Biography:Susan J. Crockford
Susan J. Crockford | |
|---|---|
| Born | Susan Janet Crockford 1954 (age 69–70) |
| Nationality | Canada |
| Education |
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| Known for | Blogging about polar bears |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields |
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| Institutions | University of Victoria |
| Thesis | Animal Domestication and Vertebrate Speciation: A Paradigm for the Origin of Species (2004) |
| Doctoral advisor | Quentin Mackie |
| Website | susancrockford |
Susan Janet Crockford (born 1954) is a Canada zoologist, author, and blogger specializing in Holocene mammals. From 2004 to 2019 she was an adjunct professor in Anthropology at the University of Victoria.[1] She is best known for her blog posts on polar bear biology, which oppose the scientific consensus[2] that polar bears are threatened by ongoing climate change.[3]
Early life and education
Crockford first gained her interest in the Arctic in elementary school, when she read about Inuit life and Arctic fauna.[4] Her scientific interest in the Arctic was stoked when she received her first Alaskan Malamute at age eleven.[4]
Crockford received her Bachelor of Science in Zoology at the University of British Columbia in 1976 and her doctorate in Interdisciplinary Studies from the University of Victoria in 2004.[3] Differing from a normal Zoology degree, she chose to focus on speciation in mammals, with a focus on thyroid function.[4]
Career
Business
In 1988, Crockford, along with colleagues Rebecca Wigen and Gay Frederick, founded the contracting company Pacific Identifications Inc. in Victoria.[5] The company specializes in offering bone and shell analysis of skeletal elements of fish, mammals and birds from western North America and maintains a prominent library of reference animal remains.[5] Since the start of her career, she has worked primarily through paid contracts for specific work on a variety of topics.[4]
Books
In 2006, she published the book Rhythms of Life: Thyroid Hormone and the Origin of Species, explaining the effect of thyroid hormone secretion upon evolutionary change.[6] She hypothesized that the thyroid is the key to controlling species-specific growth and for maintaining homeostatic conditions for individuals.[6][clarification needed] The species-specific flow of hormones would therefore be the root cause of why—for example—a chimpanzee would develop into a chimpanzee while in its mother's womb, instead of a human, despite possessing 99% of the same genes.[6] The most controversial[citation needed] portion of her book was the challenge to the idea that humans alone domesticated animals. She argued species adapted to fulfill the ecological niche provided by becoming the companions of humans or by living within their communities.[6]
Dogs
Crockford is a specialist on the evolutionary history of dogs, especially in regards to their domestication and speciation. In 2007, she was called upon as the scientific consultant for the PBS documentary, Dogs that Changed the World, focused upon the domestication of dogs.[7] In the two-part documentary, she was called upon multiple times to give insight into the process of domestication and the emergence of dogs as a separate species from wolves.[7] She has also written several peer-reviewed papers on this topic.[4]
Polar bears
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Crockford has been a constant voice of disagreement with the mainstream opinions of polar bear scientists, notably Steven Amstrup and Ian Stirling, regarding polar bears' current status and level of endangerment.[3] Declining levels of summer sea ice and the corresponding levels of polar bear population decline from 2004-2010 was published in a study and used for the popularization of the polar bear as the symbol for climate change.[8][failed verification] Crockford suggests that the decline in the polar bear population was in fact caused by unusually thick spring ice that year, a recurring trend every decade for the past century, which led to a shortage of their preferred prey, ringed seals.[9][clarification needed] Either the subsequent seal shortage or declining ice levels was the cause of an approximately 40% decrease in polar bear numbers in the Beaufort Sea area.[10] She charges that this study, which only used data up to 2010, despite being available until 2013, used cherry picked results due to an undisclosed conflict of interest to cause the species to be categorized as "Threatened" in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's 2015 Red List. A response to her op-ed was written by Amstrup and Andrew Derocher, to which she replied on her blog.[8][11]
Controversy
Crockford is a signatory of the International Conference on Climate Change's 2008 Manhattan Declaration,[12] which states that "Carbon dioxide and other 'greenhouse gas' emissions from human activity...appear to have only a very small impact on global climate," and "Global cooling has presented serious problems for human society and the environment throughout history while global warming has generally been highly beneficial."[13] Between at least 2011 and 2013, she received payment from The Heartland Institute, in the form of $750 per month, which Crockford states was to provide summaries of published papers that might not have been covered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report.[4] This payment has been construed as an undisclosed conflict of interest, by blogs such as Desmog Blog.[3] Her response to such claims was a disclosure of the job description, how much she was paid, and the duration of the contract.[4]
Although some polar bear scientists disagree with Crockford's claims, her blog has been widely cited by websites that either deny or are skeptical of climate change, with over 80% citing it as their primary source of information on polar bears.[14] Critics point out that none of Crockford's claims regarding the effects of climate change on polar bears has undergone peer review, nor has she ever published any peer-reviewed articles whose main focus is polar bears.[3][14]
After 15 years as an adjunct professor, University of Victoria did not renew her contract in May 2019, possibly for her climate change views.[15]
References
- ↑ "UVic bows to outside pressure and rescinds my adjunct professor status". October 16, 2019. https://polarbearscience.com/2019/10/16/uvic-bows-to-outside-pressure-and-rescinds-my-adjunct-professor-status/.
- ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". https://www.iucnredlist.org/en.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Desmog Blog". https://www.desmogblog.com/susan-crockford.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "On being a polar bear expert, among other things" (in en-US). polarbearscience. 2015-03-12. https://polarbearscience.com/2015/03/12/on-being-a-polar-bear-expert-among-other-things/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Pacific IDentifications". http://www.pacificid.com/index2.php.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Crockford, Susan (2006). Rhythms of Life: Thyroid Hormone and the Origin of Species. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1412061247.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Dogs That Changed The World | About | Nature | PBS" (in en-US). Nature. 2011-09-12. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/dogs-that-changed-the-world-introduction/1273/.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Financial Post publishes misleading opinion that misrepresents science of polar bears' plight" (in en-US). Climate Feedback. 2018-03-02. https://climatefeedback.org/evaluation/financial-post-publishes-misleading-opinion-misrepresents-science-polar-bears-peril-susan-crockford/.
- ↑ Crockford, Susan (2015-01-15). "Faux Polar Bear Figures". http://business.financialpost.com/opinion/faux-polar-bear-figures.
- ↑ Boehrer, Katherine (2014-11-18). "These Polar Bears Had A Tough Decade" (in en-US). Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/18/polar-bear-population-decline_n_6173346.html.
- ↑ "Amstrup & colleages can't refute my critique of their 2007 polar bear survival model, Part 1" (in en-US). polarbearscience. 2018-03-12. https://polarbearscience.com/2018/03/11/amstrup-colleages-cant-refute-my-critique-of-their-2007-polar-bear-survival-model-part-1/.
- ↑ "QUALIFIED ENDORSERS NOT AT CONFERENCE". http://www.climatescienceinternational.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=1.
- ↑ "Core Principles". http://www.climatescienceinternational.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121&Itemid=67.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Harvey, Jeffrey A; van den Berg, Daphne; Ellers, Jacintha; Kampen, Remko; Crowther, Thomas W; Roessingh, Peter; Verheggen, Bart; Nuijten, Rascha J M et al. (2017-11-29). "Internet Blogs, Polar Bears, and Climate-Change Denial by Proxy" (in en). BioScience 68 (4): 281–287. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix133. ISSN 0006-3568. PMID 29662248.
- ↑ https://business.financialpost.com/opinion/was-this-zoologist-punished-for-telling-school-kids-politically-incorrect-facts-about-polar-bears
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