Company:Clorox

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Short description: American global manufacturer and marketer based in Oakland, California
The Clorox Company
Formerly
  • Electro-Alkaline Company (1913–1928)
  • Clorox Chemical Company (1928–1957)
TypePublic
Industry
  • Consumer household goods
  • food
  • pet care
  • commercial cleaning
FoundedMay 3, 1913; 111 years ago (1913-05-03)
Founders
  • Archibald Taft
  • Edward Hughes
  • Charles Husband
  • Rufus Myers
  • William Hussey
HeadquartersClorox Building,
Oakland, California
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Linda Rendle
(CEO)
Products
  • Cleaning supplies
  • bags and wrap
  • foods, personal care
  • water filtration
  • grilling
  • pet care supplies
Brands
RevenueDecrease US$7.1 billion[1] (2022)
Decrease US$750 million[1] (2022)
Decrease US$462 million[1] (2022)
Total assetsDecrease US6.2 billion[1] (2022)
Total equityDecrease US$729 million[1] (2022)
Number of employees
Template:No change 9,000[2] (2022)
Websitethecloroxcompany.com
Footnotes / references
[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

The Clorox Company (formerly Clorox Chemical Company) is an American global manufacturer and marketer of consumer and professional products.[12] As of 2020 the Oakland, California-based company had approximately 8,800 employees worldwide. Net sales for the 2020 fiscal year were US$6.7 billion. Ranked annually since 2000, Clorox was named number 474 on Fortune magazine's 2020 Fortune 500 list.

Clorox products are sold primarily through mass merchandisers, retail outlets, e-commerce channels, distributors, and medical supply providers.[13] Clorox brands include its namesake bleach and cleaning products as well as Burt's Bees, Formula 409, Glad, Hidden Valley, Kingsford, Kitchen Bouquet, KC Masterpiece, Liquid-Plumr, Brita (in the Americas), Mistolin, Pine-Sol, Poett, Green Works Cleaning Products, Soy Vay,[14][15] RenewLife,[16] Rainbow Light, Natural Vitality, Neocell,[17] Tilex, S.O.S., and Fresh Step, Scoop Away, and Ever Clean pet products.[14][15]

History

1913–1927

The Electro-Alkaline Company[18] was founded on May 3, 1913, as the first commercial-scale liquid bleach manufacturer in the United States. Archibald Taft, a banker; Edward Hughes, a purveyor of wood and coal; Charles Husband, a bookkeeper; Rufus Myers, a lawyer; and William Hussey, a miner, each invested $100 to set up a factory on the east side of San Francisco Bay.[18] The name of its original product, Clorox, was coined as a portmanteau of its two main ingredients, chlorine and sodium hydroxide. The original Clorox packaging featured a diamond-shaped logo, which has been used in one form or another in Clorox branding ever since.

1922 Clorox bleach advertisement, The Seattle Star, June 9, 1922

The public, however, was unfamiliar with liquid bleach. The company started slowly and was about to collapse when investor William Murray took it over in 1916, who installed himself as general manager. His wife Annie prompted the creation of a less concentrated liquid bleach for home use and built customer demand by giving away 15-US-fluid-ounce (440 ml) sample bottles at the family's grocery store in downtown Oakland.[19] Word shortly began to spread, and in 1917 the company started shipping Clorox bleach to the East Coast via the Panama Canal.

1928–1960s

On May 28, 1928, the company went public on the San Francisco stock exchange. It changed its name to Clorox Chemical Company. Butch, an animated Clorox liquid bleach bottle, was used in its advertising and became well known, even surviving the 1941 transition from rubber-stoppered bottles to screw-off caps.[20]

Clorox was strong enough to survive the Great Depression during the 1930s, achieving national distribution of its bleach.

Even though bleach was a valuable first aid product for American armed forces during World War II, government rationing of chlorine gas forced many bleach manufacturers to reduce the concentration of sodium hypochlorite in their products. Clorox, however, declined and elected to sell fewer units of full-strength bleach, establishing a reputation for quality.[20]

In 1957, Clorox was purchased by Procter & Gamble, which renamed its new subsidiary the Clorox Company. Almost immediately, a rival company objected to the purchase, and it was challenged by the Federal Trade Commission, which feared it would stifle competition in the household products market. The FTC prevailed in 1967 when the U.S. Supreme Court forced Procter & Gamble to divest Clorox,[21][22] which took place on January 1, 1969.

1970s–1990s

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Clorox pursued an aggressive expansion and diversification program. In 1970 it introduced Clorox 2 all-fabric bleach. Later it acquired several brands that remain a part of its portfolio, including Formula 409, Liquid-Plumr, and Kingsford charcoal. The company also developed new cleaning products such as Tilex instant mildew remover.[23] It also acquired the "Hidden Valley" brand of ranch dressing.

In 1988, Clorox struck a licensing-and-distribution agreement that brought Brita water filters to the U.S.[24] The company acquired sole control of the brand for the U.S. and Canada in 1995 when it acquired Brita International Holdings (Canada). In 2000 it secured the remaining Americas market from Brita.[25]

In 1990, Clorox purchased Pine-Sol.[24]

In 1999, Clorox acquired First Brands, the former consumer products division of Union Carbide, in the largest transaction in its history. Such brands as Glad, Handi-Wipes (which First Brands acquired from Colgate-Palmolive several months before the Clorox acquisition), and STP became part of the Clorox portfolio. The First Brands acquisition doubled the company's size and helped it land on the Fortune 500 for the first time the following year.[24]

2000s–present

In 2002, Clorox entered into a joint venture with Procter & Gamble to create food and trash bags, food wraps, and containers under the names Glad, GladWare, and related trademarks.[26] As part of this agreement, Clorox sold a 10% stake in the Glad products to P&G, which increased to 20% in 2005.[27]

In 2007, the company acquired Burt's Bees.[28] In 2010, Clorox shed businesses that were no longer a good strategic fit for the company, announcing that it was selling the Armor All and STP brands to Avista Capital Partners.[29] In 2011, Clorox acquired the Aplicare and HealthLink brands, bolstering its presence in the healthcare industry.[30]

In 2008, the Clorox Company became the first major consumer packaged goods company to develop and nationally launch a green cleaning line, Green Works, into the mainstream cleaning aisle.[31] In 2011, the Clorox Company integrated corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting with financial reporting. The company's annual report for the fiscal year ending in June 2011 shared data on financial performance and advances in environmental, social, and governance performance.[32]

In 2013, the company announced a focus on consumer megatrends that included sustainability, health and wellness, affordability and value, and multiculturalism, with a particular emphasis on the Hispanic community.[33]

In 2015, the company became a signatory of the United Nations Global Compact, a large corporate responsibility initiative.[34]

In 2018, Clorox purchased Nutranext Business, LLC for approximately $700 million. Florida-based Nutranext makes natural multivitamins, specialty minerals used as health aids, and supplements for hair, skin and nails.[35] Operating income in 2018 was US$1.1 billion.[36] The company had approximately 8,700 employees worldwide as of 2018, yearly revenue for the period ending June 30, 2018, equaled $6.1 billion.[11] Yearly revenue equaled $6.2 billion in 2019.[8]

Clorox was named to the inaugural Bloomberg Gender Equality Index in 2018.[37] The following year, it topped the Axios Harris Poll 100 corporate reputation rankings.[38] In 2019, Clorox ranked seventh in Barron's "100 Most Sustainable U.S. Companies" list.[39]

In 2022, the company opened a new manufacturing facility in Martinsburg, West Virginia, to facilitate the growth of its cat litter business.[40]

In 2023 the company was affected by a cyberattack, resulting in revenue loss and product shortages.[41]

Brands

Clorox logo for consumer brands (not to be confused with the corporate mark)
Clorox products

The Clorox Company currently owns a number of well-known household and professional brands across a wide variety of products, among them are the following:

  • Brita water filtration systems (Americas only)[14][42]
  • Burt's Bees natural cosmetics and personal care products[14]
  • Clorinda: bleach and cleaning and disinfection products, alternative brand of Clorox Chile[14]
  • Formula 409 hard surface cleaners[14]
  • Fresh Step, Scoop Away and Ever Clean cat litters[14]
  • Glad storage bags, trash bags, Press'n Seal, GladWare containers (joint venture with P&G as 20% minority shareholder)[14]
  • Green Works natural cleaners[14]
  • Handy Andy floor cleaners in Australia[43]
  • Hidden Valley dressings, sandwich spreads and condiments, dips and dressing mixes, croutons and salad toppings, side dishes and appetizers[14]
  • Kingsford charcoal[14]
  • Kitchen Bouquet, KC Masterpiece, and Soy Vay sauces[14]
  • Lestoil heavy-duty laundry / multipurpose Cleaner[14]
  • Liquid-Plumr drain cleaner[14]
  • Natural Vitality[17]
  • Neocell dietary supplements[17]
  • Pine-Sol, Tilex, Poett and S.O.S cleaning products[14]
  • Rainbow Light[17]
  • Renew Life digestive health products[16]

The ingredients in Clorox bleach are water, sodium hypochlorite, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium chlorate, sodium hydroxide and sodium polyacrylate.[44]

For historical reasons, and in certain markets, the company's bleach products are sold under regional brands. In 2006, Clorox acquired the Javex line of bleach products in Canada, and similar product lines in parts of Latin and South America, from Colgate-Palmolive.[45]

Sales

The company ranked No. 453 on the Fortune 500 list in 2017;[46][47][48][49] by 2020, Clorox ranked No. 474 on the list.[50]

Clorox's net sales (2015–2020)

FY 2020 FY 2019 FY 2018 FY 2017 FY 2016 FY 2015
U.S. dollars (in millions) $6,721[1] $6,214[8] $6,124[11] $5,973[51] $5,761[49] $5,655[52]

Marketing

Advertising campaigns

In 1986, the advertising campaign for Clorox 2 featured an award-winning jingle, "Mama's Got The Magic of Clorox 2". The song was written by Dan Williams and performed by Dobie Gray.[53][54][55]

The company was listed at Advertising Age's 2015 Marketer A-List.[56][57]

Allegations of sexist marketing

During 2006 and 2007, a Clorox commercial that aired nationally showed several generations of women doing laundry. The commercial included the words "Your mother, your grandmother, her mother, they all did the laundry, maybe even a man or two". Feminists criticized the commercial for insinuating that doing laundry is a job for women only.[58][59]

The Clorox slogan, "Mama's got the magic of Clorox", was criticized on similar grounds.[60] The slogan first appeared in a Clorox commercial in 1986.[61] A modified version of the commercial ran from 2002 to 2004.[62]

In 2009, Clorox received complaints of sexism for an advertisement that featured a man's white, lipstick-stained dress shirt with the caption, "Clorox. Getting ad guys out of hot water for generations".[63] The ad, and others, were produced expressly for the television program Mad Men, capitalizing on "the show's unique vintage style to [create] a link between classic and modern consumer behaviors".[64]

Reactions to product claims

Green Works

In 2008, the Sierra Club endorsed the Clorox Green Works line. Sierra Club Executive Director Carl Pope stated that one of the nonprofit organization's primary goals is to "foster vibrant, healthy communities with clean water and air that are free from pollution. Products like Green Works help to achieve this goal in the home". The Sierra Club also partnered with Clorox to "promote a line of natural cleaning products for consumers who are moving toward a greener lifestyle".[65] The partnership "caused schisms" in the club, which contributed in part to Pope's decision to resign.[66]

Also in 2008, the National Advertising Division told Clorox to either discontinue or modify its advertisements for Green Works on the grounds the cleaners actually do not work as well as traditional cleaners, as Clorox had claimed.[67]

In 2009, Clorox received further criticism for its Clorox Green Works line, regarding claims the products are environmentally friendly.[68] Several Clorox Green Works products contain ethanol, which environmental groups state is neither cost-effective nor eco-friendly.[68] Many Green Works products also contain sodium lauryl sulfate, a known skin irritant.[68] Women's Voices for the Earth have questioned whether or not the Clorox Green Works line is greenwashing, as Clorox's "green" products are far outnumbered by their traditional products, asking "Why sell one set of products that have hazardous ingredients and others that don't?"[31]

See also

  • List of companies based in Oakland, California

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Clorox Revenue 2006-2021". Macrotrends. https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/CLX/clorox/revenue. 
  2. ↑ Macrotrends Accessed December 29, 2022.
  3. ↑ "The Clorox Company Profile". Yahoo Finance. https://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=CLX+Profile. 
  4. ↑ Dulaney, Chelsey (May 15, 2015). "Former Clorox CEO Knauss Leaving Executive Chairman Post". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/clorox-names-george-harad-chairman-1431695294. 
  5. ↑ "Clorox shuffles boardroom as CEO adds chairman's role". San Francisco Business Times. August 4, 2016. http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2016/08/04/clorox-ceo-chairman-role-consumer-products-clx.html. 
  6. ↑ Avalos, George (September 18, 2014). "Clorox names Dorer as new CEO". San Josey Mercury News. http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_26561921/clorox-names-dorer-new-ceo. 
  7. ↑ Dulaney, Chelsey (May 15, 2015). "Former Clorox CEO Knauss Leaving Executive Chairman Post". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/clorox-names-george-harad-chairman-1431695294. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Clorox Reports Q4 and Fiscal Year 2019 Results, Provides Fiscal Year 2020 Outlook". https://investors.thecloroxcompany.com/investors/news-and-events/press-releases/press-release-details/2019/Clorox-Reports-Q4-and-Fiscal-Year-2019-Results-Provides-Fiscal-Year-2020-Outlook/. 
  9. ↑ "Clorox Reports Q4 and Fiscal Year 2018 Results, Provides Fiscal Year 2019 Outlook". https://investors.thecloroxcompany.com/investors/news-and-events/press-releases/press-release-details/2018/Clorox-Reports-Q4-and-Fiscal-Year-2018-Results-Provides-Fiscal-Year-2019-Outlook/default.aspx. 
  10. ↑ "Clorox". https://www.fortune.com/fortune/500/clorox. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 NASDAQ stock report
  12. ↑ "Consolidated Statement of Earnings, The Clorox Company". Yahoo Finance. December 4, 2014. http://biz.yahoo.com/e/141204/clx8-k.html. 
  13. ↑ "Clorox Company (The) Stock Report". NASDAQ. http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/clx/stock-report. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 "Our Brands". The Clorox Company. http://www.thecloroxcompany.com/products/our-brands/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Morgan, Penny (November 30, 2015). "How Is Clorox Improving Product Distribution?". http://marketrealist.com/2015/11/clorox-improving-product-distribution/. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Wahba, Phil. "Clorox Wants to Help Clean Up Your Digestion". http://fortune.com/2016/05/03/clorox-probiotics-renew-life/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Big Deal: Clorox to Buy Nutranext for $700 Million". March 13, 2018. https://wholefoodsmagazine.com/news/main-news/clorox-buy-nutranext-700-million/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Clorox company history, page 1
  19. ↑ "Timeline – The Clorox Company". August 2, 2016. https://www.thecloroxcompany.com/company/heritage/timeline/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Clorox company history, page 3
  21. ↑ FTC v. Procter & Gamble Co., 386 U.S. 568 (1967).
  22. ↑ "P&G ordered to sell Clorox". Chemical & Engineering News Archive 45 (17): 22. April 17, 1967. doi:10.1021/cen-v045n017.p022. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v045n017.p022. 
  23. ↑ "Timeline | The Clorox Company" (in en-US). 2016-08-03. https://www.thecloroxcompany.com/company/our-story/timeline/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "The Clorox Company Heritage Timeline". The Clorox Company. https://www.thecloroxcompany.com/company/our-story/timeline/. 
  25. ↑ "Clorox Secures Brita Business In Americas". HomeWorld Business. November 27, 2000. http://www.homeworldbusiness.com/clorox-secures-brita-business-in-americas-2/. 
  26. ↑ "Company News; Clorox and P&G Plan Joint Venture for Glad Products" (in en-US). The New York Times. Bloomberg News. November 15, 2002. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/15/business/company-news-clorox-and-p-g-plan-joint-venture-for-glad-products.html. 
  27. ↑ "Clorox and Procter & Gamble Announce Increased P&G Investment in Glad Products Joint Venture". The Clorox Company. http://investors.thecloroxcompany.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=182697. 
  28. ↑ "Clorox To Pay $950 Million For Burt's Bees". Environmental Leader. November 2007. http://www.environmentalleader.com/2007/11/01/clorox-to-pay-950-million-for-burts-bees/. 
  29. ↑ Coleman-Lochner, Lauren (September 21, 2010). "Clorox to Sell Auto-Care Businesses for $780 Million". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-21/clorox-sells-stp-armor-all-auto-care-business-to-avista-for-780-million.html. 
  30. ↑ Brown, Steven E.F.. "fortunefive" "Clorox buys Aplicare and HealthLink for about $80 million". http://www.bizjournals.com/sname="fortunefive". [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 DeBare, Ilana (January 14, 2008). "Clorox introduces green line of cleaning products". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Clorox-introduces-green-line-of-cleaning-products-3298465.php. 
  32. ↑ Herrera, Tilde. "Clorox Becomes Latest Firm to Adopt Integrated Sustainability Reporting". GreenBiz.com. http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2011/10/11/clorox-becomes-latest-firm-adopt-integrated-reporting. 
  33. ↑ "Clorox Identifies Four Mega Trends For Hispanic Consumers". The Shelby Report. March 13, 2013. http://www.theshelbyreport.com/2013/03/13/clorox-identifies-four-mega-trends-for-hispanic-consumers/. 
  34. ↑ "The Clorox Company". United Nations Global Compact. 2015. https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/68461-The-Clorox-Company. 
  35. ↑ "Clorox Announces Agreement to Acquire Nutranext, a Leader in Dietary Supplements". The Clorox Company. November 9, 2017. https://www.thecloroxcompany.com/release/clorox-announces-agreement-to-acquire-nutranext-a-leader-in-dietary-supplements/9923477f-b0b1-423a-bbd8-f0f7cffdb9ff/. 
  36. ↑ NASDAQ income-statement
  37. ↑ "Bloomberg Gender-Equality Index Doubles in Size, Recognizing 230 Companies Committed to Advancing Women in the Workplace" January 16, 2019.
  38. ↑ "The Axios Harris Poll 100 reputation rankings: The Corona companies" July 30, 2020.
  39. ↑ "Burt's Bees Helps Clorox Create Eco-Friendly Buzz". Alabrava.net. March 16, 2020. https://alabrava.net/burts-bees-helps-clorox-create-eco-friendly-buzz/. 
  40. ↑ "Clorox opens state-of-the-art cat litter manufacturing plant in West Virginia" WV News, October 21, 2022.
  41. ↑ "Clorox, reeling from cyberattack, expects quarterly loss" (in en). Reuters. 2023-10-04. https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/clorox-expects-quarterly-loss-hit-cyberattack-2023-10-04/. 
  42. ↑ Carr, Coeli (May 20, 2010). "Pouring It On". Time.com. http://business.time.com/2010/05/20/brita-pouring-it-on/. Retrieved February 26, 2014. 
  43. ↑ Article in "The Australian Financial Review
  44. ↑ "Ingredients Inside". The Clorox Company. http://www.thecloroxcompany.com/products/ingredients-inside/en-us/clorox/cloroxregularbleach1concentrated/. 
  45. ↑ Clorox press release , December 20, 2006
  46. ↑ "Fortune 500 Companies 2017: Who Made the List". http://fortune.com/fortune500/2017/. 
  47. ↑ "2016 Fortune 500". Fortune. December 2016. http://fortune.com/fortune500/2016/. 
  48. ↑ "CLX Company Financials". NASDAQ. http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/clx/financials?query=income-statement. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Clorox Company (The) Stock Report". NASDAQ. http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/clx/stock-report. 
  50. ↑ "Fortune 500 2020". https://fortune.com/fortune500/2020/. 
  51. ↑ http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/clx/stock-reporton June 30, 2017
  52. ↑ "Clorox Income Statement". Yahoo Finance. June 30, 2015. https://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=CLX+Income+Statement&annual. 
  53. ↑ "You know Dobie's voice even if you don't know his name" (in en). The Tennessean. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/112316548/.  "That's Gray's unmistakable, heart-tugging tenor singing the award-winning "Mama's got the magic" Clorox ad jingle."
  54. ↑ "Country stars shine in world of jingles" (in en). Newspapers.com (The Record). 1991. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/496671128/.  "Dobie Gray sang the reggae "Mama's Got the Magic in Clorbx II," which Williams wrote."
  55. ↑ "The Jingle Biz" (in en). Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-01-13-9101040372-story.html. 
  56. ↑ "Ad Age's 2015 Marketer A-List". December 7, 2015. http://adage.com/article/news/ad-age-s-2015-marketer-a-list/301614/. 
  57. ↑ Neff, Jack (December 7, 2015). "Clorox Starts Agency Review That Could Consolidate Lead, Digital Duties". http://adage.com/article/agency-news/clorox-launches-agency-review-consolidate-creative-duties/301641/. 
  58. ↑ Wallace, Kelsey (August 31, 2009). "Mad Men's Portrayal of Sexism Seeps Unironically into Its Commercial Breaks". Bitch magazine. http://bitchmagazine.org/post/mad-mens-portrayal-of-sexism-seeps-unironically-into-its-commercial-breaks. Retrieved February 5, 2010. 
  59. ↑ "Clorox's history of women's unwaged labor". Feministing. August 27, 2007. http://feministing.com/2007/08/27/cloroxs_history_of_womens_unwa/. 
  60. ↑ Macaulay, Rose (2004). "Women's Work Should Not Be Defined as Housework". in Ellison, Sheila. If Women Ruled the World: How to Create the World We Want to Live In. Maui, Hawaii: Inner Ocean Pub.. p. 65. ISBN 9781577317418. OCLC 713268308. https://books.google.com/books?id=kAg2oPU4SjUC&pg=PA65. 
  61. ↑ "Clorox 2 (1986)". ILoveTVCommercials.com. http://www.ilovetvcommercials.com/clorox-2-1986/. 
  62. ↑ Clorox Automatic Toilet Bowl Cleaner Commercial – February 11, 2002 on YouTube[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  63. ↑ Wright, Jennifer (September 28, 2009). "Clorox 'Mad Men' Ads Miss the Target". Brandchannel.com. http://www.brandchannel.com/home/post/2009/09/28/Clorox-Mad-Men-Ads-Miss-The-Target.aspx. 
  64. ↑ DeClemente, Donna. "Mad Men inspires brands to create some stylish ad campaigns to help kick-off season 3". Donna's Promo Talk. http://www.donnaspromotalk.com/getting-back-to-reporting-on-entertainment-marketing-promotionswhile-the-summer-does-have-its-share-of-big-theatrical-movi/. 
  65. ↑ "Some in Sierra Club feel sullied by Clorox deal". NBC News. July 16, 2008. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/25708115/ns/us_news-environment/t/some-sierra-club-feel-sullied-clorox-deal/. 
  66. ↑ Sahagun, Louis (November 19, 2011). "Sierra Club leader departs amid discontent over group's direction". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/19/local/la-me-sierra-club-20111119. 
  67. ↑ "NAD Tells Clorox to Clean Up Ads". Environmentalleader.com. August 17, 2008. http://www.environmentalleader.com/2008/08/17/nad-tells-clorox-to-clean-up-ads/. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Tennery, Amy (April 22, 2009). "4 'green' claims to be wary of". MSN. http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/Extra/4-green-claims-to-be-wary-of.aspx. 

External links



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