Biography:Death of Santiago Maldonado

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Short description: Death of Argentine activist
Santiago Maldonado
Born
Santiago Andrés Maldonado

25 July 1989
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Died (aged 28)
Chubut Province, Argentina
Cause of deathDrowning
NationalityArgentine
OccupationActivist

The death of Santiago Maldonado refers to the drowning of an Argentine activist who went missing after the Argentine National Gendarmerie dispersed a demonstration against the Benetton Group's activities in Cushamen Department, Chubut Province, Argentina , on 1 August 2017. Maldonado's body was found in October in the nearby Chubut River. The autopsy of the body indicated that Santiago's cause of death was "drowning by immersion in the water of the Chubut River, contributed by hypothermia", that there were no signs of violence, and that the body had stayed underwater for at least 55 days.[1][2] In November, a commission of 55 forensic experts asserted that Maldonado died by asphyxia and hypothermia, and that there were no evidence of blows or injuries to his body. Maldonado's family continue to believe he was a victim of a forced disappearance.[3][4]

The event

Santiago Andrés Maldonado (born 25 July 1989) was a craftsman and tattoo artist from the town of Veinticinco de Mayo, province of Buenos Aires. A few months before his disappearance he had moved to El Bolsón, province of Río Negro, about 70 kilometers north of a Mapuche settlement named Cushamen. Maldonado supported the aboriginal communities in their land claims, but, according to his family, he had never before been politically active because "he does not believe in politics".[5]

The event took place on July 31 and August 1, 2017, at the Chubut Province. The location was the Pu Lof de la Resistencia of Cushamen, a mapuche establishment built in territories seized from the Italian clothing company Benetton Group by Facundo Jones Huala. Huala, member of the Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche group,[6] was jailed because of the violent protest activities including destruction of properties that undertook in several locations, and members of the Pu Lof organized a picketing protest at the National Route 40, advocating for his liberation.[7] The people in the demonstration were hooded, and had completely blocked the road with trees, stones and fire, thus not allowing any transit through the road. The protest was carried out by eight people, Santiago Maldonado among them. Judge Guido Otranto instructed the Argentine National Gendarmerie to clear the blockade and disperse the protesters, who escaped. The judge had also instructed them to use minimal violence, and film the operation on video.[7]

The protesters tried to block the road again some hours later, on August 1. The protesters reacted violently to the Gendarmerie this time, and attacked them with stones. Commander Juan Pablo Escola reported that two gendarmes were gravely injured in their faces during the attack. He sent a group of 30 gendarmes to the Pu Lof. Although he did not have a judicial warrant to do so, he considered that the attack could be considered as in flagrante delicto, which would have allowed to skip that requirement.[7]

Some protesters attempted to escape by swimming across the Chubut River, and others tried to hide in a forest next to the river. Maldonado didn't know how to swim.[8] The whereabouts of Santiago Maldonado were unknown after that point.[7]

Judicial case

A judicial case, led by a judge and three prosecutors, tries to determine the whereabouts of Maldonado. The national government[9] and the provincial government of Chubut[10] asked to be complainants in the case. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights suggested that, in case of doubt about a case being a forced disappearance or not, it should be investigated as if it was.[11] In line with this suggestion, the Gendarmerie was removed from taking an active role in the investigation.[9] The United Nations Committee on Enforced Disappearances has requested to oversee the investigation, which was accepted by Argentina. As a result, both the judiciary and the Argentine government will have to keep the organization updated about every progress of the investigation.[12]

The case was initially investigated as a search and rescue, and was later rebranded as a forced disappearance. However, the change was made without any new evidence that may suggest an involvement of the Gendarmeria.[13]

A group of twenty mapuches occupied the court on September 20, asking for the removal of judge Otranto.[14]

The Maldonado family and the Center for Legal and Social Studies (CELS) accused the judge Otranto of not being an impartial jury. The federal chamber of appeals of Comodoro Rivadavia recused him from the case, but clarified in the sentence that they found no reason to doubt his intellectual honesty and respect to the procedures. He was recused instead because of an interview with the newspaper La Nación, where he made an extrajudicial commentary about the accuracy of the theories, before formally closing the case. Otranto was then replaced by judge Gustavo Llerald.[15] The Maldonado family celebrated the removal of Otranto, but complained that their specific request had been rejected.[16] Otranto is still in charge of the case over the road block that started the case.[7]

On 21 October 2017, after a 12-hour autopsy involving 52 experts, including those appointed by Maldonado's family, Judge Gustavo Lleral confirmed that Maldonado's body did not have any signs of violence and the cause of death was established as death by drowning. On November 24, 2017, the verdict of the 55 experts confirmed that Maldonado drowned and that there were no signs of violence on his body. How, when and why he died is still on investigation.[17][18]

The prosecutor Silvina Avila asked in December 2017 to change the folder of the case from forced disappearance to suspicious death, on the grounds that the investigation did not reveal any clue that may support the forced disappearance hypothesis. There was a similar request from the Ministry of Security in May 2018. The judge Lleral rejected both requests. He pointed that the folder of the case is inconsequential, that changing it before the case was closed would be an improper advance of opinion, and that the case is not guided by the folder's name but by the results of the investigations.[19] There are no specific members of the gendarmerie formally accused of wrongdoing or called for inquiry, which turns it into a moot point.[3]

International cases

On August 7, 2017, the UN Committee on Enforced Disappearances expressed its "concern about the physical and psychological integrity" of Maldonado and requested the Argentine state to adopt "a comprehensive search strategy", taking "all the urgent measures that are necessary to search for him and find him, taking into account the information provided by the members of the Pu Lof Mapuche community that were present at the moment of the repression".[20][21] The UN committee also requested that the Gendarmerie does not participate in the search and investigation of the disappearance and that the Argentine government protects all the evidence that may help to identify those responsible for the disappearance. The same day, the Minister of Security offered a reward to those who "while not having participated in the crime, offer useful information that can help find the whereabouts" of Maldonado.[22]

On August 23, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), of the Organization of American States, also took a precautionary measure asking the Argentine state to "adopt all the necessary measures to determine the situation and whereabouts of Mr. Santiago Maldonado" and to "inform about all the measures that have been adopted to investigate the facts".[23]

On October 6, the UN Committee on Enforced Disappearances published a document addressed to the Argentine national government in which the former expresses its concern about the lack of progress in the clarification of what happened to Santiago Maldonado. The UN demanded the Macri administration to set as a priority the clarification of the role of the Gendarmerie and to keep this force away from the investigation. It also accused the authorities of quickly rejecting the hypothesis according to which the Gendarmerie is the perpetrator of the enforced disappearance of Maldonado. The Committee expressed its concern regarding the lack of partiality of judge Guido Otranto. It finally pointed out that there are officials of the Macri administration that continue to stigmatize the members of the Pu Lof by portraying them as a threat to national security, when the government should be instead offering protection to the Mapuche community.[24]

The UN and the IACHR closed those cases in January 2018, two months after Maldonado's body was found. They found no evidence of foul play in the investigation.[25]

Drowned

Eventually a corpse was found in the Chubut river on October 17.[26] There were no reports of other deaths or missing people in the area, and it was confirmed that it was a male, with light blue clothes as those that witnesses reported that Maldonado was wearing.[27] The corpse was found 300 meters upstream from the area of the events.[28]

The presence of many aquatic plants and strong flow had made it extremely difficult to find the corpse sooner.[29] The autopsy conducted on 21 October 2017 confirmed forensic evidence clearly pointed to drowning and hypothermia as the cause of death[30] The autopsy, witnessed by 52 experts including that of the Maldonado family and international organizations, revealed no evidence of injuries. The corpse was acknowledged to be Maldonado's by the 52 experts witnessing the autopsy. On November 29, 2018, Judge Lleral closed the case citing no further evidence pointing towards anything different to an accidental drowning.[4]

The accepted theory is that as Maldonado fled from the Gendarmerie he tried to hide in some bushes on the shore of the Chubut river hoping evade the security forces; no security officer or personnel came near him or even saw where he was hiding. Either Maldonado was waiting for the Gendarmerie to leave the area when the ground below him collapsed into the body of water or he presumably jumped into the river trying to rejoin with the others on the other side. The strong currents and Maldonado own heavy winter clothing sent him to the bottom of the river. As Maldonado did not know how to swim he panicked and failed to come up the surface. As the hypothermia set in, because of the cold water, he went into shock and drowned leaving his body submerge.[31]

Maldonado's family reaction

Despite the recovery of the body, the results of the autopsy [citation needed] and the lack of any evidence of foul play the Maldonado family insisted that the case was one of forced disappearance. They proposed that Santiago had been forcefully abducted and killed by the gendarmerie elsewhere and later his body dumped in the river. They claimed that the body had signs of cryopreservation, although the autopsy never provide any signs of this or even that the body had been manipulated in any way after death. This theory also could not provide an explanation as to how the body could have been dump without being immediately detected by local mapuches who were living on the adjacent areas.[3]

The Maldonado family requested at least two more autopsies on the body. The judge rejected both requests. The judge claimed results of first one were clear and there was no point in performing further autopsies on the body[citation needed]. They also asked for several other investigations, that the judge systematically rejected them as extemporaneous, pointless and impossible to perform.[3]

Discarded hypothesis

Forced disappearance

False accounts of security forces detaining protestors were made. According to alleged witnesses, after the Lof protesters clashed with the Argentine National Gendarmerie, government agents were seen carrying somebody to a truck.[32] Later those witnesses admitted to lying to the court and were charged with perjury. The Gendarmerie denies having ever detained Maldonado.

The witnesses made public comments, but refused to testify in court.[33] They proposed to testify while concealing their identities and with hoods over their faces, which was rejected by the judiciary.[34] Other witnesses told before justice that Maldonado was taken by Gendarmerie agents.[34]

Eighty biological samples were retrieved from the vehicles used by the Gendarmerie during the operation, and used for a DNA test. The results were released a month later: none of them matched the DNA of Maldonado.[35] The value of this evidence was disputed by a public defender, Fernando Machado, who argued that the samples could have been taken after the trucks had been washed, he never provided any evidence of this. The judge dismissed those concerns.[35]

The prosecutor Silvina Avila made a report that established that there are no solid evidence that linked the Gendarmerie with Maldonado.[36] As of September 17, the judge does stooped considering the theory of a forced disappearance as likely.[37]

Audio files from a WhatsApp conversations were submitted into evidence. One of the files, sent by a member of the gendarmeria, stated that a sergeant had "Maldonado in a truck"[38] but further analysis revealed that the comment was made on August 16, several weeks after the protests, and was only a joke between members of the Gendarmerie [39] Under court order over 70 cell phones from Gendarmerie officers were analyse during the investigation, none of them had been used to discuss any actual forced disappearance operation or provided any proof of wrongdoing.[29]

Ariel Garzi, a fellow craftsman and friend from El Bolsón, claimed he called Santiago Maldonado's cellphone on August 2 and that call was answered by an unknown person. It lasted 22 seconds, during which Garzi heard the sound of steps.[40] An engineer from the National Technological University, claimed he could triangulate the location where the phone was answered but needed a court order.[41] The phone was later found in a house Santiago used to live in prior his death, presumably left behind by Santiago before going to the protest.[42]

Received a mortal wound

Commentators stipulated that Santiago might have received a mortal wound as he fled from the protest, which would have later caused his death. This was later proven false by the autopsy report[43]

Hiding

A theory considered that Maldonado was still alive, hiding in Mapuche territory. A search with search and rescue dogs conducted on August 16 suggested that he would have been in the area in the previous 24 hours.[43]

Some government official also considered the possibility that Maldonado may not have been in the protest to begin with. As all people in the protest were hooded, it was impossible to properly identify him in any photos or video of the event. The Maldonado family reported that he was a quiet and peaceful man, which would make it unlikely that he would take part in a violent protest in a road. The mapuches Beatriz Garay Neri, Soraya Noemí Guitart and Nicolás Jones Huala reported that they talked with him on August 1, in the morning, but did not provide further details about his presence at the protest, the topics the discussed together and admitted they did not know his full name.[29]

Murder

Santiago Maldonado used his cell phone for the last time on July 21, 2017. That day, four or five hooded members of the Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche forcefully invaded the small home of Evaristo Jones, a mapuche who worked for the Benetton family as a caretaker. Jones reported that he tried to defend himself by stabbing one of those people with a knife. As there were no cases of knife injuries treated in nearby hospitals on that day, or information about Maldonado's activities and whereabouts in the immediate days prior to the August 1 protest, it was proposed that he may have been the wounded assailant and that he had bled to death days before the protest.[44]

The family of Maldonado tried to refute this theory by providing a video of another picketing protest of the RAM that took place on July 31, which would have been attended by Maldonado.[45] They also provide testimonials from numerous people who saw Santiago after the supposed attack.[46] In addition, Evaristo Jones, the attacked worker, denied knowing how badly he had injured his attackers.[47] The Maldonado family also claimed that they had telephone conversations with Santiago on July 25, his birthday, and on July 27.[48]

DNA tests later ruled out that Santiago Maldonado was the assistant injured in the Evaristo Jones attack.[49]

Reactions

A demonstration in Buenos Aires

Kirchnerism and human rights organizations exploited the case to advance a political discourse against Macri. Treating the case like a forced disappearance allowed to draw comparisons between his government and the Dirty War that took place during the National Reorganization Process, in the 1970s. According to this narrative, Macri would have a covert plan to kidnap and kill demonstrators, the gendarmerie, the judiciary and the media would be working alongside Macri in such a plan, and Maldonado would be just the first victim of it.[50] Human rights organizations had aligned themselves with the Kirchners during the government of both Néstor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, even in topics unrelated to human rights, and often worked as their spokesmen. They kept this role since 2015, when Macri defeated Cristina Kirchner in the presidential elections.[51] This, however, undermined their legitimacy in the Argentine society, as an increasingly portion of the population loses interest in the events of the 1970s, and their public image got tied to that of Cristina Kirchner.[52]

The disappearance of Maldonado had also mobilized international human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International[53] and Human Rights Watch.[54] In Buenos Aires, La Plata, Bariloche, Mar del Plata, Bahía Blanca, General Madariaga, Mendoza, Malargüe, El Bolsón, Rawson, Viedma, Gualeguaychú, Rosario and Neuquen thousands of people marched in demonstrations demanding that Maldonado appears alive and the resignation of Bullrich.[55][56][57] People also marched to demand that Santiago Maldonado is brought back alive in Bogotá (Colombia), Asunción (Paraguay), Montevideo (Uruguay), Canelones and Fray Bentos (Uruguay).[58][59] In Spain, several Argentine residents marched to Plaça de Catalunya to ask for Santiago Maldonado.[60] On August 11, there was a large mass demonstration in Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires. On August 21, during the 49th ordinary session of PARLASUR, in Montevideo, Argentine representatives condemned the disappearance of Santiago Maldonado.[61]

The disappearance of Maldonado took place shortly before the 2017 midterm elections. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, leader of one of the opposition parties, mentioned the case repeatedly during her rallies.[33] Kirchner and several Kirchnerite politicians used it to draw controversial comparisons between the presidency of Mauricio Macri and the 1970s Dirty War. However, political analysts[who?] consider that the case is unlikely to affect the election results, and that the aggressive rhetoric of Kirchner may actually scare independent voters and increase the chances of the Cambiemos official coalition.[62] the corpse of Maldonado was found a few days before the elections. By the time of voting, the Maldonado family had confirmed his identity and the initial autopsy revealed no signs of violence against the body; the official results of the full autopsy would be released a pair of weeks later.[63]

August 30 is the International Day of the Disappeared, and several teachers affiliated to the CTERA union mentioned the event during school classes. This action was rejected by groups of parents [who?] because it described the involvement of the Gendarmerie as a confirmed fact, and it was considered a case of political indoctrination.[64]

The Macri administration first negated the disappearance of Maldonado. As the days went by, members of Mr. Macri's cabinet send contradictory messages.[65]

Demonstrators in Uruguay ask for the whereabouts of Santiago Maldonado

On September 1, 2017, a month after Santiago Maldonado's disappearance, thousands of people expressed themselves through rallies and demonstrations asking for his appearance alive. The largest demonstration took place in Plaza de Mayo and was organized by Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Línea Fundadora), Relatives of the Disappeared and Imprisoned for Political Reasons, HIJOS, the Center for Legal and Social Studies (CELS), the Argentine League for the Rights of Man, and the Permanent Assembly for Human Rights, among other organizations.[66] In other cities, such as Mendoza, Mar del Plata, San Luis, San Juan, Neuquén, Salta, Posadas, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero, Villaguay, Concepción del Uruguay, Gualeguaychú and Concordia there were rallies and demonstrations with the same demand.[67] In Rosario and Córdoba there were rallies with an attendance of 40000 each.[68][69] There were also protests in Spain, Brazil, France, Uruguay, Chile, Mexico, Austria and the United States which were organized through social media.[70][71] In London,[72] São Paulo and Madrid, groups of people expressed their solidarity with the demand for the appearance of Santiago Maldonado alive.[73][74][75]

See also

  • El camino de Santiago
  • Death of Camilo Catrillanca
  • List of solved missing person cases

References

  1. ↑ "Caso Santiago Maldonado: las penas por falso testimonio a las que varios testigos quedan expuestos". https://www.clarin.com/politica/caso-santiago-maldonado-penas-falso-testimonio-varios-testigos-quedan-expuestos_0_HJ4qRbK6b.html. 
  2. ↑ "El cadáver es de Maldonado y no tiene lesiones, reveló la autopsia". http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2074332-confirman-que-el-cadaver-era-de-maldonado-y-evaluan-como-murio. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Loreley Gaffoglio (October 21, 2018). "Caso Maldonado: cómo es la nueva estrategia judicial que plantea la familia para lograr una condena al Estado" (in es). Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2018/10/21/caso-maldonado-como-es-la-nueva-estrategia-judicial-que-plantea-la-familia-para-lograr-una-condena-al-estado/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Candela Ini (November 29, 2018). "Cierran la causa por la muerte de Santiago Maldonado" (in es). La Nación. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2197521-el-juez-lleral-cerro-causa-donde-se. 
  5. ↑ Smink, Veronica (2017-08-08). "Quién es Santiago Maldonado, el joven cuya desaparición tiene en vilo a Argentina" (in en-GB). BBC Mundo. http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-40868877. 
  6. ↑ "Cristina Kirchner pidió la aparición con vida de Santiago Maldonado y responsabilizó a Gendarmería" (in es). La Nación. August 6, 2018. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2050635-cristina-kirchner-pidio-la-aparicion-con-vida-de-santiago-maldonado-y-responsabilizo-a-gendarmeria. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Claudio Andrade (September 24, 2017). "A pesar de la recusación, Otranto sigue al frente de la causa por el desalojo de la ruta 40" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/politica/otranto-sigue-frente-causa-desalojo_0_rksganrjZ.html. 
  8. ↑ Loreley Gaffoglio (September 13, 2017). "Caso Maldonado: dos gendarmes avalaron la hipótesis de que en el río hubo un manifestante herido" (in es). La Nación. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2062397-caso-maldonado-dos-gendarmes-avalaron-la-hipotesis-de-que-en-el-rio-hubo-un-manifestante-herido. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Caso Maldonado: el Gobierno analiza presentarse como querellante" (in es). Clarín. August 29, 2017. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/caso-maldonado-gobierno-analiza-presentarse-querellante_0_ByFTly7FW.html. 
  10. ↑ "Caso Maldonado: también el Gobierno de Chubut quiere ser querellante" (in es). Clarín. August 29, 2017. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/caso-maldonado-gobierno-chubut-quiere-querellante_0_rkpL_bXK-.html. 
  11. ↑ "Rights Commission Urges Argentina to Find Missing Activist". The New York Times. August 24, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2017/08/24/world/americas/ap-lt-argentina-missing-activist.html. 
  12. ↑ Martín Dinatale (August 30, 2017). "Marcos Peña lanzará la campaña electoral de Cambiemos con un duro mensaje en el Congreso" (in es). Infobae. http://www.infobae.com/politica/2017/08/30/marcos-pena-lanza-la-campana-electoral-de-cambiemos-con-un-duro-mensaje-en-el-congreso/. 
  13. ↑ Claudio Andrade (August 24, 2017). "Cambia la carátula del caso Maldonado a "desaparición forzada de personas"" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/fiscal-pide-caso-maldonado-investigado-desaparicion-forzada-personas_0_ByLaFq2O-.html. 
  14. ↑ Guido Carelli Lynch (September 20, 2017). "Sube la tensión en Esquel: mapuches toman el juzgado y piden que se vaya Otranto" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/politica/enojados-otranto-mapuches-toman-pacificamente-juzgado-esquel_0_S1jqY0JsZ.html. 
  15. ↑ Ana Tronfi (September 22, 2017). "Desplazan al juez Otranto de la causa que investiga la desaparición de Santiago Maldonado" (in es). La Nación. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2065517-desplazan-al-juez-otranto-de-la-causa-que-investiga-la-desaparicion-de-santiago-maldonado. 
  16. ↑ "Caso Maldonado: la familia celebró que apartaran a Otranto, pero se quejó de los fundamentos de la Cámara" (in es). La Nación. September 22, 2017. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2065552-caso-maldonado-la-familia-celebro-que-apartaran-a-otranto-pero-se-quejo-de-los-fundamentos-de-la-camara. 
  17. ↑ "Caso Maldonado: los peritos coinciden en que murió por "asfixia por sumersión" y que el cuerpo no estuvo en tierra" (in es). https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2085380-caso-maldonado-termino-la-junta-medica-conformada-para-establecer-como-y-por-que-murio-el-artesano. 
  18. ↑ "Caso Maldonado: "No hubo lesiones en el cuerpo", dijo el juez tras la autopsia" (in es). Clarín. 21 October 2017. https://www.clarin.com/politica/caso-maldonado-lesiones-cuerpo-dijo-juez-autopsia_0_SkNyi4daW.html. 
  19. ↑ Claudio Andrade (May 6, 2018). "Caso Maldonado: el juez mantuvo la carátula de la causa como "desaparición forzada"" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/politica/caso-maldonado-juez-mantuvo-caratula-causa-desaparicion-forzada_0_HJ1-dpnTf.html. 
  20. ↑ "Santiago Maldonado's Disappearance in Argentina: The UN Committee on Enforced Disappearances demands urgent state action". CELS - Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales. August 7, 2017. https://www.cels.org.ar/web/en/2017/08/el-comite-contra-la-desaparicion-forzada-de-la-onu-exige-la-accion-urgente/. 
  21. ↑ Digital, El País. "La ONU pide al Estado argentino acciones urgentes para encontrar a Santiago Maldonado" (in es). http://elpaisdigital.com.ar/contenido/la-onu-pide-acciones-urgentes-para-encontrar-a-maldonado/10122. 
  22. ↑ "El Ministerio de Seguridad de la Nación informa: Santiago Maldonado". 2017-08-07. http://www.minseg.gob.ar/el-ministerio-de-seguridad-de-la-nación-informa-santiago-maldonado. 
  23. ↑ Meyer, Adriana (2017-08-24). ""El derecho a la vida se encuentra en grave riesgo" | Como había adelantado PáginaI12, la CIDH le exigió al Gobierno que determine "la situación y el paradero" de Santiago Maldonado" (in es-AR). PAGINA12. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/58474-el-derecho-a-la-vida-se-encuentra-en-grave-riesgo. 
  24. ↑ "La ONU, dura contra el Gobierno por el caso Maldonado: pidió esclarecer en "forma prioritaria" la participación de Gendarmería" (in es-LA). Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2017/10/06/la-onu-dura-contra-el-gobierno-por-el-caso-maldonado-pidio-esclarecer-en-forma-prioritaria-la-participacion-de-gendarmeria/. 
  25. ↑ Natasha Niebieskikwiat (January 24, 2018). "La ONU también cerró una investigación sobre el caso Santiago Maldonado" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/politica/onu-cerro-investigacion-caso-santiago-maldonado_0_HyEndWUSG.html. 
  26. ↑ "Caso Santiago Maldonado: encontraron un cuerpo en el Río Chubut" (in es). Clarín. October 17, 2017. https://www.clarin.com/politica/caso-maldonado-encontraron-cuerpo-rio-chubut_0_rkg9SdAX6W.html. 
  27. ↑ Guido Braslavsky (October 17, 2017). "Caso Santiago Maldonado: la fiscal Ávila confirmó que "es un cuerpo masculino y lleva ropa celeste como la que dijeron los testigos"" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/politica/caso-santiago-maldonado-fiscal-avila-confirmo-cuerpo-masculino-lleva-ropa-celeste-dijeron-testigos_0_BJ52C-NTb.html. 
  28. ↑ "Caso Maldonado: según la fiscalía, el cuerpo fue encontrado "300 metros río arriba"" (in es). Clarín. October 17, 2017. https://www.clarin.com/politica/caso-maldonado-fiscalia-cuerpo-encontrado-300-metros-rio-arriba_0_BkpjOzVa-.html. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Claudio Andrade (October 1, 2017). "Dos hipótesis del Gobierno en el caso Maldonado: o se ahogó o no estuvo en la protesta" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/politica/hipotesis-gobierno-caso-maldonado-ahogo-protesta_0_HkV71bk2-.html. 
  30. ↑ "Ahogamiento, hipotermia y todos los detalles de la autopsia de Santiago Maldonado". https://www.clarin.com/politica/ahogamiento-hipotermia-detalles-autopsia-santiago-maldonado_0_HyXCuMFab.html. 
  31. ↑ JUZGADO FEDERAL DE ESQUEL (November 9, 2018). "El Juzgado Federal N° 2 de Rawson dictó sentencia en la investigación por el fallecimiento de Santiago Maldonad" (in es). Centro de Informacion Judicial. https://www.cij.gov.ar/nota-32662-El-Juzgado-Federal-N--2-de-Rawson-dict--sentencia-en-la-investigaci-n-por-el-fallecimiento-de-Santiago-Maldonado.html. 
  32. ↑ Meyer, Adriana (2017-08-20). "Una historia de mentiras y encubrimiento | Página/12 accedió al expediente por la desaparición forzada de Santiago Maldonado" (in es-AR). PAGINA12. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/57776-una-historia-de-mentiras-y-encubrimiento. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Where is Santiago Maldonado? Argentina searches for missing protester". BBC. August 27, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41066685. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Devanna, Cecilia (13 August 2017). "Los primeros testigos declararon ante fiscales" (in es). Perfil. http://www.perfil.com/politica/los-primeros-testigos-declararon-ante-fiscales.phtml. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "El ADN hallado en las camionetas de la Gendarmería no es de Santiago Maldonado" (in es). Infobae. September 12, 2017. http://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2017/09/12/caso-maldonado-la-prueba-de-adn-en-la-camioneta-de-gendarmeria-dio-negativa/. 
  36. ↑ Claudio Andrade (August 29, 2017). "Caso Maldonado: la fiscal confirma que son débiles las pruebas contra Gendarmería" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/caso-maldonado-fiscal-confirma-debiles-pruebas-gendarmeria_0_r15R9PXtW.html. 
  37. ↑ Loreley Gaffoglio (September 17, 2017). "El juez Guido Otranto: "La hipótesis más razonable es que Maldonado se ahogó"" (in es). La Nación. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2063758-el-juez-guido-otranto-la-hipotesis-mas-razonable-es-que-maldonado-se-ahogo. 
  38. ↑ "Otro audio de Gendarmería: "Dijo que el que tenía a Maldonado en la camioneta era la sargento Sartirana"". http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2065471-otro-audio-de-gendarmeria-dijo-que-el-que-tenia-a-maldonado-en-la-camioneta-era-la-sargento-sartirana. 
  39. ↑ Claudio Andrade (September 22, 2017). "Un desafortunado chiste entre gendarmes generó una confusión más en el Caso Maldonado" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/politica/desafortunado-chiste-gendarmes-genero-confusion-caso-maldonado_0_BJ5YeWQjW.html. 
  40. ↑ "Testigo del caso Maldonado: una llamada, 22 segundos y el ruido de las botas" (in es-ES). La tinta. 2017-08-22. https://latinta.com.ar/2017/08/testigo-clave-ariel-garzi-llamada/. 
  41. ↑ "Un especialista asegura tener probado dónde se activó el celular de Maldonado un día después de su desaparición". http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201709/202874-especialista-asegura-tener-probado-donde-se-activo-el-celular-de-maldonado-un-dia-despues-de-su-desaparicion.html. 
  42. ↑ "El hermano de Santiago Maldonado entregará una mochila y un teléfono celular del tatuador desaparecido" (in es-ES). La Nación. 2017-10-09. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-hermano-de-maldonado-entregara-una-mochila-y-un-telefono-celular-del-tatuador-desaparecido-nid2070702/. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Loreley Gaffoglio (September 13, 2017). "La desaparición de Santiago Maldonado: las tres hipótesis que plantean los investigadores" (in es). La Nación. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2062433-caso-maldonado-los-tres-escenarios-que-plantean-los-investigadores. 
  44. ↑ Claudia Andrade (August 17, 2017). "Creen que el artesano usó por última vez su celular 10 días antes de desaparecer" (in es). Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/creen-artesano-uso-ultima-vez-celular-10-dias-desaparecer_0_BknB_oQuW.html. 
  45. ↑ "La Justicia analiza un video aportado por la familia de Santiago Maldonado" (in es). La Nación. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2057718-la-familia-de-santiago-maldonado-presento-un-video-donde-se-lo-veria-cortando-la-ruta-40. 
  46. ↑ "Recomendamos leer: Los últimos días de Santiago, cuatro testimonios que desmienten la hipótesis del gobierno - Santiago Maldonado" (in es-ES). Santiago Maldonado. 2017-08-24. http://www.santiagomaldonado.com/recomendamos-leer-los-ultimos-dias-santiago-cuatro-testimonios-desmienten-la-hipotesis-del-gobierno/. 
  47. ↑ Pagés, Gloria. "Santiago Maldonado: el puestero niega las versiones del Gobierno" (in es-LA). La Izquierda Diario. https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Santiago-Maldonado-el-puestero-niega-las-versiones-del-Gobierno. 
  48. ↑ "Sobre las fotos que se están distribuyendo por WhatsApp. - Santiago Maldonado" (in es-ES). Santiago Maldonado. 2017-09-03. http://www.santiagomaldonado.com/las-fotos-se-estan-distribuyendo-whatsapp/. 
  49. ↑ Judicial, CIJ - Centro de Información. "Caso Santiago Maldonado: comunicado del Juzgado Federal de Esquel". http://cij.gov.ar/nota-27424-Caso-Santiago-Maldonado--comunicado-del-Juzgado-Federal-de-Esquel.html. 
  50. ↑ Novaro, p. 16
  51. ↑ Novaro, pp. 16-19
  52. ↑ Novaro, p. 21
  53. ↑ "Urgent Action: Forced Disappearance In Mapuche Community (Argentina: UA 191.17) – Amnesty International USA" (in en-US). Amnesty International USA. https://www.amnestyusa.org/urgent-actions/urgent-action-forced-disappearance-in-mapuche-community-argentina-ua-191-17/. 
  54. ↑ "Disappearance of Protestor in Argentina" (in en). Human Rights Watch. 2017-08-16. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/16/disappearance-protestor-argentina. 
  55. ↑ "Santiago Maldonado: Thousands march for missing activist". BBC. September 2, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41133865. 
  56. ↑ ""¡Aparición con vida ya!" | La ONU le exigió al Estado argentino que encuentre a Santiago Maldonado" (in es-AR). PAGINA12. 2017-08-07. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/55075-aparicion-con-vida-ya. 
  57. ↑ Rosario, Redacción (2017-08-08). "Rosario marcha junto a Madres por Santiago Maldonado" (in es-ES). Redacción Rosario. https://redaccionrosario.com/2017/08/08/rosario-marcha-junto-a-madres-por-santiago-maldonado/. 
  58. ↑ "Marchas en gran parte del país: exigen la aparición de Santiago Maldonado" (in es-ES). Plan B Noticias. 2017-08-07. http://www.planbnoticias.com.ar/pb/index.php/2017/08/07/marchas-en-gran-parte-del-pais-exigen-la-aparicion-de-santiago-maldonado/. 
  59. ↑ "Uruguay marchò por la "aparición con vida" de Santiago Maldonado - InfoBaires24" (in es-ES). InfoBaires24. 2017-08-11. http://www.infobaires24.com.ar/uruguay-marcho-la-aparicion-vida-santiago-maldonado/. 
  60. ↑ "En Europa también piden por la aparición de Santiago Maldonado | Diario Hoy" (in es-ES). http://diariohoy.net/interes-general/en-europa-tambien-piden-por-la-aparicion-de-santiago-maldonado-102516. 
  61. ↑ "PARLASUR exige aparición con vida de Santiago Maldonado | | TN24" (in es-ES). TN24. 2017-08-24. https://www.tn24.com.ar/2017/08/parlasur-exige-aparicion-con-vida-de-santiago-maldonado/. 
  62. ↑ Fernando Laborda (September 3, 2017). "Santiago Maldonado, ¿un salvavidas para Cristina Kirchner?" (in es). La Nación. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2059170-santiago-maldonado-un-salvavidas-para-cristina-kirchner. 
  63. ↑ Carlos Cue (October 21, 2017). "La autopsia certifica que Santiago Maldonado no fue disparado ni golpeado" (in es). El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/10/20/argentina/1508536687_321209.html. 
  64. ↑ "Caso Maldonado en las escuelas: los padres, entre la indignación y el respaldo" (in es). Clarín. August 30, 2017. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/caso-maldonado-escuelas-padres-indignacion-respaldo_0_ry32n84tb.html. 
  65. ↑ "A missing-person case looms over Argentina's midterm elections - The disappearance of a young man in Patagonia evokes painful memories". The Econimist. September 7, 2017. https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21728673-disappearance-young-man-patagonia-evokes-painful-memories-missing-person-case. 
  66. ↑ "Sergio Maldonado: "A la ministra de Seguridad le pido que dé un paso al costado"". http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201709/199807-marcha-santiago-maldonado.html. 
  67. ↑ "El pedido por Santiago Maldonado también se replicó en varias ciudades del país". http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201709/199865-marchas-actos-pedido-aparicion-santiago-maldonado-ciudades-provincias-argentina.html. 
  68. ↑ "Unas 40 mil personas se congregaron en Rosario para reclamar por Santiago Maldonado" (in es-AR). La Capital. http://www.lacapital.com.ar/la-ciudad/unas-40-mil-personas-se-congregaron-rosario-reclamar-la-aparicion-santiago-maldonado-n1462297.html. 
  69. ↑ "Córdoba marchó por la aparición de Santiago Maldonado" (in es). Cba24n. http://www.cba24n.com.ar/content/santiago-maldonado-%C2%BFcomo-sera-la-marcha-en-cordoba. 
  70. ↑ "Argentinos y británicos se manifestaron por la aparición de Santiago Maldonado". http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201709/199851-londres-manifestacion-santiago-maldonado.html. 
  71. ↑ "El mundo reclama la aparición de Santiago Maldonado" (in es). Crónica. https://www.cronica.com.ar/mundo/El-mundo-reclama-la-aparicion-de-Santiago-Maldonado-20170901-0034.html. 
  72. ↑ Justo, Marcelo. "También en el exterior | El reclamo por Maldonado llegó hasta Londres" (in es-AR). PAGINA12. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/60386-tambien-en-el-exterior. 
  73. ↑ "La Argentina y el mundo reclamaron su aparición con vida | Diario Hoy" (in es-ES). http://diariohoy.net/politica/la-argentina-y-el-mundo-reclamaron-su-aparicion-con-vida-104153. 
  74. ↑ www.eldia.com, Diario El Dia de La Plata. "El pedido por la aparición de Santiago Maldonado traspasó las fronteras" (in es). http://www.eldia.com/nota/2017-9-1-20-22-0-el-pedido-por-la-aparicion-de-santiago-maldonado-traspaso-las-fronteras-el-pais. 
  75. ↑ Technologies, Advertis Web. "El pedido de aparición con vida de Santiago fue internacional - Sociedad - El diario" (in es-LA). http://www.eldiario.com.ar/sociedad/el-pedido-de-aparicioacuten-con-vida-de-santiago-fue-internacional-1.htm. 

Bibliography

External links



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