Engineering:Volvo 900 Series
| Volvo 900 Series | |
|---|---|
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| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Volvo Cars |
| Production |
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| Designer | Rolf Malmgren, Håkan Malmgren |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Mid-size luxury / Executive car (E) |
| Layout | Longitudinal FR layout[3] |
| Platform | P90[2] |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Volvo 700 Series |
| Successor | Volvo V70 III (Estate) Volvo S80 (Sedan) Volvo S80L (Executive Royal) |
The Volvo 900 Series is a range of executive cars produced by the Swedish manufacturer Volvo Cars from 1990[4] to 1998.[4] The 900 Series was introduced in 1990 to replace the 700 Series from which it derived. Prior to the end of its production, the 960 was renamed as the Volvo S90 (saloon) and Volvo V90 (estate), and the 940 was renamed 940 Classic, becoming the last rear-wheel-drive cars from Volvo, until the 2023 Volvo XC40.
Visible differences between the 700 and the 900 Series included redesigned rear styling of the saloon models (late 700 estates and early 900 estates are visually identical). The 960 was introduced in 1991 along with a new family of modular engines, and then was substantially revised for the 1995 model year, improving the handling. The range was augmented by the new Volvo 850 in 1991. The last of the 900s was sold in 1998. Some 900 Series were built as chassis for ambulances and hearses after the main production run had been completed.
Volvo 940
| Volvo 940 | |
|---|---|
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| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Volvo Cars |
| Production | September 1990–February 1998[5] |
| Assembly |
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| Body and chassis | |
| Body style |
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| Layout | FR layout |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |
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| Transmission | |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,770 mm (109.1 in) |
| Length |
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| Width | 1,760 mm (69.3 in) |
| Height |
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| |uk|Kerb|Curb}} weight |
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Introduced in September 1990, the 940 was essentially a cosmetic reskin of the 740[7] aside from the completely redesigned rear from the C pillar back on the sedan. The new, taller trunk did diminish rearward vision but provided a larger opening to a larger boot than on the 700-series. The dashboard and seats were all new, offering a bit more headroom and the option of an integrated child booster seat in the rear.[8] All drivetrains, and most options available in the 940 had been available in the 740, with the exception of the 780 Coupé. The 940 was more closely related to the 740 than the 760, sharing similar drivetrain choices and sheet metal from the A-pillar forward. In contrast, the 960 was an evolution of the 760. The 760 / 960 front sheet metal, independent rear suspension, dashboard, and other interior features were all exclusive to the two upscale models. The 940 estate, introduced in May 1991, was almost identical to its 740 estate predecessor.
The engines options were carried over from the 740, with 8-valve 2-litre (B200) and 2.3-litre (B230) four cylinder gasoline engines, either naturally aspirated or turbocharged, as well as the familiar 2.4-litre Volkswagen six-cylinder diesel and turbodiesels being fitted. There were also 16-valve versions of the gasoline engines fitted on some 1991 and 1992 models (B204, B234, naturally aspirated). The 2-litre 16-valve engine was fitted to the 940 base model in Italy at the time of introduction, to mark it being a step up from the 740.[9] After the 740 was discontinued, the eight-valve engine found its way into the 940 as well.
In 1994, gasoline engine range was limited to 2.3 engines in Britain, but the 2.0-litre engines remained available in markets with tight tax limits, such as Italy, Belgium, and Portugal. A low-pressure turbocharged version of the B230, the B230FK, debuted in 1994 – maximum power was only up slightly over the B230FB, from 131 to 135 PS (96 to 99 kW), but torque increased throughout the range and there was virtually no turbo lag due to the small size of the charger. The 155 PS (114 kW) turbocharged 2.0 was first presented in February 1991,[7] originally intended for Italy and other such markets it was later also installed in the British market 940 SE. The most commonly found engines on 940s were the naturally aspirated B230FB with 131 PS (96 kW) (all markets but US), B230FD with 115 PS (85 kW) (mainly for the US market), the turbocharged B230FK and FT, and the D24TIC diesel engine with 116 PS (85 kW). The share of sales for the turbodiesel were much lower for the 900-series than in earlier years.[9]
Engines were fitted with either a 5-speed (M47) or 4-speed+overdrive (M46) manual gearbox or an automatic transmission, either Aisin-Warner AW70/71/72 (3-speed+overdrive) or ZF 4HP22 (4-speed) for some B230FB (or E) and diesel engines. In 1995, the manual gearbox was replaced with a full 5-speed (M90), and the ZF was abandoned for gasoline engines and fitted only on diesels.
The SE emblem denoted very different trim and engine levels in different countries. In Sweden, the 940 SE was an ordinary non-turbo 940 with some optional extras as standard, most notably painted mirrors and bumpers. In the UK it was a high trim level available with all engines (from 2.0 to 2.3 turbo). In Australia, the 940 SE was a high trim level with only the 2.3 Turbo B230FT with some extras as standard and featured, rather unusually, full painted bumpers. In Thailand the 940 SE was a Turbo (LPT) model with leather seats, ABS brakes and SRS Airbag. In the US, the 940 SE utilised the body from the 960 (different dashboard, firewall, hood, recessed windscreen wipers etc) with the four-cylinder B230FT engine, the 940 SE badge presumably chosen by Volvo in order to maintain the link between name and number of cylinders.
From MY 1993 on, in Italy all 940 estates were badged "Polar" (engine B200F) or "Super Polar" (engine B200FT). Towards the end of the model cycle, certain countries (as Sweden, Germany and Switzerland) received a well equipped, limited series badged "Classic". Production of the 940 series extended from 1990 to 1998 with a total of 246,704 units of sedan and 231,677 units of estate.[10] The Volvo 940 is among the last in the long-running line of rear-wheel drive cars from Volvo.
Volvo 940; European spec. front
Volvo 940; US spec. front
Volvo 940 Sedan - rear
Volvo 940 Estate - rear
Volvo 940 Turbo wagon (US)
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North America
In the United States , the 1991 940 was offered in three versions: the 940 GLE used a DOHC 16-valve version of the 2.3-litre engine (B234) with a 6000 rpm redline. The 940 Turbo used a turbocharged 2.3-litre engine (B230FT), and the top-end 940 SE (also turbocharged) included body-coloured trim, and various premium features (leather, power seats/moonroof, etc.) as standard equipment.
This is one of the Volvo vehicles that was produced at Volvo's former manufacturing facility in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1993, 940s built at that plant were affixed with roundels at the rear window, to celebrate the plant's 30th anniversary.
For the 1992 model year the 940 GLE was downgraded with a 114 hp (85 kW) version of the 2.3-litre four-cylinder engine and sold as the 940 GL. The 940 SE was in actuality a 960 Turbo sold as the 940 SE, while the 940 Turbo remained largely unchanged. US-sales ended in 1995 in favour of the Volvo 850 and Volvo 960 series.
Volvo 960
| Volvo 960 | |
|---|---|
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| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Volvo Cars |
| Also called |
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| Production | 1990–1998 |
| Assembly |
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| Body and chassis | |
| Body style |
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| Layout | FR layout |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |
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| Transmission | |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase |
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| Length |
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| Width |
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| |uk|Kerb|Curb}} weight |
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1990–1994
The Autumn of 1990 marked the launch of the Volvo 960 in time for the 1991 model year. This was the replacement for the 760. The 1991 960 was an evolutionary progression of the 1990 760, but it was also one of the first cars to feature the work of British designer Peter Horbury.
The most significant change was that, in most markets, the 960 was offered with an all-new aluminium 24-valve DOHC inline six-cylinder engine, often referred to as "white block" in the Volvo community due to its bare aluminium block. Maximum power was 204 PS (150 kW) at 6,000 rpm. Some markets, such as Australia and Japan, saw 1991 960s equipped with the same B280E/F V6 engine (145 PS or 107 kW at 5,100 rpm) that had powered the 1990 760.[12] The 1992 model year saw the U.S. introduction of the DOHC inline six-cylinder engine. For the Italian and Portuguese markets, the 960 was available with the 16v 2-litre turbo (190/200 PS, 140/147 kW) from September 1990 until September 1993 along with the inline sixes. Certain markets also received the 2.3-litre turbo 'Redblock' four with 165 PS (121 kW), and the Volkswagen built D24TIC with 116 or 122 PS (85 or 90 kW).[13]
The 960 received incremental changes for the 1992, 1993, and 1994 model years. Most visible were the new more shapely seats, and redesigned seat-belts with hydraulic pretensioners for 1992. 1993 saw a new more ergonomic shifter, and in 1994 dual front airbags were introduced in some markets. The opaque sunroof was replaced by a sliding sunshade and glass window. In 1994, the US version of the 3-litre six was tuned for more torque and a less peaky power delivery in favor of U.S. emissions regulations, with 181 PS (133 kW) at 5,200 rpm and 270 N⋅m (199 lb⋅ft) at 4,100 rpm (as opposed to 267 N⋅m or 197 lb⋅ft at 4,300 rpm for the rest of the world).[14]
Nilsson, a small coachbuilder in Laholm, Sweden, worked under contract with Volvo to supply the stretched 960 Executive (and the later Royal model, with Hermès leather interior). Nilsson offered a number of different lengths and sealed the window in the C-pillar for more privacy in the rear. The Executive had longer rear doors, longer versions had inserts behind the B-pillar.
For North America, the 1992–1994 Volvo 960s were built in Kalmar, Sweden. The very first Volvo 960 for the US-market rolled off the assembly line on August 12, 1991 as a 1992 model. The 1995 to 1998 960s were built in Göteborg, Sweden. The first 1995 model year (facelift) 960 was built on June 27, 1994.
1994–1998
In 1994 (for the 1995 model year) the 960 received a facelift, including changes to the grille and body-coloured panels.[14] A smaller 2.5 version of the six-cylinder (2,473 cc) was also added to the lineup, with 170 or 163 PS (125 or 120 kW) for the B6244FS version. The new 960 was the first car offered with standard daytime running lights in North America.
Only the modular six-cylinder engines were available from model year 1995 on. The front suspension was redesigned to more closely match that of the 850. The rear suspension received a completely redesigned multi-link independent system with a single fibreglass transverse leaf spring. The 1995 estate received independent rear suspension. Volvo reported that the single composite leaf spring used in the rear suspension of the 960 estate had the same mass as just one of the two springs it replaced.[15] Boge's Nivomat self-leveling rear suspension system became an option rather than standard equipment.
Trim levels were GLT and SE for European markets.
From 1996, Volvo renamed the 960 in select markets as Volvo S90 (saloon) and Volvo V90 (estate) in alignment with the letter-and-number naming scheme used on their other models. This renaming applied to several European countries in late 1996, in North America from late 1996 for the 1997 model year, and in Australia from March 1997. The new name coincided with an improved air conditioning system.
All US cars were equipped with an electronically controlled Aisin AW-series automatic transmission. Beginning in the 1995 model year, European cars with the 2.5 L engines were also available with a manual transmission, the so-called M90, a strong new design that was derived from the Volvo 850's transmission. With the demise of the 2.5 L engine, the M90 was paired with a detuned version (180 PS or 132 kW) of the 3.0 L engine.
Production of the 960 and its S90 and V90 derivatives ended in 1998 with a total of 112,710 sedans and 41,619 estates.[16]
The S90/V90 nameplate returned to use when Volvo introduced its flagship model in 2016.[17]
Specifications
Engines
These engines were offered in the 900 Series vehicles over the years:
| Model | Engine code | Year(s) | Power at rpm | Torque at rpm | Displacement | Engine config. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 940 | B200E | 1991 | 115 PS (85 kW) at 5700 | 158 N⋅m (117 lb⋅ft) at 2800 | 1,986 cc (121.2 cu in) | I4 |
| 940 S/GL/GLE | B200F | 1991–1995 | 112 PS (82 kW) at 5700 | 158 N⋅m (117 lb⋅ft) at 2800 rpm | ||
| B200G | 1992–1994 | 111 PS (82 kW) at 5700 | 155 N⋅m (114 lb⋅ft) at 2800 | |||
| B200GT | 1992–1998 | 155 PS (114 kW) at 5600 | 230 N⋅m (170 lb⋅ft) at 3600 | |||
| 940 2.0 8V Turbo / 940 Wentworth | B200FT | 1991–1998 | ||||
| 940 2.0 16V | B204E | 1991 | 139 PS (102 kW) at 6000[9] | 181 N⋅m (133 lb⋅ft) at 4800 | ||
| 960 2.0 16V Turbo | B204FT | 1991–1993 | 190 PS (140 kW) at 5300 | 280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft) at 2950 | ||
| 960 2.0 16V Turbo | B204GT | 1991–1993 | 200 PS (147 kW) at 5300 | 290 N⋅m (214 lb⋅ft) at 2950 | ||
| B230E | 1991 | 131 PS (96 kW) | 190 Nm at 3300 | 2,316 cc (141.3 cu in) | ||
| 940 GLE | B230F[18] | 1991–1994 | 116 hp (118 PS; 87 kW) at 5400 | 182 N⋅m (134 lb⋅ft) at 2500 | ||
| 940 GL/GLE | B230FB | 1991–1995 | 131 PS (96 kW) at 5500 | 185 N⋅m (136 lb⋅ft) at 2950 | ||
| 940 (California Emissions) | B230FD | 1993-1994 | 116 hp (118 PS; 87 kW) at 4900 | 182 N⋅m (134 lb⋅ft) at 2500 | ||
| 940 Turbo/940SE (US)/960 2.3 Turbo | B230FT[18] | 1991–1998 | 165 hp (167 PS; 123 kW) at 4800 | 264 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) at 3450 | ||
| 940 SE (Thailand), 940 Polar (LPT) | B230FK | 1995–1998 | 135 PS (99 kW) at 4900 | 230 N⋅m (170 lb⋅ft) at 2300 | ||
| 940 | B230G | 1992–1995 | 116 PS (85 kW) at 5500 | 185 N⋅m (136 lb⋅ft) at 2950 | ||
| 940/960 | B230GT | 1991–1994 | 170 PS (125 kW) at 4800 | 265 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft) at 3450 | ||
| B230GK | 1995–1998 | 135 PS (99 kW) at 4900 | 230 N⋅m (170 lb⋅ft) at 2300 | |||
| 940 GLT 2.3 16V | B234F | 1991–1992 | 155 PS (114 kW) at 5600 | 204 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4800 | ||
| B234G | 1991–1992 | |||||
| 960 | B280E[19] | 1991–1992 | 154 PS (113 kW) at 5400 Nordic version 170 PS (125 kW) at 5400 European version |
240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft) at 4500 | 2,849 cc (173.9 cu in) | V6 |
| 960 | B280F[19] | 1991–1992 | 147 PS (108 kW) at 5100 | 235 N⋅m (173 lb⋅ft) at 3750 | ||
| S90 (Asian Market) | B6244F | 1995- | 163 PS (120 kW) at 5800 | 220 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) at 4400 | I6 | |
| 960 2.5 24V | B6254FS[20] | 1994–1997 | 170 PS (125 kW) at 5700 | 230 N⋅m (170 lb⋅ft) at 4400 | 2,473 cc (150.9 cu in) | |
| B6254GS | 1996 | n/a | n/a | |||
| 960 | B6304G | 1996- | 204 PS (150 kW) at 6000 | 267 N⋅m (197 lb⋅ft) at 4300 | 2,922 cc (178.3 cu in) | |
| 960 | B6304S | 1992–1997 | ||||
| S90/V90 3.0 24V | B6304S2 | 1997-1998 | 180 PS (132 kW) at 5200 | 274 N⋅m (202 lb⋅ft) at 4100 | ||
| 960/S90/V90 3.0 24V | B6304F[21] B6304FS[20][22] |
1991–1997 | 204 PS (150 kW) at 6000 | 267 N⋅m (197 lb⋅ft) at 4300 | ||
| B6304FS2 | 1997–1998 | 180 PS (132 kW) at 5200 | 267 N⋅m (197 lb⋅ft) at 4000 |
| Model | Engine code | Year(s) | Power at rpm | Torque at rpm | Displacement | Engine configuration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 940 (Diesel) | D24[23] | 1992–1993 | 82 PS (60 kW) at 4700 | 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 2000 | 2,383 cc (145.4 cu in) | I6 |
| 940 (Turbodiesel) | D24T[23] | 1991–1993 | 112 PS (82 kW) at 4800 | 205 N⋅m (151 lb⋅ft) at 2500 | ||
| 109 PS (80 kW) with EGR | 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 2400 with EGR | |||||
| 940/960 (Turbodiesel w/ Intercooler) | D24TIC[23][24] | 1991–1996 | 116 PS (85 kW) at 4800 122 PS (90 kW) at 4800 |
225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) at 2400 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft) at 2500 |
- B200E: 2.0 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Bosch K-Jetronic
- B200F: 2.0 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Bosch LH-Jetronic
- B200K: 2.0 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Renix ignition, 200K had standard head unlike 230K
- B200ET: 2.0 L inline-4, turbocharged, Bosch Motronic engine management[25]
- B200FT: 2.0 L inline-4, turbocharged, Bosch LH-Jetronic 156 PS (115 kW)
- B204E: 2.0 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, naturally aspirated
- B204F: 2.0 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, naturally aspirated and catalyzed
- B204FT: 2.0 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, turbocharged
- B204GT: 2.0 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, turbocharged
- B230E: 2.3 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection
- B230F: 2.3 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, 114 hp
- B230K: 2.3 L inline-4, naturally aspirated, Renix ignition, Heron head (introduced for the '85 model year)
- B230ET: 2.3 L inline-4, turbocharged, Bosch Motronic (introduced in the '85 model year)
- B230FK: 2.3 L inline-4, turbocharged, Low Pressure Turbo ('95— ), 135 hp
- B230FT: 2.3 L inline-4, turbocharged, 165 hp
- B234F: 2.3 L 16-valve, DOHC, inline-4, naturally aspirated, 155 hp
- B230FB: 2.3 L inline-4, naturally aspirated
- B280E: 2.8 L V6, naturally aspirated, Bosch LH-Jetronic 2.2, even fire crankshaft
- B280F: 2.8 L V6, naturally aspirated, Bosch LH-Jetronic, even fire crankshaft
- D24: 2.4 L inline-6 diesel, naturally aspirated (Volkswagen)
- D24T: 2.4 L inline-6, turbo diesel, variant of the LT35 engine manufactured by Volkswagen
- D24TIC: 2.4 L inline-6, turbodiesel, intercooled, variant of the LT35 engine manufactured by Volkswagen
- B6244/B6254: 2.4/2.5 L 24-valve inline-6, naturally aspirated
- B6304: 2.9 L 24-valve inline-6, naturally aspirated
Transmissions
Volvo offered various transmissions depending on the year/model/engine combinations including the:
- M46 manual transmission (4-speed + Laycock de Normanville overdrive)
- M47 manual transmission (5-speed)
- M90 manual transmission (5-speed)
- AW30-40 electronically controlled automatic transmission (4-speed, lockup torque converter)
- AW70/AW70L automatic transmission (3-speed + overdrive, lockup torque converter on some models)
- AW71 automatic transmission (3-speed + overdrive)
- AW72L automatic transmission (4-speed, lockup torque converter)
- ZF 4HP22 automatic transmission (4-speed, lockup torque converter)
References
- ↑ "Volvo 900 Series Production Statistics". https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/history/900_stats_search.shtml.
- ↑ Nyblad, Fredrik (5 February 2018). "Tjugo år sedan den sista Volvo 940 tillverkades" (in sv). http://www.klassiker.nu/reportage/tjugo-ar-sedan-den-sista-volvo-940-tillverkades.
- ↑ "1991-98 Volvo 940/960/S90/V90". July 28, 2014. https://consumerguide.com/used/1991-98-volvo-940960s90v90/.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Volvo Car Corporation (8 January 2000). "1990-1999: A historical review" (in en). https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/10669/1990-1999-a-historical-review.
- ↑ "940 Estate" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. http://www.volvocars.com/intl/about/our-company/heritage/heritage-models/50-940-estate.
- ↑ "1995 Volvo 940 owner's manual" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 1994. http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/1995/1995_940/95940_9_1.html#specs.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 (in it) Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1992. Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. 1992. pp. 1169–1172.
- ↑ Carlquist, Calle (1991-01-24). "Mycket skrik för lite ull" (in sv). Teknikens Värld (Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB) 43 (2): 28.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Bellucci, Alberto (1990-09-29). "Meno spigoli più sprint" (in it). https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/09/29/meno-spigoli-piu-sprint.html.
- ↑ "VOLVO 940 (1990-1998)" (in en). Volvo. 27 June 2013. http://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/49833/volvo-940-1990-19981.
- ↑ "1998 Volvo S90 owner's manual" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 1997. http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/1998/1998_SV90/98S90_125.htm#129.
- ↑ "Exchange: Volvo 960 Basegrade". Goo-net. http://exchange.goo-net.com/catalog/VOLVO__960/9000812/.
- ↑ (in it) Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1992. Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. 1992. pp. 1173–1174.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Press launch information pack – Volvo 960 1995" (in en). Volvo Car UK Ltd.. June 1994. https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/presskits/960PressKitJuly1995.pdf.
- ↑ Bak, David (7 October 1996). "Quality takes center stage in '97". http://www.designnews.com/article/CA151178.html.
- ↑ "VOLVO 940 (1990-1998)" (in en). Volvo. 27 June 2013. https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/49834/volvo-960-1990-19971.
- ↑ Jim Holder (14 April 2015). "2016 Volvo S90 to rival Jaguar XF" (in en). Autocar. http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/2016-volvo-s90-rival-jaguar-xf.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "1993 Volvo 940 owner's manual" (in en). Volvo Car Corporation. 1992. http://new.volvocars.com/ownersdocs/1993/1993_940/93940_9_1.html#9.5.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Volvo 960 Battery with mounting parts B280E, B280F". Volvo Car Corporation. http://www.volvopartswebstore.com/showAssembly.aspx?ukey_assembly=243755&ukey_make=865&ukey_model=11969.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Volvo 960 Press Kit" (in en). Volvo Car UK Ltd.. July 1995. https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/presskits/960PressKitJuly1995.pdf.
- ↑ "Press kit". https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/press/pdf/presskits/1992MY-PressKit.pdf.
- ↑ "Technical Info". http://780coupe.com/technical-info/.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Tech data". https://www.volvoclub.org.uk/tech/data/700-900DataSheet91_94-Sec2c.pdf.
- ↑ "Volvo 940 960 buyers guide" (in en). http://www.volvotips.com/index.php/940-960/volvo-940-960-buyers-guide/.
- ↑ Björn-Eric Lindh (1986). Volvo: The Cars – From the 20s to the 80s (2nd English ed.). Malmö, Sweden: Förlagshuset Norden. p. 214. ISBN 91-86442-14-7.
- ↑ Jim White; Gavin Green (10 June 1995). "Road Test: Volvo 940" (in en). Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/road-test-volvo-940-1585774.html.
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