Company:Cartier (jeweler)

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Short description: French luxury goods conglomerate owned by Swiss Richemont Group
Cartier International SNC
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryRetail
Founded1847; 177 years ago (1847)
FounderLouis-François Cartier
Headquarters
Paris
,
France
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Cyrille Vigneron (CEO)
Products
  • Jewellery
  • watches
Revenue$6.2 billion (2020)[1]
ParentRichemont
Websitecartier.com

Cartier International SNC, or simply Cartier (/ˈkɑːrtieɪ/ KAR-tee-ay, French: [kaʁtje]), is a French luxury-goods conglomerate that designs, manufactures, distributes, and sells jewellery, leather goods, and watches.[2][3][4] Founded by Louis-François Cartier (1819–1904) in Paris in 1847, the company remained under family control until 1964.[4] The company is headquartered in Paris and is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Swiss Richemont Group.[5][6] Cartier operates more than 200 stores in 125 countries, with three Temples (Historical Maisons) in Paris, London, and New York City.[6][7]

Cartier is regarded as one of the most prestigious jewellery manufacturers.[4][8][9][10][11][12] Forbes ranked Cartier on its Most Valuable Brands list as 56th in 2020, with a brand value of $12.2 B and revenue of $6.2 B.[1][13]

Cartier has a long history of sales to royalty.[14] King Edward VII referred to Cartier as "the jeweller of kings and the king of jewellers".[4][15] For his coronation in 1902, Edward VII ordered 27 tiaras and issued a royal warrant to Cartier in 1904.[4][16] Similar warrants soon followed from the courts of Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Russia and the House of Orléans. The largest ever single order to date was made in 1925 by the Indian royalty, the Maharaja of Patiala, for the Patiala Necklace and other jewelry worth ₹1,000 million (US$14 million or Template:INRConvert/EUR).[17]

History

Early history

Louis-François Cartier founded Cartier in Paris in 1847 when he took over the workshop of his master, Adolphe Picard.[18] In 1874, Louis-François' son Alfred Cartier took over the company, but it was Alfred's sons Louis, Pierre, and Jacques who established the brand name worldwide.[18]

Pierre Cartier

Louis ran the Paris branch, moving to the Rue de la Paix in 1899. He was responsible for some of the company's most celebrated designs, such as the mystery clocks (a type of clock with a transparent dial and so named because its mechanism is hidden), fashionable wristwatches and exotic orientalist Art Deco designs, including the colorful "Tutti Frutti" jewels.[19][20][21]

In 1904, Brazilian pioneer aviator, Alberto Santos-Dumont complained to his friend Louis Cartier of the unreliability and impracticality of using pocket watches while flying. Cartier designed a flat wristwatch with a distinctive square bezel that was favored by Santos-Dumont and many other customers.[22] This was the first and only time the brand would name a watch after its original wearer.[23] The "Santos" watch was Cartier's first men's wristwatch. In 1907, Cartier signed a contract with Edmond Jaeger, who agreed to exclusively supply the movements for Cartier watches.[24] Among the Cartier team was Charles Jacqueau, who joined Louis Cartier in 1909 for the rest of his life, and Jeanne Toussaint, who was Director of Fine Jewellery from 1933.

Pierre Cartier established a New York City branch in 1909, moving in 1917 to 653 Fifth Avenue, the Neo-Renaissance mansion of Morton Freeman Plant (son of railroad tycoon Henry B. Plant), designed by architect C.P.H. Gilbert.[25] Cartier purchased it from the Plants in exchange for $100 in cash and a double-stranded natural pearl necklace valued at the time at $1 million.[26] By this time, Cartier had branches in London, New York and Saint Petersburg and was quickly becoming one of the most successful watch companies.[11][3]

Designed by Louis Cartier, the Tank watch was introduced in 1919 and was inspired by the newly introduced tanks on the Western Front in World War I.[18] In the early 1920s, Cartier formed a joint-stock company with Edward Jaeger (of Jaeger-LeCoultre) to produce movements solely for Cartier. Cartier continued to use movements from other makers: Vacheron Constantin, Audemars Piguet, Movado, and LeCoultre. It was also during this period that Cartier began adding its own reference numbers its watches by stamping a four-digit code on the underside of a lug. Jacques took charge of the London operations and eventually moved to the current address at New Bond Street.

Re-organization

After the death of Pierre in 1964, Jean-Jacques Cartier (Jacques's son), Claude Cartier (Louis's son), and Marion Cartier Claudel (Pierre's daughter)—who respectively headed the Cartier affiliates in London, New York, and Paris—sold the businesses.

In 1972, Robert Hocq, assisted by a group of investors led by Joseph Kanoui, bought Cartier Paris.[27] In 1974 and 1976, respectively, the group repurchased Cartier London and Cartier New York, thus reconnecting Cartier worldwide.[27] The new president of Cartier, Robert Hocq, coined the phrase "Les Must de Cartier" (a staff member is said to have said "Cartier, It's a must!" meaning something one simply must have) with Alain Dominique Perrin, who was a General Director of the company.[28][29] As a result, in 1976, "Les Must de Cartier" became a diffusion line of Cartier, with Alain D. Perrin being its CEO.[30][31][32]

In 1979, the Cartier interests were combined, with Cartier Monde uniting and controlling Cartier Paris, London, and New York. Joseph Kanoui became vice president of Cartier Monde. In December 1979, following the accidental death of president Robert Hocq, Nathalie Hocq (daughter of Hocq) became president.[27][32]

Recent development

Cartier is in the former Morton F. Plant House on Fifth Avenue in New York.
Cartier flagship store in Shanghai, China

In 1981, Alain Dominique Perrin was appointed Chairman of Cartier SAA and Cartier International.[29][31] The next year, Micheline Kanoui, wife of Joseph Kanoui, became head of jewellery design and launched her first collection "Nouvelle Joaillerie."[30] In 1984, Perrin founded the Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain to bring Cartier into the twenty-first century, by forming an association with living artists. In 1986, the French Ministry for Culture appointed Perrin head of the "Mission sur le mécénat d'entreprise" (a commission to study business patronage of the arts). Two years later, Cartier gained a majority holding in Piaget and Baume & Mercier. From 1989 to 1990, the Musée du Petit Palais staged an exhibition of the Cartier collection, "L'Art de Cartier."[33]

Perrin founded an international committee in 1991, Comité International de la Haute Horlogerie, to organize its first salon, held on 15 April 1991; this has become an annual meeting place in Geneva for professionals in this field. The next year, the second exhibition of "L'Art de Cartier" was held at the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg. In 1993, the "Vendôme Luxury Group" was formed as an umbrella company to combine Cartier, Dunhill, Montblanc, Piaget, Baume & Mercier, Karl Lagerfeld, Chloé, Sulka, Hackett, and Seeger.[34]

In 1994, the Cartier Foundation moved to the Rive Gauche and opened headquarters in a building designed for it by Jean Nouvel. The next year, a major exhibition of the Cartier Antique Collection was held in Asia. In 1996, the Lausanne Hermitage Foundation in Switzerland exhibited "Splendours of the Jewellery", presenting a hundred and fifty years of products by Cartier.[35]

In 2012, Cartier was owned, through Richemont, by the South African Rupert family, and Elle Pagels, a 24-year-old granddaughter of Pierre Cartier.[36][37]

Managing directors

Champs-Élysées store in Paris
A window of the Cartier store in Helsinki, Finland
  • Laurent E. Feniou – (25 March 2013–present).[38]
  • Rupert J. Brooks – (16 December 2015–present).[39]
  • Francois M. J. R. Le Troquer – (1 September 2010 – 28 March 2013).[40]
  • Bernard M. Fornas – (21 January 2003 – 16 December 2015).[41]
  • Guy J. Leymarie – (2 September 2002 – 28 October 2002).[42]
  • Grieg O. Catto – (2 April – present).[43]
  • Denys E. Pasche – (2 April 2002 – 17 July 2002).[44]
  • David W. Merriman – (2 April 2002 – 17 July 2002).[45]
  • Richard P. Lepeu – (1 November 2000 – 1 April 2002).[46]
  • Sophie Cagnard – (1 November 2000 – 1 April 2002).[47]
  • Gerard S. Djaoui – (12 June 1997 – 1 April 2002).[48]
  • Francois Meffre – (11 June 1993 – 28 September 2000).[49]
  • Richard N. Thornby – (11 June 1993 – 7 October 1996).[50]
  • Luigi Blank – (11 June 1993 – 1 April 2002).[51]
  • Joseph W. Allgood – (22 June 1992 – 8 April 1993).[52]
  • Arnaud M. Bamberger – (4 June 1992 – 16 December 2015).[53]
  • Mario Soares – (22 June 1991 – 5 March 2002).[54]
  • Joseph Kanoui – (22 June 1991 – 31 January 2000).[55]
  • William A. Craddock – (22 June 1991 – 31 October 1997).[56]
  • Christopher H. B. Honeyborne – (22 June 1991 – 31 October 1997).[57]
  • Pierre Haquet – (22 June 1991 – 8 April 1993).[58]
  • Phillipe Leopold-Metzger – (22 June 1991 – 4 June 1992).[59]

Jewelry and watch manufacturing

Bismarck Sapphire Necklace (1935), now at the US National Museum of Natural History

Notable products

  • 1911 – Launch of Santos de Cartier wristwatch.[3]
  • 1918 – Creation of batons for Field-Marshals Foch and Pétain.
  • 1919 – Launch of the Tank watch.[3]
  • 1921 – Creation of the Tank cintrée watch.
  • 1922 – Creation of the Tank Louis Cartier and Tank Chinoise watches.
  • 1923 – Creation of the first portico mystery clock, crowned with a statuette called Billiken.
  • 1926 – Creation of the Baguette watch. Cartier jewellery in its red box appeared on the Broadway stage in Anita Loos' play Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.[60]
  • 1928 – Creation of the Tortue single push-piece chronograph watch.[3]
  • 1929 – Creation of the Tank à guichets watch.
  • 1931 – Creation of the mystery pocket watch.
  • 1932 – Creation of the Tank basculante watch.
  • 1933 – Cartier filed a patent for the "invisible mount", a stone-setting technique in which the metal of the mount disappears to show only the stones.
  • 1936 – Creation of the Tank asymétrique watch.
  • 1942 – Creation of the "Caged Bird" brooch as a symbol of the Occupation.[3]
  • 1944 – Cartier created the "Freed Bird" to celebrate the Liberation of France.
  • 1950 – Creation of a watch in the form of a ship's wheel.
  • 1967 – Creation of new watches in London including the Crash.
  • 1968 – Creation of the Maxi Oval watch.
  • 1969 – Creation of the Love bracelet.[3]
    Cartier Santos – steel/gold from 1988
  • 1969 First inclusion of a Cartier Chronometer in a Luxury Car
  • 1971 – Creation of the Juste un Clou bracelet at Cartier New York.
  • 1973 – Creation of Les Must de Cartier by Robert Hocq with Alain-Dominique Perrin.[3]
  • 1974 – Launch of the first leather collection in burgundy.
  • 1976 – First collection of Les Must de Cartier vermeil watches. Creation of the first oval pen.
  • 1978 – Creation of the Santos de Cartier watch with a gold and steel bracelet. Creation of the first Cartier scarf collection.[3]
  • 1981 – Launch of the Must de Cartier and Santos de Cartier perfumes.
  • 1982 – Launch of the first New Jewellery collection on the theme of gold and stones.
  • 1983 – Creation of the Collection Ancienne Cartier (later the Cartier Collection) to record and illustrate how the jeweller's art and its history have evolved. Creation of the Panthère de Cartier watch.
  • 1984 – Launch of the second New Jewellery collection on the theme of gold and pearls. Creation of the Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain in Jouy-en-Josas.
  • 1985 – Launch of the Pasha de Cartier watch.[3]
  • 1986 – Launch of the third New Jewellery collection on the theme of the panther.
  • 1987 – Launch of the Panthère de Cartier perfume. Creation of Les Maisons de Cartier tableware (porcelain, crystal and silver).
  • 1988 – Launch of the fourth New Jewellery collection on the theme of Egypt.
  • 1989 – Launch of the Tank Américaine watch. The Art of Cartier, the first major retrospective in Paris, was held at the Petit Palais.
  • 1995 – Creation of the Pasha C watch in steel. Launch of the So Pretty de Cartier perfume.
  • 1996 – Creation of the Tank Française watch collection. Launch of the sixth New Jewellery collection on the theme of Creation. Creation of the Tank ring.[3]
  • 1997 – Cartier celebrated its 150th anniversary with creations including a necklace in the form of a serpent, paved with diamonds and set with two pear-cut emeralds of 205 and 206 carats (41.2 g).[3]
  • 1998 – Creation of the Collection Privée Cartier Paris Fine Watch collection.
  • 1999 – Creation of the Paris Nouvelle Vague Cartier jewellery collection, inspired by Paris.
  • 2001 – Creation of the Délices de Cartier jewellery collection. Launch of the Roadster watch.[3]
  • 2003 – Launch of the Le Baiser du Dragon and Les Délices de Goa jewellery collections.
  • 2007 – Launch of Ballon Bleu de Cartier watch.[3]
  • 2016 – Launch of the Drive de Cartier watch.

Environmental rating

In December 2018, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) released a report assigning environmental ratings to 15 major watch manufacturers and jewelers in Switzerland.[61][62] Cartier (being a subsidiary of the Swiss Richemont Group) was ranked No. 2 among the 15 manufacturers and assigned an average environmental rating of "Upper Midfield," suggesting the manufacturer has taken first actions addressing the impact of its manufacturing activities on the environment and climate change.[61] According to Cartier's official company document, the company is committed to conduct businesses "in an environmentally responsible manner" and "minimising negative environmental impacts."[63]

Notable patrons and owners

Mackay emerald and diamond necklace, 168 carats Muzo, Colombia, 1931

Numerous royal and aristocratic figures have adorned Cartier's clientele.[64] At the turn of the 20th century, Cartier held the prestigious position as the official supplier to King Edward VII of England, Alphonse XIII of Spain, George I of Greece, Tsar Nicholas II, Queen Marie of Romania, Elisabeth of Belgium, King Zog of Albania, King Chulalongkorn of Siam, and other notable figures in Portugal, Serbia, Egypt, and Monaco. More recently, in 1997, the Prince of Wales became an esteemed patron of Cartier.[65]

Royal Warrant of the King of Spain in Cartier, Fifth Avenue

From its inception, Empress Eugénie was a valued client of Louis-François Cartier and Alfred,[65] which solidified the reputation of the jeweler.[66] Princess Mathilde, a relative of Napoleon I and cousin of Emperor Napoleon III, made her initial purchase in 1856 and maintained her loyalty as a customer.[66] The diamond tiara adorned with olive leaf motifs that Princess Marie Bonaparte wore highlighted the splendor of the Bonaparte family.[67] She wore Cartier jewelry during her marriage to Prince George of Greece.[65] An opulent diamond necklace with red hues was commissioned for Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala, who presented it to his maharani. The Duke of Windsor commissioned jewelry for Wallis Simpson, including a "Flamingo" brooch, a "Draperie" necklace, and a three-dimensional "panther". Grace Kelly possessed a diverse collection of jewelry, including her engagement ring from Prince Rainier III in 1955, princely emblems, various brooches, and clips she wore at the birth of Prince Albert. The Duchess of Cambridge wore a Cartier tiara from 1936 on her wedding day, which was originally commissioned by King George VI for his wife and later gifted to Elizabeth on her 18th birthday.[68][69]

Pierre Cartier sold the "Hope" blue diamond to an American customer, Evalyn Walsh McLean, and counted actress Ève Lavallière and socialite Doris Duke among his clients. La Belle Otero wore Cartier jewelry and famously said, "A man with an account at Cartier cannot be considered ugly." Wearing Cartier during the Belle Époque was a status symbol. Liz Taylor, who wrote My Love Affair With Jewelry about her collection, regularly received gifts from Richard Burton and Mike Todd. The diamond necklace that Burton repurchased from Cartier was named "Taylor – Burton". Other celebrities like Gloria Swanson and Maria Felix were also loyal clients,[65][70] along with Brigitte Bardot and Yves Montand who gave gifts from Cartier.

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria wore Cartier watches during his rule within the Medellín Cartel in Colombia.

In the 1988 film Wall Street, Michael Douglas, a symbol of the yuppie style, proudly wore a gold "Santos" watch.[71][72]

In cinema, the "Love" bracelet adorned Elizabeth Taylor's wrist in 1972 in Ash Wednesday, and Sharon Stone wore it in the 1998 film Sphere. On stage, it was the sole jewelry piece worn by Tina Turner during her 1983 comeback tour.[73][74][75][76]

Use of the Cartier name in other products

From 1976 to 2003, the company lent its name to special editions of several models of the luxury US automaker Lincoln, designing a Cartier edition of the 1976 Lincoln Continental Mark IV,[77] the 1977–79 Lincoln Continental Mark V,[78][79] the 1980–81 Lincoln Continental Mark VI, and the 1982–2003 Lincoln Town Car.[80]

Books

See also

  • List of watch manufacturers
  • Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain
  • Cartier Women's Initiative Awards
  • Cartier Racing Awards
  • Cartier Tank watch
  • Cartier Love bracelet

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Cartier". https://www.forbes.com/companies/cartier/. 
  2. ↑ "Company Overview of CARTIER International SNC". https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=23248134. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 "Brand – Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie". https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/brands/brand/h/cartier/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Cartier". https://www.sothebys.com/en/brands/cartier. 
  5. ↑ "Compagnie Financière Richemont SA – Home". https://www.richemont.com/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Cartier Monde – Company Profile". https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/27/Cartier-Monde.html. 
  7. ↑ "Beyond a Boutique: The Story behind the Transformation of Cartier's "Temple" in London – Luxe.CO" (in en-US). http://en.luxe.co/post/3719. 
  8. ↑ "Cartier jewels – An expert guide | Christie's" (in en). https://www.christies.com/features/Cartier-jewels-collecting-guide-9582-1.aspx. 
  9. ↑ "A Guide to Cartier: The Birth of a Luxury Jewelry Magnate". 19 May 2017. https://www.invaluable.com/blog/cartier-collectors-guide/. 
  10. ↑ "How Cartier Became A Serious Watchmaker?". https://www.theluxuryhut.com/blog/how-cartier-became-a-serious-watchmaker/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Cartier – Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie". https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/brands/brand/s/cartier/. 
  12. ↑ Pitt, Martyn R.; Koufopoulos, Dimitrios (2012-03-28) (in en). Essentials of Strategic Management. SAGE. ISBN 9781446290774. https://books.google.com/books?id=qfCBAgAAQBAJ&q=cartier+prestigious&pg=PA196. 
  13. ↑ "The 2020 World's Most Valuable Brands" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/list/. 
  14. ↑ Menkes, Suzy (2006-01-10). "A ball for the 'king of jewellers'". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/19/style/19iht-fcartier.html. "A line-up of small rooms for special clients has original light oak wood paneling carved with garlands and hung with certificates from England's Edward VII (in 1905), through the king of Siam and Russian czars." 
  15. ↑ Prat, Véronique (2009-08-28). "Les joyaux de Cartier exposés dans la Cité interdite" (in fr). http://www.lefigaro.fr/lefigaromagazine/2009/08/29/01006-20090829ARTFIG00064--les-joyaux-de-cartier-exposes-dans-la-cite-interdite-.php. 
  16. ↑ "Rock star". Time. 2004-09-14. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,995117,00.html. 
  17. ↑ From Bahadur Shah Zafar to the Nizam of Hyderabad, a jewellery brand for the royals, The Print, 5 Nov 2022.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "History – Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie". https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/brands/history/h/cartier/. 
  19. ↑ "Cartier's Secrets of Mystery Clocks" (in en-US). The New York Times. 1981-03-26. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/26/garden/cartier-s-secrets-of-mystery-clocks.html. 
  20. ↑ "Historic Mystery Clocks Of Cartier Unveiled" (in en). 17 January 2018. https://augustman.com/my/watches/-/historic-mystery-clocks-cartier-unveiled/. 
  21. ↑ "Roger Russell's Mystery Clock History Page". http://www.roger-russell.com/mysteryclocks/mysteryclocks.htm. 
  22. ↑ "History of the Pilot Watch Part I – Cartier Santos 1904". 23 October 2012. http://monochrome-watches.com/history-of-the-pilot-watch-part-i-cartier-santos-1904/. 
  23. ↑ "The History of the Santos de Cartier" (in en-US). 2021-11-01. https://www.thewatchstandard.com/the-history-of-the-cartier-santos/. 
  24. ↑ Nadelhoffer, Hans (2007-10-18) (in en). Cartier. Chronicle Books. ISBN 9780811860994. https://books.google.com/books?id=xnKpjh1gkqgC&pg=PA292. 
  25. ↑ Mun-Delsalle, Y.-Jean. "Cartier's Mansion On Fifth Avenue Underwent Its Biggest Revamp Ever Just In Time For Its Centenary" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/yjeanmundelsalle/2017/05/13/cartiers-mansion-on-fifth-avenue-underwent-its-biggest-revamp-ever-just-in-time-for-its-centenary/. 
  26. ↑ Dunlap, David (2000-04-26). "Commercial Real Estate; Cartier Spruces Up to Show Off Its Jewels in Style". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/26/nyregion/commercial-real-estate-cartier-spruces-up-to-show-off-its-jewels-in-style.html. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Goodman, George Jr. (1979-12-10). "Robert Hocq, Cartier Executive, Is Killed by Automobile in Paris" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/10/archives/robert-hocq-cartier-executive-is-killed-by-automobile-in-paris.html. 
  28. ↑ Friedman, Jane (1979-12-02). "The First Lady of Cartier" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/02/archives/the-first-lady-of-cartier.html. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Cuff, Daniel F. (1988-04-28). "BUSINESS PEOPLE; Cartier Head Nearing $1 Billion Sales Goal" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/28/business/business-people-cartier-head-nearing-1-billion-sales-goal.html. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "History of Cartier Monde – FundingUniverse". http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/cartier-monde-history/. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Alan Dominique Perrin interview". http://www.wineanorak.com/alaindominiqueperrin_interview.htm. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "CARTIER" (in en-US). The Washington Post. 1983-05-13. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1983/05/13/cartier/307acfb8-5703-45eb-b375-409949ca0388/. 
  33. ↑ "Petit Palais Museum Website". http://www.petitpalais.paris.fr/en/expositions/avant-2008#1980. 
  34. ↑ "Vendôme Luxury Group plc History". Funding Universe. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/vend%C3%B4me-luxury-group-plc-history/. 
  35. ↑ Alford, Holly Price; Stegemeyer, Anne (2014-09-25) (in en). Who's Who in Fashion. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781609019693. https://books.google.com/books?id=jbmFBwAAQBAJ&q=cartier+bought+by+joseph+Kanoui&pg=PA65. 
  36. ↑ "Johann Rupert & family" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/profile/johann-rupert/. 
  37. ↑ "The Spirit of Maison Cartier – Estate Jewelry". http://www.lj24magazine.com/article/article_000403/1.aspx. 
  38. ↑ "Laurent Eugene FENIOU – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/daVC_Biq4Qe2PQjPoNexmb4vlo8/appointments. 
  39. ↑ "Rupert John BROOKS – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/z4fSvOo4krs6h8NYjWx6vrqIqvY/appointments. 
  40. ↑ "Francois Le Troquer". https://www.companiesintheuk.co.uk/director/6438892/francois-le-troquer. 
  41. ↑ "Bernard Marie FORNAS – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/DNXhnbf3v1sJ05ugb-ZC3vjGON0/appointments. 
  42. ↑ "Guy Jeremie LEYMARIE – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/C9e6mqfR36V6AFL7QY9dTmDXylY/appointments. 
  43. ↑ "Greig Owen CATTO – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/OwqiLhM7cDYPe5RzxsNDjG7DUV4/appointments. 
  44. ↑ "Denys Edward PASCHE – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/6nMMdZoofTdUtjzoLDwoctUM4mQ/appointments. 
  45. ↑ "David Wyndham MERRIMAN – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/89gkIXQYtlAyO1c1y2B376G6VF4/appointments. 
  46. ↑ "Richard Philippe LEPEU – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/l4XUOjrDBKTV-4mE1Z9sAMkQBwE/appointments. 
  47. ↑ "Sophie CAGNARD – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/FxJolUHJTBYpdIYOk41kD-n2B-8/appointments. 
  48. ↑ "Gerard Salomon DJAOUI – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/kE7nQNbLI8ZHhWGDZe8_bpbbZOQ/appointments. 
  49. ↑ "Francois MEFFRE – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/KXWNyqMKSd-ASb5PgyksaGZXbjE/appointments. 
  50. ↑ "Richard Neil THORBY – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/D22ipiOX72kSIzQRr68E7tnFYN0/appointments. 
  51. ↑ "Luigi BLANK – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/spDzFZjwea7YNd7gukhPkzBQo1s/appointments. 
  52. ↑ "Joseph William ALLGOOD – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/Z87IOFdbMRHkgeTCF66LhqbdWvQ/appointments. 
  53. ↑ "Arnaud Marie BAMBERGER – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/FhnGFb7vvVa8N7OA5SSI20qyjkQ/appointments. 
  54. ↑ "Mario SOARES – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/DjrW48dh_xhreHwjmvTBWihApzw/appointments. 
  55. ↑ "Joseph KANOUI – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/qO97oxLB9R0PX-IajtfZKCNWGFM/appointments. 
  56. ↑ "William Aleck CRADDOCK – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/QYq9eYxtwf5BKtasoUQGlEfEySA/appointments. 
  57. ↑ "Christopher Henry Bruce HONEYBORNE – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/nCW6-_O4s3GjAxX7hmIl8szKCrY/appointments?page=2. 
  58. ↑ "Pierre HAQUET – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/0CLwOCUzaBzmN6YjVVEf7W3r0bM/appointments. 
  59. ↑ "Philippe LEOPOLD-METZGER – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/q44ZuZrApNUXIW5Z9kYAtlUfCng/appointments. 
  60. ↑ "A history of Cartier in 10 objects". February 2, 2021. https://www.glion.edu/magazine/a-history-of-cartier-in-10-objects/. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Environmental rating and industry report 2018". https://www.wwf.ch/sites/default/files/doc-2018-12/2018_12_07_WWF%20Watch%20and%20Jewellery%20Report%202018_final_e_0.pdf. 
  62. ↑ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting (19 December 2018). "Swiss luxury watches fail to meet environmental standards" (in en). https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/benchmark-report_swiss-luxury-watches-fail-to-meet-environmental-standards/44628536. 
  63. ↑ "CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY POLICY". https://www.cartier.com/content/dam/cartier_dam/Communication%20assets/Articles/La_Maison/cartier_politique_corporate_responsibility_en.pdf. 
  64. ↑ (Cox 2014)
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Véronique Prat (August 28, 2009). "Cartier's Jewels Displayed in the Forbidden City". Le Figaro. http://www.lefigaro.fr/lefigaromagazine/2009/08/29/01006-20090829ARTFIG00064--les-joyaux-de-cartier-exposes-dans-la-cite-interdite-.php. Retrieved February 22, 2015. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Cartier: The Birth of a Dynasty , Worldtempus, accessed on February 18, 2015
  67. ↑ Princess Marie Bonaparte, Diamond Divas, accessed on February 22, 2015
  68. ↑ "Cartier, la plus précieuse des légendes – Au Grand-Palais" (in fr). 2013-12-08. https://www.parismatch.com/Vivre/Mode/Cartier-la-plus-precieuse-des-legendes-539665. 
  69. ↑ "Les créations de Cartier : épée de Jean Cocteau". http://www.journaldesfemmes.com/luxe/0704-cartier/5.shtml. 
  70. ↑ "Cartier : un hôtel contre un collier" (in fr). 2016-12-03. https://www.parismatch.com/Vivre/Mode/Cartier-un-hotel-contre-un-collier-1133657. 
  71. ↑ Santos Cartier: A Watch Born from the Friendship of a Watchmaker-Jeweler and an Adventurous Pilot, Montres de Luxe, July 14, 2009, accessed on February 19, 2015
  72. ↑ tarot, jean-philippe. "Santos Cartier : une montre née de l'amitié d'un horloger-bijoutier pour un pilote aventurier" (in fr). https://www.montres-de-luxe.com/Santos-Cartier-une-montre-nee-de-l-amitie-d-un-horloger-bijoutier-pour-un-pilote-aventurier_a3023.html. 
  73. ↑ How I Became a Fashion Icon: The Cartier Love Bracelet, Madame Figaro, February 11, 2017
  74. ↑ "Dog Mom Shirt" (in en-US). https://trendydogmomshirt.com/. 
  75. ↑ "Luxe Magazine | Luxe Magazine". http://www.luxe-magazine.com/default.php?FCT=A&A=1119. 
  76. ↑ Adams, Ariel. "Kate Middleton Wears Cartier Ballon Bleu Watch". https://www.forbes.com/sites/arieladams/2014/04/24/kate-middleton-cartier-ballon-bleu-watch/#712b00403727. 
  77. ↑ 1976 Continental Mark IV. USA: Lincoln Division – Ford Motor Company. 1975-08-01. pp. 2–3. http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Lincoln/1976_Lincoln/1976_Lincoln_Continental_Mark_IV_Brochure/1976%20Lincoln%20Continental%20Mark%20IV-02.html. Retrieved 2022-06-12. 
  78. ↑ 1977 Continental Mark V. USA: Lincoln Division – Ford Motor Company. 1976-08-01. pp. 12–13. http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Lincoln/1977_Lincoln/1977_Continental_Mark_V_Brochure/1977%20Continental%20Mark%20V-13.html. Retrieved 2022-06-12. 
  79. ↑ 1979 Continental Mark V. USA: Lincoln Division – Ford Motor Company. 1978-08-01. pp. 6–7. http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Lincoln/1979%20Lincoln/1979%20Continental%20Mark%20V%20Brochure/1979%20Continental%20Mark%20V-07.html. Retrieved 2022-06-12. 
  80. ↑ 1982 Lincoln Town Car. USA: Lincoln Division – Ford Motor Company. 1981-08-01. pp. 4–7. http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Lincoln/1982%20Lincoln/1982%20Lincoln%20Town%20Car%20Brochure/image3.html. Retrieved 2022-06-12. 

Further reading


[ ⚑ ] 48°52′11″N 2°19′20″E / 48.86975°N 2.32222°E / 48.86975; 2.32222



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