to the one done for Castillo, this was on a ten-year-old Irish boy, Ciaran Finn-Lynch, at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London.[32] The boy was born with a 1 mm diameter trachea, and efforts to widen it had caused life-threatening complications.[32] Unlike the Castillo procedure, in this case, the stripped trachea was seeded with the boy's stem cells just hours before it was implanted.

Keziah Shorten

Keziah Shorten had trachea cancer. In 2010, Macchiarini performed a transplant similar to the earlier two; the transplant failed the next year, and a synthetic trachea was implanted for palliative care at University College Hospital London in 2011, after which she was able to be discharged and return home for Christmas with her family before succumbing to her underlying disease.[33]

Unnamed Russian woman

In 2010, Macchiarini implanted a seeded donated trachea in a 25 year old woman in Russia, while working with surgeon Vladimir Parshin.[15][34][35]

Andemariam Teklesenbet Beyene

Andemariam Teklesenbet Beyene was a man from Eritrea who was earning a master's degree in Iceland when he was diagnosed with cancer. The cancer was treated with chemotherapy and surgery in 2009, but in 2011 his trachea was obstructed again. Beyene's doctors recommended palliative care, but also reached out to Macchiarini, who was at KI by that time.[36]:8 In this case, Macchiarini collaborated with scientists at University College London to manufacture a fully synthetic trachea, with an engineered scaffold seeded with Beyene's marrow cells, instead of using a donated and stripped trachea, as it had been done before.[33] The operation occurred in June 2011 and was widely covered in the media, including a front page story in The New York Times .[37] By end of the year the implant was failing, and while Beyene was able to complete his Ph.D in 2012, he died in January 2013 despite undergoing many treatments at KI.[36]:8 The autopsy showed that Beyene had a chronic lung infection, a clot in his lung, and the synthetic trachea had come loose.[36]:8

Christopher Lyles

Christopher Lyles lived in the United States; he had tracheal cancer which was treated with radiation and surgery. He heard about Beyene's treatment and through his doctor asked Macchiarini to do the same for him. Macchiarini obliged, creating a fully synthetic trachea seeded with stem cells from Lyles and implanting it at KI in November 2011.[36]:9 Lyles died suddenly in 2012 after he had returned home; no autopsy was performed.[36]:9[38]

Yulia Tuulik

In June 2012, Macchiarini implanted a fully synthetic seeded trachea in Yulia Tuulik at Kuban State Medical University. Tuulik had a tracheostomy resulting from a car accident, but her life was not in danger.[15][39] The graft included a cricoid cartilage, part of the voice box, which Macchiarini had not tried before.[39] The trachea later collapsed, and was replaced; she died in 2014.[15] An audit by the Russian government later found that Macchiarini had operated without a Russian medical license.[15]

Alexander Zozulya

Also in June 2012, Macchiarini implanted a second synthetic seeded trachea on Alexander Zozulya, who also had a tracheostomy resulting from a car accident and whose life was not in danger.[15][33][39] The effects from the first implant in 2012 prompted a second surgery in November 2013. Zozulya died in February 2014 under unclear circumstances.[33]

Yesim Cetir

Turkish national Yesim Cetir underwent a routine surgery in 2011 to treat excessive sweating in her hands, but due to an error her trachea was severely injured and her left lung was damaged.[33][36]:9 She came to Macchiarini at the KI for treatment, and in 2012 he first removed her left lung and replaced her trachea with a pipe, then replaced the pipe with a fully synthetic seeded trachea.[36]:9 The next year the implant collapsed and Macchiarini replaced it with a second one.[36]:9 Cetir had many complications from this procedure, remained in constant need of having her airway cleared, and suffered kidney failure.[36]:9 In 2016 she underwent multiple organ transplants in the U.S., and her trachea was replaced with one from a cadaver.[36]:9 Cetir died in March 2017.[40]

Hannah Warren

In April 2013, Macchiarini implanted a fully synthetic seeded trachea in two-year-old Hannah Warren, who had been born without one.[41] The operation was performed at OSF Saint Francis Medical Center in Peoria, Illinois, United States.[41] The operation also involved her esophagus, which did not heal properly and required a second operation in June; she died 6 July 2013, from complications of the second surgery.[42]

Sadiq Kanaan

In August 2013 Sadiq Kanaan received a fully synthetic seeded tracheal implant from Macchiarini at Kuban State Medical University.[14][33] He died later the same year.[14]

Dmitri Onogda

In June 2014, Macchiarini implanted a fully synthetic seeded trachea in Dmitri Onogda at the Kuban State Medical University.[14][33] The implant failed and was replaced with a donor trachea, and as of 2017 Onogda was still alive.[14][33]

Allegations

University Hospital Careggi patient extortion

In 2012, Macchiarini was arrested in Italy and charged with asking patients at AOUC for money to expedite their procedures;[43] the charges were dismissed in May 2015[44] and the prosecutor's appeal was dismissed in September 2015.[45]

Research misconduct

In 2014, Macchiarini was accused by four former colleagues and co-authors of having falsified claims in his research with KI.[46] The following April, KI's ethics committee issued a response to one set of allegations with regard to research ethics and peer review at The Lancet, and found them to be groundless.[47]

KI had also appointed an external expert, Bengt Gerdin, to review the charges, comparing the results reported to the medical record of the hospital; the report was released by the university in May 2015.[48][49][50] Gerdin found that Macchiarini had committed research misconduct in seven papers by not getting ethical approval for some of his operations, and misrepresenting the result of some of those operations, as well as work he had done on animals.[48][49][51]

In August 2015, after considering the findings and a rebuttal provided by Macchiarini, KI vice-chancellor Anders Hamsten found that he had acted "without due care" but had not committed misconduct.[52][53] The Lancet, which published Macchiarini's work, also published an article defending him.[54]

On 13 January 2016, Gerdin criticized the vice-chancellor's dismissal of the allegations in an interview with Sveriges Television (SVT).[55] Later that day, the SVT investigative program Dokument inifrån began broadcasting a three-part series, titled "Experimenten", in which Macchiarini's work was investigated.[56][57] The documentary shows Macchiarini continuing operations with his new transplant method even after it showed little or no promise, exaggerating the health of his patients in articles as they died. While Macchiarini admitted that the synthetic trachea did not work in the current state, he did not agree that trying it on several additional patients without further testing had been inappropriate. Allegations were also made that patients' medical conditions both before and after the operations, as reported in academic papers, did not match reality. Macchiarini also stated that the synthetic trachea had been tested on animals before using it on humans, something that could not be verified.[13][27][33]

On 28 January, KI issued a statement saying that the documentary made claims of which it was unaware, and that it would consider re-opening the investigations.[58][59] These concerns were echoed by KI's chairman, Lars Leijonborg, and the chairman of the Swedish Medical Association, Heidi Stensmyren, calling for an independent investigation that would also look at how the issue was dealt with by the university and hospital management.[60]

In February 2016, KI published a review of Macchiarini's CV that identified discrepancies.[26] The university announced that it would not renew Macchiarini's research contract, which was due to expire in November, and the next month Karolinska terminated the contract.[13]

In October 2016, the BBC broadcast a three-part Storyville documentary, Fatal Experiments: The Downfall of a Supersurgeon, directed by Bosse Lindquist and based on the earlier Swedish programmes about Macchiarini.[61] After the special aired, KI requested Sweden's national scientific review board to review six of Macchiarini's publications about the procedures. The board published its findings in October 2017, and concluded that all six were the result of scientific misconduct, in particular by failing to report the complications and deaths that occurred after the interventions; one of the articles also claimed that the procedure had been approved by an ethics committee, when this had not happened. The board called for all six of the papers to be retracted. It also said that all of the co-authors had committed scientific misconduct as well.[24]

Retractions

The following papers authored by Macchiarini have been retracted:

Fallout for Karolinska Institute

The secretary of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, Urban Lendahl, resigned in February 2016, owing to his involvement in recruiting Macchiarini to Karolinska Institutet in 2010.[11][71] Shortly afterwards the vice chancellor, Anders Hamsten, who in 2015 had cleared Macchiarini of scientific misconduct, also resigned.[12][72]

In August 2016, a committee led by Kjell Asplund that had been called into being in February to investigate the three operations that Macchiarini had performed at the Karolinska University Hospital issued its report, identifying several ethical shortcomings by the hospital and Macchiarini; it also noted the pressure put on the hospital by the institute with regard to Macchiarini's hospital appointment and translational research.[36][73]

Another report was issued in early September that examined the behavior of the institute; it was authored by a committee led by Sten Heckscher. The report found that the institute had conducted almost no diligence in hiring Macchiarini nor in overseeing his work, nor in considering his performance in reviewing his contracts; the committee found that people higher up in management had interfered in the processes.[73][74][75]

On 5 September 2016, the Swedish government moved to dismiss the entire board of the Institute.[76] Shortly afterwards Harriet Wallberg and Anders Hamsten were removed from the judging panel that is responsible for annually choosing the Nobel Prize for Medicine, selection of which is additionally overseen by Karolinska Institutet.[77]

Criminal investigations and convictions

In June 2016 Swedish police opened an investigation into whether Macchiarini might have committed involuntary manslaughter.[14][33] After a one-year medico-legal investigation, the attorney general's office announced in October 2017 that Macchiarini had been negligent in four of the five cases investigated due to the use of devices and procedures not supported by evidence, but that a crime could not be proven because the patients might have died under any other treatment.[16][17]

In 2019, an Italian court sentenced Macchiarini to sixteen months in prison for abuse of office and forging documents,[5] but he was ultimately acquitted of all charges by the Supreme Court.[78]

On 29 September 2020, Mikael Björk, director of Public Prosecution in Sweden indicted an unnamed surgeon on charges of aggravated assault. Swedish news agency TT said the indicted surgeon was Paolo Macchiarini. Björk said he reopened the investigation in December 2018, obtained new written evidence and interviewed individuals in five different countries. Björk said victims received "serious physical injuries and great suffering" as a result of the operations performed on them and that he "made the assessment that three operations were therefore to be considered as aggravated assault."[79] Macchiarini was convicted of causing bodily harm, but not assault. He received a suspended sentence on 16 June 2022.[80][6] On 21 June 2023 however, his sentence was increased to two years and six months imprisonment after being found guilty of gross assault against three of his patients by an appeals court in Stockholm.[81][20][21] His lawyers lodged an appeal to the Supreme Court, and were granted time to present new evidence.[82] The Supreme Court declined to consider the appeal on 30 October 2023.[22][23] Macchiarini is expected to start serving his 2.5 year sentence in early 2024. Given that Macchiarini has not lived in Sweden for many years and has been residing in Spain, Swedish authorities are likely to transfer his sentence to a prison in Spain after Spanish authorities agree to carry out the Swedish sentence.[83]

Personal life

In 1986, Macchiarini married Italian woman Emanuela Pecchia; the couple have two children together, a girl and a boy. He also has a daughter by Ana Paula Bernardes, who met Macchiarini in 2010 when he operated on her son Danilo who died shortly after the operation.[84] That relationship ended in 2016, when Bernardes learned of Macchiarini's relationship with NBC News producer Benita Alexander.[85]

Alexander had been tasked by NBC to produce a documentary for Dateline in 2013 called "A Leap of Faith" to portray Macchiarini. She began an affair with her subject, only to find out later in 2015 that he had been married for thirty years, including the entire period of the courtship. Alexander recounted Macchiarini's alleged lies about being a surgeon to the stars and current and former heads of state such as former USA Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, and former USA presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. A wedding to Alexander was planned to be the social event of the year with Pope Francis officiating, Andrea Bocelli and Elton John singing, Enoteca Pinchiorri catering, and numerous celebrities attending.[9][86] Macchiarini is reported to have claimed that Pope Francis had given his personal blessing for the wedding between the couple, both said to be divorcees, and would host the ceremony at Castel Gandolfo. The Pope's spokesman subsequently said that the Pope had no "personal doctor" named Macchiarini, knew nobody of that name, and would not have officiated.[87]

In popular culture

A story published by Vanity Fair on 5 January 2016 discussed Macchiarini's affair with journalist Benita Alexander. The story also called into question statements he had made on his CV.[56][9] The article paints him as a serial fabulist, and as "the extreme form of a con man", remarking that "the fact that he could keep all the details straight and compartmentalize these different lives and lies is really amazing."[9]

On 31 October 2016, Macchiarini was the subject of a BBC Four Storyville miniseries entitled "Fatal Experiments: The Downfall of a Supersurgeon".[88][89]

In August 2021, the third season of the Dr. Death podcast began publishing episodes consisting a six-episode season about Macchiarini, entitled "Miracle Man". The audio series covers the accusations of ethical misconduct and manipulation in Macchiarini's medical work alongside those of his personal deceit in his affair with Alexander, told through a series of interviews with the latter.[90] The second series of the podcast's television adaptation premiered on December 21, 2023 and centered on Macchiarini, portrayed by actor Édgar Ramírez.[91]

A Netflix documentary, Bad Surgeon: Love Under the Knife, was released in late November 2023.[92] It follows Macchiarini's rise and fall and the fight to bring him to justice. It includes an extended interview with Alexander.[93][94]

See also

  • List of scientific misconduct incidents

References

  1. ↑ "Karolinska Institutet Curriculum Vitae: Paolo Macchiarini". Karolinska Institute via Citizens For Responsible Care and Research. p. 2. http://www.circare.org/info/pm/CV_eng.pdf. 
  2. ↑ Holmes, David (March 2012). "Paolo Macchiarini: crossing frontiers". The Lancet 379 (9819): 886. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60382-1. PMID 22405786. 
  3. ↑ McCook, Alison (5 February 2016). "Karolinska orders new investigation of trachea surgeon Macchiarini". http://retractionwatch.com/2016/02/05/karolinska-orders-new-investigation-of-trachea-surgeon-macchiarini/. 
  4. ↑ Vogel, Gretchen (2016). "Another scathing report causes more eminent heads to roll in the Macchiarini scandal". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aah7266. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Day, Michael (25 November 2019). "Disgraced tracheal transplant surgeon is handed 16 month prison sentence in Italy". BMJ 367: l6676. doi:10.1136/bmj.l6676. PMID 31767600. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 AFP (2022-06-16). "Sweden: surgeon convicted of bodily harm over synthetic trachea transplant" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/16/sweden-surgeon-convicted-of-bodily-harm-over-synthetic-trachea-transplants. 
  7. ↑ "Qualifications portfolio for teachers and researchers at Karolinska Institutet". http://www.circare.org/info/pm/CV_eng.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Bäsén, Anna (13 January 2016). "Tekniken skulle rädda liv – sex av åtta dog" (in sv). Expressen. http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/tekniken-skulle-radda-liv--sex-av-atta-dog/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Ciralsky, Adam (31 January 2016). "The Celebrity Surgeon Who Used Love, Money, and the Pope to Scam an NBC News Producer". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/01/celebrity-surgeon-nbc-news-producer-scam. 
  10. ↑ Ahlborg, Karin (9 February 2016). "Skandalkirurgen ljög om sina meriter" (in sv). Aftonbladet. http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article22234104.ab. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Vogel, Gretchen (2016). "Top Nobel Prize administrator resigns in wake of Macchiarini scandal". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4023. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Vogel, Gretchen (2016). "Karolinska Institute vice-chancellor resigns in wake of Macchiarini scandal". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4058. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Abbott, Alison (2016). "Prestigious Karolinska Institute dismisses controversial trachea surgeon". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19629. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 "From Confines Of Russia, Controversial Stem-Cell Surgeon Tries To Weather Scandal". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 6 February 2017. https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-surgeon-macchiarini-stem-cell-scandal/28284766.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 Astakhova, Alla (2017). "Superstar surgeon fired, again, this time in Russia". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aal1201. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Swedish prosecutor says will not charge Italian stem cell surgeon". Reuters. 12 October 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-healthcare-surgeon/swedish-prosecutor-says-will-not-charge-italian-stem-cell-surgeon-idUSKBN1CH1XI. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Tracking retractions as a window into the scientific process Swedish prosecutor won't pursue criminal case against Macchiarini". Retraction Watch. 12 October 2017. https://retractionwatch.com/2017/10/12/swedish-prosecutor-wont-pursue-criminal-case-macchiarini/. 
  18. ↑ "Skandalkirurgen Macchiarini döms för vållande till kroppsskada" (in sv). 16 June 2022. https://www.dn.se/sverige/nu-far-skandalkirurgen-macchiarini-sin-dom/. 
  19. ↑ "Skandalkirurgen: "Jag förlorade allt"". 21 June 2023. https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/nu-kommer-hovrattens-dom-mot-macchiarini/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Paterlini, Marta (22 June 2023). "Paolo Macchiarini: Disgraced surgeon is sentenced to 30 months in prison". BMJ 381: 1442. doi:10.1136/bmj.p1442. PMID 37348897. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Italian surgeon convicted in Sweden over patient deaths" (in en). Reuters. 2023-06-21. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italian-surgeon-found-guilty-sweden-over-patients-deaths-2023-06-21/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Ekberg Skog, Hjalmar (2023-10-30). "HD tar inte upp målet – domen mot Macchiarini står fast" (in sv). SVT Nyheter. https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/fangelsedomen-mot-macchiarini-star-fast-hd-tar-inte-upp-malet. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Huss, Madeleine (2023-11-08). "The Macchiarini case: Timeline" (in en). https://news.ki.se/the-macchiarini-case-timeline. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Vogel, Gretchen (2017). "Six papers by disgraced surgeon should be retracted, report concludes". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aar3612. 
  25. ↑ "Retraction Watch Database". The Center for Scientific Integrity. http://retractiondatabase.org/RetractionSearch.aspx#?auth%3dMacchiarini%252c%2bPaolo. 
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 "Examination of CV information". Karolinska Institute. 11 February 2016. http://ki.se/sites/default/files/investigation_of_cv.pdf. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Enserink, Martin (23 March 2016). "Karolinska Institute fires fallen star surgeon Paolo Macchiarini". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf9825. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Cowell, Alan; Grady, Denise (19 November 2008). "Europeans Announce Pioneering Surgery". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/20/health/research/20stemcell.html. 
  29. ↑ Macchiarini, Paolo; Jungebluth, Philipp; Go, Tetsuhiko; Asnaghi, M Adelaide; Rees, Louisa E; Cogan, Tristan A; Dodson, Amanda; Martorell, Jaume et al. (December 2008). "RETRACTED: Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway". The Lancet 372 (9655): 2023–2030. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61598-6. PMID 19022496. 
  30. ↑ Gonfiotti, Alessandro; Jaus, Massimo O; Barale, Daniel; Baiguera, Silvia; Comin, Camilla; Lavorini, Federico; Fontana, Giovanni; Sibila, Oriol et al. (January 2014). "RETRACTED: The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results". The Lancet 383 (9913): 238–244. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62033-4. PMID 24161821. 
  31. ↑ Associated Press (19 November 2008). "Doctors make new windpipe from stem cells" (in en). NY Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/doctors-give-woman-new-windpipe-stem-cells-article-1.335347. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Boseley, Sarah (19 March 2010). "Boy's windpipe replaced in pioneering stem cell operation". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/mar/19/boy-windpipe-replaced-stem-cells. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 33.9 Kremer, William (10 September 2016). "Paolo Macchiarini: A surgeon's downfall". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37311038. 
  34. ↑ Parshin, Vladimir; Macchiarini, Paolo; Vyjigina, Margarita; Rusakov, Michail; Bazarov, Dmitry; Zaklyazminskaya, Helen (September 2011). "Management of total cicatricial stenoses of a trachea by replacement of trachea produced by technologies of the regenerative medicine". European Respiratory Journal 38 (Suppl 55). https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/38/Suppl_55/p3077. 
  35. ↑ Bazarov, Dmitry; Parshin, Vladimir; Rusakov, Michail; Abdumuradov, Kuldash; Bogov, Arkadiy; Sharipjanova, Rumia. "CTS 2013 Congress Abstract: 21.2 – Transplantation of a Regenerative and Cadaver Trachea – Novel Technology in Management of Subtotal Tracheal Stenosis: Long Term Results and Lessons Learned" (in en-gb). The Transplantation Society. https://www.tts.org/component/tts/?view=presentation&id=13624. 
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 "The Macchiarini Case (English summary)". Stockholms läns landsting (Stockholm County Council). 31 August 2016. http://www.sll.se/Global/Verksamhet/H%C3%A4lsa%20och%20v%C3%A5rd/Nyhet%20bilaga/The%20Macchiarini%20Case%20Summary%20(eng).pdf. 
  37. ↑ Fountain, Henry (15 September 2012). "Scientists Make Progress in Tailor-Made Organs". The New York Times: p. 1. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/health/research/scientists-make-progress-in-tailor-made-organs.html. 
  38. ↑ Fountain, Henry (7 March 2012). "Christopher Lyles, Got Synthetic Trachea, Dies at 30". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/07/health/research/christopher-lyles-got-synthetic-trachea-dies-at-30.html. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Coghlan, Andy (27 June 2012). "First synthetic larynx part transplanted". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21978-first-synthetic-larynx-part-transplanted/. 
  40. ↑ "Macchiarini's seventh transplant patient dies" (in en). Agence France-Presse via The Local. 20 March 2017. https://www.thelocal.it/20170320/macchiarinis-seventh-transplant-patient-dies-sweden-italy. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Adams, Pam (1 May 2013). "Toddler youngest in world to get lab-made windpipe in Peoria operation" (in en). Peoria Journal Star. http://www.pjstar.com/x1213307415/Toddler-youngest-in-world-to-get-lab-made-windpipe-in-Peoria-operation. 
  42. ↑ Fountain, Henry (7 July 2013). "Young Girl Given Bioengineered Windpipe Dies". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/08/science/young-girl-given-bioengineered-windpipe-dies.html. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "'Misconduct' leads to retraction from Italian 'super surgeon' under house arrest". Retraction Watch. 26 November 2012. http://retractionwatch.com/2012/11/26/misconduct-leads-to-retraction-from-italian-super-surgeon-under-house-arrest/. 
  44. ↑ Marotta, Valentina (12 May 2015). "Macchiarini rinviato a giudizio" (in it-IT). Corriere della Sera. http://corrierefiorentino.corriere.it/firenze/notizie/cronaca/15_maggio_12/macchiarini-attesa-la-decisione-giudice-e660c9e2-f8be-11e4-a8f4-e2a16d2dc25f.shtml. 
  45. ↑ Marotta, Valentina (25 September 2015). "Macchiarini, procura fa ricorso: 'Fu truffa, testimonianze ignorate'" (in it-IT). Corriere della Sera. http://corrierefiorentino.corriere.it/firenze/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_25/macchiarini-procura-fa-ricorso-fu-truffa-testimonianze-ignorate-20cc76b0-636a-11e5-ba49-a44078ec53b1.shtml. 
  46. ↑ Fountain, Henry (24 November 2014). "Leading Surgeon Is Accused of Misconduct in Experimental Transplant Operations". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/25/world/leading-surgeon-is-accused-of-misconduct-in-experimental-transplant-operations.html?_r=0. 
  47. ↑ "'Super-surgeon' Macchiarini not guilty of misconduct, per one Karolinska investigation". Retraction Watch. 14 April 2015. http://retractionwatch.com/2015/04/14/super-surgeon-macchiarini-not-guilty-of-misconduct-per-one-karolinska-investigation/. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Vogel, Gretchen (19 May 2015). "Report finds trachea surgeon committed misconduct". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aac4623. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Vogel, Gretchen (27 May 2015). "Karolinska releases English translation of misconduct report on trachea surgeon". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aac4649. 
  50. ↑ "Gerdin Report (English) Assignment ref: 2-2184/2014". Karolinska via CIRCARE. 13 May 2015. http://www.circare.org/info/pm/gerdin-finalrpt-20150513.pdf. 
  51. ↑ Cyranoski, David (2015). "Artificial-windpipe surgeon committed misconduct". Nature 521 (7553): 406–407. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17605. PMID 26017424. Bibcode: 2015Natur.521..406C. 
  52. ↑ "Trachea surgeon Macchiarini acted "without due care," but is not guilty of misconduct: Karolinska". Retraction Watch. 28 August 2015. http://retractionwatch.com/2015/08/28/trachea-surgeon-macchiarini-acted-without-due-care-but-is-not-guilty-of-misconduct-karolinska/. 
  53. ↑ Keisu, Claes (28 August 2015). "Visiting Professor at Karolinska Institutet cleared from suspicions of scientific misconduct". Karolinska Institutet. http://ki.se/en/news/visiting-professor-at-karolinska-institutet-cleared-from-suspicions-of-scientific-misconduct. 
  54. ↑ The Lancet (2015). "Paolo Macchiarini is not guilty of scientific misconduct". The Lancet 386 (9997): 932. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00118-X. PMID 26369448. 
  55. ↑ Hallbom, Johannes; Moberger, Karin (13 January 2016). "Utredaren står fast – KI:s stjärnkirurg har forskningsfuskat" (in sv). SVT Nyheter (Sveriges Television). http://www.svt.se/nyheter/vetenskap/utredaren-star-fast-ki-s-stjarnkirurg-har-forskningsfuskat. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Reading about embattled trachea surgeon Paolo Macchiarini? Here's what you need to know". Retraction Watch. 12 February 2016. http://retractionwatch.com/2016/02/12/reading-about-embattled-trachea-surgeon-paolo-macchiarini-heres-what-you-need-to-know/. 
  57. ↑ "Experimenten: Stjärnkirurgen" (in en). Dokument inifrån. Sveriges Television. 7 January 2016. https://www.svt.se/dokument-inifran/experimenten-in-english. 
  58. ↑ "Karolinska may reopen inquiry into star surgeon Macchiarini, following documentary's revelations". Retraction Watch. 1 February 2016. http://retractionwatch.com/2016/02/01/karolinska-may-reopen-inquiry-into-star-surgeon-macchiarini/. 
  59. ↑ "Comment on the TV documentary "Experimenten"" (in en). Karolinska Institute. 28 January 2016. http://ki.se/en/news/comment-on-the-tv-documentary-experimenten. 
  60. ↑ Andersson, Carl V (1 February 2016). "KI:s ledning granskas av oberoende utredning" (in sv). Dagens Medicin. http://www.dagensmedicin.se/artiklar/2016/02/01/kis-styrelse-granskas-av-oberoende-utredning/. 
  61. ↑ "Fatal Experiments: The Downfall of a Supersurgeon". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b080k2z4. 
  62. ↑ Sjöqvist, Sebastian; Jungebluth, Philipp; Lim, Mei Ling; Haag, Johannes C.; Gustafsson, Ylva; Lemon, Greg; Baiguera, Silvia; Burguillos, Miguel Angel et al. (2017). "Retraction: Experimental orthotopic transplantation of a tissue-engineered oesophagus in rats". Nature Communications 8: 15077. doi:10.1038/ncomms15077. PMID 28323815. Bibcode: 2017NatCo...815077S. 
  63. ↑ "Karolinska requests retraction of 2014 Macchiarini paper". Retraction Watch. 20 December 2016. http://retractionwatch.com/2016/12/20/karolinska-requests-retraction-2014-macchiarini-paper/. 
  64. ↑ "Suspicion of research misconduct". Karolinska Institute. 20 December 2016. http://ki.se:80/sites/default/files/beslut_20_dec_2016_nature_communications_723-2016_eng.pdf. 
  65. ↑ Sjöqvist, Sebastian; Jungebluth, Philipp; Lim, Mei Ling; Haag, Johannes C.; Gustafsson, Ylva; Lemon, Greg; Baiguera, Silvia; Burguillos, Miguel Angel et al. (2016). "Editorial Expression of Concern: Experimental orthotopic transplantation of a tissue-engineered oesophagus in rats". Nature Communications 7: 13310. doi:10.1038/ncomms13310. PMID 27739427. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...713310S. 
  66. ↑ Enserink, Martin (2016). "Swedish academy seeks to stem 'crisis of confidence' in wake of Macchiarini scandal". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf4046. 
  67. ↑ Claesson-Welsh, Lena; Hansson, Göran K.; Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2016). "Tracheobronchial transplantation: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' concerns". The Lancet 387 (10022): 942. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00520-1. PMID 26921133. 
  68. ↑ The Lancet (2016). "Expression of concern – Tracheobronchial transplantation with a stem-cell-seeded bioartificial nanocomposite: A proof-of-concept study". The Lancet 387 (10026): 1359. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30091-5. PMID 27115801. 
  69. ↑ The Editors of The Lancet (October 2023). "Retraction: Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway". The Lancet 402 (10412): 1510. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02341-3. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 37898523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02341-3. 
  70. ↑ The Editors of The Lancet (October 2023). "Retraction: The first tissue-engineered airway transplantation: 5-year follow-up results". The Lancet 402 (10412): 1510. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02340-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 37898524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02340-1. 
  71. ↑ Cyranoski, David (2016). "Nobel official resigns over Karolinska surgeon controversy". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19332. 
  72. ↑ "Anders Hamsten steps down as Vice-Chancellor of Karolinska Institutet". Karolinska Institute. 12 February 2016. http://ki.se/en/news/anders-hamsten-steps-down-as-vice-chancellor-of-karolinska-institutet. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Abbott, Alison (2016). "Culture of silence and nonchalance protected disgraced trachea surgeon (updated)". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.20533. 
  74. ↑ Hawkes, Nigel (September 2016). "Italian surgeon should never have been hired by Karolinska, inquiry concludes". BMJ 354: i4754. doi:10.1136/bmj.i4754. PMID 27585975. 
  75. ↑ Heckscher, Sten (September 2016). "Karolinska Institutet and the Macchiarini case. Summary in English and Swedish.". Karolinska Institute. http://ki.se/sites/default/files/karolinska_institutet_and_the_macchiarini_case_summary_in_english_and_swedish.pdf. 
  76. ↑ "Sweden fires board of institution handing out medicine Nobel after scandal". Reuters. 6 September 2016. http://www.businessinsider.com/r-sweden-fires-board-of-institution-handing-out-medicine-nobel-after-scandal-2016-9. 
  77. ↑ "Swedish Nobel judges fired in Karolinska medical scandal". BBC News (BBC). 6 September 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37286980. 
  78. ↑ "La Cassazione assolve Macchiarini" (in it). 2021-01-17. https://www.rainews.it/tgr/toscana/articoli/2021/01/tos-cassazione-assoluzione-chirurgo-trachea-macchiarini-careggi-ca8edd4a-4767-4b19-903e-74cf798667c6.html. 
  79. ↑ "Swedes indict surgeon for stem-cell windpipe transplants". Associated Press. 30 September 2020. https://apnews.com/article/international-news-sweden-bjork-stockholm-paolo-macchiarini-1baeaacd9ad2d19a07acd423d68be3bd. 
  80. ↑ "Skandalkirurgen Macchiarini döms för vållande till kroppsskada" (in sv). 16 June 2022. https://www.dn.se/sverige/nu-far-skandalkirurgen-macchiarini-sin-dom/. 
  81. ↑ "Skandalkirurgen: "Jag förlorade allt"". 21 June 2023. https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/nu-kommer-hovrattens-dom-mot-macchiarini/. 
  82. ↑ Knutsson, Ewa (2023-08-23). "Försvaret vill presentera nya bevis i fallet med Paolo Macchiarini" (in sv-SE). https://lakartidningen.se/aktuellt/nyheter/2023/08/forsvaret-vill-presentera-nya-bevis-i-fallet-med-paolo-macchiarini/. 
  83. ↑ Vogel, Gretchen (18 Dec 2023). "Disgraced surgeon Paolo Macchiarini, whose crimes inspired an opera, headed to prison". https://www.science.org/content/article/disgraced-surgeon-paolo-macchiarini-whose-crimes-inspired-opera-headed-prison. 
  84. ↑ "Bad Surgeon: Where is Ana Paula Bernardes - who had Dr Paolo Macchiarini's baby - now?". 5 December 2023. https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/reports/a46038533/ana-paula-bernardes-bad-surgeon/. 
  85. ↑ Henry, Grace (1 December 2023). "Who is Paolo Macchiarini's wife? Bad Surgeon's relationship explained". https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/documentaries/paolo-macchiarini-wife-bad-surgeon-love-under-the-knife/. 
  86. ↑ "The Dashing Italian Surgeon Who Seduced a Reporter to Mask His Bloody Crimes". Rolling Stone. 29 November 2023. https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/bad-surgeon-netflix-paolo-macchiarini-true-crime-benita-alexander-nbc-news-1234904394/. 
  87. ↑ Philip Oltermann (24 March 2016). "'Superstar doctor' fired from Swedish institute over research 'lies'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/mar/23/superstar-doctor-fired-from-swedish-institute-over-research-lies-allegations-windpipe-surgery. 
  88. ↑ "BBC Four - Storyville, Fatal Experiments: The Downfall of a Supersurgeon, Part 1". https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b080k2z4. 
  89. ↑ "Last night's TV: 'Fatal Experiments: the Downfall of a Supersurgeon'" (in en). The Independent. 25 October 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/last-night-s-tv-fatal-experiments-the-downfall-of-a-supersurgeon-bbc4-a7378391.html. 
  90. ↑ Shaffer, Claire (2 August 2021). "'Dr. Death' Season 3 Tells True Crime Story of Italian Surgeon". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/dr-death-season-3-paolo-macchiarini-1206062/. Retrieved 25 August 2021. 
  91. ↑ Nemetz, Dave (October 20, 2023). "Dr. Death First Look: Mandy Moore Falls in Love With a Con Man in Season 2 — Get Premiere Date and Watch a Teaser". Tvline. https://tvline.com/lists/dr-death-season-2-release-date-trailer-mandy-moore-peacock/. Retrieved October 20, 2023. 
  92. ↑ Twigg, Melissa (24 November 2023). "'I fell in love with a superstar surgeon who turned out to be a conman'". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2023/11/24/i-was-very-vulnerable-and-thats-when-men-like-him-pounce/. 
  93. ↑ Mensah, Katelyn (6 December 2023). "Where is Paolo Macchiarini now? Subject of Netflix's Bad Surgeon". https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/documentaries/paolo-macchiarini-bad-surgeon-netflix-explained/. 
  94. ↑ Vognar, Chris (29 November 2023). "The Dashing Italian Surgeon Who Seduced a Reporter to Mask His Bloody Crimes". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/bad-surgeon-netflix-paolo-macchiarini-true-crime-benita-alexander-nbc-news-1234904394/. Retrieved 6 December 2023. 

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