Biology:TBX4
T-box transcription factor Tbx4 is a transcription factor that belongs to T-box gene family that is involved in the regulation of embryonic developmental processes.[1][2] The transcription factor is encoded by the TBX4 gene located on human chromosome 17.[2] Tbx4 is known mostly for its role in the development of the hindlimb, but it also plays a critical role in the formation of the umbilicus.[3] Tbx4 has been shown to be expressed in the allantois, hindlimb, lung and proctodeum.[3]
Function
Expression of Tbx4 is activated by a combined "caudal" Hox code, expressing a specified positional code that includes Pitx1 gene expression.[4] The encoded protein plays a major role in limb development, specifically during limb bud initiation.[5] For instance, in chickens Tbx4 specifies hindlimb status.[6] The activation of Tbx4 and other T-box proteins by Hox genes activates signaling cascades that involve the Wnt signaling pathway and FGF signals in limb buds.[5] Ultimately, Tbx4 leads to the development of apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) signaling centers in the developing limb bud, which specify the orientation growth of the developing limb.[5] Together with Tbx5, Tbx4 plays a role in patterning the soft tissues (muscles and tendons) of the musculoskeletal system.[7]
Role in non-human animals
In zebrafish, mutations in the nuclear localisation signal of Tbx4 results in the lack of pelvic fin structures, which are homologous to tetrapod hindlimbs.[8]
Mutations
Duplication of the 17q23.1–q23.2 region, which includes the TBX4 gene, has been reported to result in congenital clubfoot.[9][10] TBX4 duplication within this region has been determined to be the gene that leads to this phenotype.[10]
Loss-of-function TBX4 mutations lead to an autosomal-dominant disorder called small patella syndrome, also known as Scott-Taor syndrome, which is characterized by patellar aplasia and abnormalities of the pelvis and feet.[11] The loss of both parental copies of TBX4, resulting in a complete knockout, was reported by Bruno Reversade and colleagues to result in the total loss of hind limbs in human fetuses.[12] This fatal syndrome is known as posterior amelia with pelvic and pulmonary hypoplasia syndrome (PAPPAS).
Mutations in the TBX4 that cause small patella syndrome are also associated with childhood-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).[13] Deletion of 17q23.2 (which includes the TBX4 gene) or a point mutation in the TBX4 gene is reported in 30% of patients with childhood-onset PAH, whereas TBX4 gene mutations are associated with low frequency in adult-onset PAH patients (2%).[13]
Using targeted mutagenesis of Tbx4 in the mouse, various abnormalities were observed in the development of the allantois. Choirioallantoic fusion fails to occur in embryos with the homozygous null allele resulting in death 10.5 days post coitus,[14] embryos with the Tbx4-mutant gene were observed to have allantoises that were apoptotic, stunted, and displayed abnormal differentiation with endothelial cells resulting in the absence of vascular remodeling.[14]
Role
Tbx4 is a transcription factor and member of the T-box family, which have been shown to play important role in fetal development.[14] Tbx4 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues during organogenesis, including the hindlimb, proctodeum, mandibular mesenchyme, lung mesenchyme, atrium of the heart and the body wall.[14] Tbx4 is specifically expressed in the visceral mesoderm of the lung primordium and governs multiple processes during respiratory tract development such as initial endodermal bud development, respiratory endoderm formation, and septation of the respiratory tract and esophagus.[14] Along with Tbx4, Tbx5 is also expressed to help with development of limbs.[15] Tbx4 is expressed in the hindlimb, whereas Tbx5 is expressed in the forelimb, heart, and dorsal side of the retina.[16] Studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) play a key role in limb initiation.[16] In a developing embryo a gradient of retinoic acid aids in the combinatorial patterns of Hox gene expression along the body axis, which causes regions of the paraxial mesoderm to emit a signal to the lateral mesoderm that causes the expression of Tbx4 and Tbx5.[15] When these two molecules are expressed that stimulate the secretion of FGF-10, which will induce the ectoderm to produce FGF-8.[15] FGF-8 and FGF-10 together promote limb development. Mutations or teratogens that interfere with Tbx4/Tbx5 or FGF-8/FGF-10 has the ability to cause a child to be born without one or more limbs.[15] A common syndrome seen with a mutation these genes is Tetra-Amelia syndrome which is characterized by the absence of all four limbs and anomalies involving the cranium and the face; eyes; urogenital system; heart; lungs and central nervous system.[17] In a study done by Naiche et al. they generated a knockout mouse in which it lacked the expression on Tbx4 this mouse resulted in a phenotype of no limb formation.
References
- ↑ "TBX4 T-box 4 [ Homo sapiens (human) "]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9496.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cheong-Ho, Yi (2000). "Virtual Cloning and Physical Mapping of a Human T-Box Gene, TBX4". Genomics 67 (1): 92–95. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6222. PMID 10945475.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Naiche, L.A.; Arora, Ripla; Kania, Artur; Lewandoski, Mark; Papaioannou, Virginia E. (2011). "Identity and Fate of Tbx4-Expressing Cells Reveal Developmental Cell Fate Decisions in the Allantois, Limb, and External Genitalia". Developmental Dynamics 240 (10): 2290–2300. doi:10.1002/dvdy.22731. PMID 21932311.
- ↑ Minguillon, Carolina; Buono, Jo Del; Logan, Malcolm P/ (2005). "Tbx5 and Tbx4 Are Not Sufficient to Determine Limb-Specific Morphologies but Have Common Roles in Initiating Limb Outgrowth". Developmental Cell 8 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2004.11.013. PMID 15621531.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "How the embryo makes a limb: determination, polarity and identity". J. Anat. 227 (4): 418–30. 2015. doi:10.1111/joa.12361. PMID 26249743.
- ↑ "The T-box genes Tbx4 and Tbx5 regulate limb outgrowth and identity". Nature 398 (6730): 814–8. 1999. doi:10.1038/19769. PMID 10235264. Bibcode: 1999Natur.398..814R.
- ↑ Hasson, Peleg; DeLaurier, April; Bennett, Michael; Grigorieva, Elena; Naice, L.A.; Papaioannou, Virginia E.; Mohun, Timothy J.; Logan, Malcolm P.O. (2010). "Tbx4 and Tbx5 acting in connective tissue are required for limb muscle and tendon patterning". Developmental Cell 18 (1): 148–156. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2009.11.013. PMID 20152185.
- ↑ Don, Emily K.; de Jong-Curtain, Tanya A.; Doggett, Karen; Hall, Thomas E.; Heng, Benjamin; Badrock, Andrew P.; Winnick, Claire; Nicholson, Garth A. et al. (15 March 2016). "Genetic basis of hindlimb loss in a naturally occurring vertebrate model" (in en). Biology Open. pp. 359–366. doi:10.1242/bio.016295. https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/5/3/359/1819/Genetic-basis-of-hindlimb-loss-in-a-naturally.
- ↑ Alvarado, David M.; Aferol, Hyuliya; McCall, Kevin; Huang, Jason B.; Techy, Matthew; Buchan, Jillian; Cady, Janet; Gonzales, Patrick R. et al. (July 2010). "Familial Isolated Clubfoot Is Associated with Recurrent Chromosome 17q23.1q23.2 Microduplications Containing TBX4". The American Journal of Human Genetics 87 (1): 154–160. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.06.010. PMID 20598276.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Peterson, Jess F.; Ghaloul-Gonzalez, Lina; Madan-Khetarpal, Suneeta; Hartman, Jessica; Surti, Urvashi; Rajkovic, Aleksandar; Yatsenko, Svetlana A. (2014). "Familial microduplication of 17q23.1–q23.2 involving TBX4 is associated with congenital clubfoot and reduced penetrance in females". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 164 (2): 364–369. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36238. PMID 24592505.
- ↑ Bongers, Ernie M.H.F.; Duijf, Pascal H.G.; van Beersum, Sylvia E.M.; Schoots, Jeroen; van Kampen, Albert; Burckhardt, Andreas; Hamel, Ben C.J.; Lošan, František et al. (2004). "Mutations in the Human TBX4 Gene Cause Small Patella Syndrome". The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (6): 1239–1248. doi:10.1086/421331. PMID 15106123.
- ↑ Kariminejad, Ariana; Szenker-Ravi, Emmanuelle; Lekszas, Caroline; Tajsharghi, Homa; Moslemi, Ali-Reza; Naert, Thomas; Tran, Hong Thi; Ahangari, Fatemeh et al. (2019-12-05). "Homozygous Null TBX4 Mutations Lead to Posterior Amelia with Pelvic and Pulmonary Hypoplasia". American Journal of Human Genetics 105 (6): 1294–1301. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.013. ISSN 1537-6605. PMID 31761294. PMC 6904794. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31761294.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kerstjens-Frederikse, Wilhelmina S; Bongers, Ernie M H F; Roofthooft, Marcus T R; Leter, Edward M; Douwes, J Menno; Van Dijk, Arie; Vonk-Noordegraaf, Anton; Dijk-Box, Krista et al. (2013). "TBX4 mutations (small patella syndrome) are associated with childhood-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension". Journal of Medical Genetics 50 (8): 500–506. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101152. PMID 23592887.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Naiche, L.A.; Papaiannou, V.E. (2003). "Loss of Tbx4 blocks hindlimb development and affects vascularization and fusion of the allantois". Development 130 (12): 2681–2693. doi:10.1242/dev.00504. PMID 12736212.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Carlson: Human Embryology and Developmental Biology, 4th Edition. Copyright 2009 by Mosby. 184-205.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Takeuchi, J.K.; K-Takeuchi, K.; Suzuki, T.; Kamimura, M.; Ogura, K.; Ogura, T. (2003). "Tbx5 and Tbx4 trigger limb initiation through activation of the Wnt/Fgf signaling cascade". Development 130 (12): 2729–2739. doi:10.1242/dev.00474. PMID 12736216.
- ↑ Pagon, R.A.; Adam, M.P.; Ardinger, H.H.; Wallace, S.E.; Amemiya, A.; Bean, L.J.H.; Bird, T.D.; Dolan, C.R. et al. (2007). "Tetra-Amelia Syndrome". GeneReviews. PMID 20301453.
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