Biology:Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala

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Short description: Nipah virus outbreaks occurring in India

Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala
Nipah virus from an infected VERO cell.jpg
An electron micrograph of the Nipah virus
DiseaseNipah virus
Date2018, 2021, 2023
Fatality rate89.4% (2018)

There have been several outbreaks of Nipah virus in Kerala, some of which have been traced to fruit bats. The National Institute of Virology in Pune confirmed the first case of Nipah virus in Kerala in May 2018.

History

After Nipah virus outbreaks in India in 2001 and 2007 (both in the eastern state of West Bengal), an outbreak occurred in Kerala in 2018.[1] The 2018 Kerala outbreak was traced to fruit bats in the area, was generally confined to Kozhikode and Malappuram districts,[2][3] and claimed 17 lives.[4] The outbreak was declared over on 10 June 2018.[5] Another outbreak occurred in 2021, but was confined to the village of Pazhur in the Chathamangalam gram panchayat of Kozhikode district. It claimed one life, on 5 September 2021. An outbreak began in Kozhikode district in August 2023, claiming two lives and infecting four other people by 16 September of that year.[6]

2018 outbreak

The outbreak's index case was reported at a sub-divisional hospital in Perambra,[7] Kozhikode district, on 2 May.[8] The patient[7] was brought to the Government Medical College, Kozhikode for further treatment, but succumbed to the virus. His brother, Mohammed Salih, was admitted to Baby Memorial Hospital in Kozhikode[9] with suspected viral encephalitis. A team of doctors at the hospital suspected Nipah, since his symptoms were similar to those of his brother (who had died by then).

The index patient had passed the virus to 16 people at Medical College Hospital, and two more were later infected. There were 10 deaths in the first week they included nurse Lini Puthussery, who had treated the index patient before diagnosis.[10][11] The outbreak began in Kozhikode district, later spreading to the adjacent Malappuram district. Health advisories were issued for northern Kerala and the adjoining districts of Karnataka, with two suspected cases detected in Mangalore on 23 May 2018.[12]

Over 2,000 people in Kozhikode and Malappuram districts were quarantined and kept under observation during the outbreak.[13] To fight the infection, M 102.4 (a human monoclonal antibody undergoing clinical trials) was imported from Australia .[14] This was facilitated by Nipah researcher Christopher Broder.[15]

After the index patient died, 16 other affected patients succumbed to the disease; two recovered fully. The outbreak was declared over on 10 June 2018.[5]

Virology and epidemiology

Presence of the virus in patients was confirmed with RT-PCR tests conducted at the Manipal Institute of Virology and the National Virology Institute in Pune.[16] Although the first set of samples did not detect the virus in bats,[17] later tests indicated that fruit bats in the area were the source of the virus.[18]

Response

On 23 May 2018, the Kerala Health Department issued an advisory asking travelers to northern Kerala to be cautious.[19] Two days later, the Ministry of Health and Prevention of the United Arab Emirates advised postponing unnecessary travel to Kerala and avoiding its fruits and vegetables until the situation was under control.[20]

On 30 May 2018, construction began on the Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala,[21] in response to the outbreak.[22] Two days later, the Thamarassery diocese in northern Kerala urged churches to stop placing communion on the tongue, postpone religious classes and avoid weddings, family gatherings and unnecessary travel until the viral spread was contained.[23]

Recognition

A smiling woman
Nurse Lini Puthussery, who treated the first victim, died in Kozhikode.

Kerala's efforts to contain the outbreak under health minister K. K. Shailaja, health secretary Rajeev Sadanandan[15][24] and the district collector were praised by many, including the Kerala High Court[25] and Robert Gallo of the Institute of Human Virology in Baltimore.[26]

Lini Puthussery, a 28-year-old nurse at the Perambra Taluk hospital who died of the virus, was called a hero by doctors and on social media.[27] A note she had written to her husband, Sajish, was circulated on social media.[28] The Kerala Government Hospital Development Society (KGHDS) employees' union instituted an award in Puthussery's name to an outstanding person in the sector.[29] The Best Nurse in Public Service Award was instituted in memory of Puthussery.[30] Jim Campbell, director of the health workforce of the World Health Organisation, tweeted: "Remember them, lest we forget: Razan al-Najjar (Gaza); Lini Puthusserry (India), Salome Karwah (Liberia)".[31]

2019 incident

A 23-year-old student was diagnosed on 4 June 2019 in Kochi.[32] Over 300 people were put under observation, but no further cases were reported. The student later recovered.[33] This is the fourth outbreak reported in India, with previous outbreaks in 2001 (45 deaths), 2007 (five deaths), and 2018 (17 deaths).[34][35]

2021 outbreak

The 2021 outbreak began with the death of a 12-year-old boy in Pazhur, Kozhikode district, on 5 September.[36][37] The outbreak was localized in the village, which is in the Chathamangalam gram panchayat of the district, and claimed one life.[38][39][40][41] This was Kerala's third Nipah virus outbreak,[42][43] following outbreaks in 2018 and 2019. The central government rushed a team from the National Centre for Disease Control to the state to provide technical support. Relatives of the dead boy and those involved in his treatment were placed under quarantine.[44][45][46][47][48]

Map of the Kozhikode area, illustrating a three-kilometer buffer zone around the epicentre
2021 outbreak in Kozhikode, with a three-kilometer buffer zone around the epicentre

The index case of the outbreak was reported at a private hospital in Kozhikode district on 5 September, when a 12-year-old boy from Chathamangalam died after testing positive for Nipah virus infection.[49][50] The new Nipah infection, which spreads through the saliva of fruit bats, came three years after a previous outbreak which claimed 17 lives.[51][52][53][54] The presence of Nipah virus in the boy was confirmed by RT-PCR tests, and all three samples (plasma, serum and CSF) were found to be positive in tests at the National Institute of Virology in Pune.[55]

2023 outbreak

Six cases and two deaths were reported in August and September 2023.[56][57][58][59] One of the victims died on August 30 and the other died in early September, both in Kozhikode district. Two family members of a victim tested positive and were hospitalized.[60]

Indian Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya announced that the central government had dispatched a team of experts to Kerala to assess the situation and help the state government manage the outbreak. Kerala Health Minister Veena George reported that tests had confirmed that the virus strain in the outbreak was identical to one previously found in Bangladesh, and teams from the National Institute of Virology in Pune had established a mobile laboratory at Kozhikode Medical College for virus testing and bat surveys. George said that 168 contacts of the two deceased patients were identified and underwent virus testing. The state government established a control room in Kozhikode for continuous monitoring, and health workers were instructed to adhere strictly to infection-control protocols. Seven villages in Kozhikode were declared as containment zones, and some schools and offices in the district were temporarily closed. Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan said that the state government treated the deaths seriously, and urged the public to wear face masks and visit hospitals only for emergencies.[61][60]

In popular culture

Virus, a 2019 Indian Malayalam medical thriller film co-produced and directed by Aashiq Abu and released on 7 June 2019, was based on the 2018 outbreak.[62]

References

  1. ↑ "South-East Asia : Outbreaks and emergencies". https://www.who.int/southeastasia/outbreaks-and-emergencies/health-emergency-information-risk-assessment/surveillance-and-risk-assessment/nipah-virus-outbreak-in-kerala. 
  2. ↑ "Deadly Nipah virus claims lives in India". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/deadly-nipah-virus-claims-lives-india-180528062759101.html. 
  3. ↑ "Nipah virus outbreak: Death toll rises to 14 in Kerala, two more cases identified". The Hindustan Times. 27 May 2018. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nipah-virus-outbreak-death-toll-rises-to-14-in-kerala-two-more-cases-identified/story-f4QenFXeOtJnWhw7NrVawJ.html. 
  4. ↑ "After the outbreak" (in en). Frontline. https://www.frontline.in/the-nation/public-health/article24200872.ece. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Nipah virus contained, last two positive cases have recovered: Kerala Health Min". The News Minute. 2018-06-11. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nipah-virus-contained-last-two-positive-cases-have-recovered-kerala-health-min-82809. 
  6. ↑ "Nipah: No indication of second wave yet, says Kerala Health Minister" (in en). Mathrubhumi. https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/kerala/nipah-no-indication-of-second-wave-yet-says-kerala-health-minister-1.8909223. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Tracking Nipah outbreak: Sabith, Patient No. 1, infected all but one" (in en-IN). 2018-07-15. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tracking-nipah-outbreak-sabith-patient-no-1-infected-all-but-one-5259668/. 
  8. ↑ "Have scientists hit upon a magical cure for Nipah?" (in en). https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/06/04/drug-remdesivir-cure-for-nipah.html. 
  9. ↑ "Kerala Health Department: These doctors were the first to figure out this infection was different". The New Indian Express. http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/may/25/kerala-health-department-these-doctors-were-the-first-to-figure-out-this-infection-was-different-1819115.html. 
  10. ↑ "Kerala govt confirms 10 deaths due to Nipah virus, 2 others critical". Hindustan Times. 22 May 2018. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-govt-confirms-10-deaths-due-to-nipah-virus-2-others-critical/story-RGUBQd6IgrSu0D164v8H1L.html. 
  11. ↑ "Kerala Nurse Died After Treating Nipah Patient, Left Heartbreaking Note". NDTV. 22 May 2018. https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/nurse-lini-who-treated-kerala-nipah-victim-left-heartbreaking-note-for-husband-1855625. 
  12. ↑ "Nipah virus: Two suspected cases reported in Karnataka - Times of India". https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/nipah-virus-2-suspected-cases-reported-in-karnataka/articleshow/64274959.cms. 
  13. ↑ "Nipah virus: Kerala districts wear deserted look as 2,000 kept under observation; businesses strained, NRIs stranded - Firstpost". https://www.firstpost.com/india/nipah-virus-kerala-districts-wear-deserted-look-as-2000-kept-under-observation-businesses-strained-nris-stranded-4493629.html. 
  14. ↑ "Nipah drug from Australia reaches Kerala, say reports". OnManorama. https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/05/25/nipah-drug-from-australia-reaches-kerala-say-reports.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Silently, additional chief secretary Rajeev Sadanandan gained the ammo to take on Nipah". The New Indian Express. http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jun/10/silently-additional-chief-secretary-rajeev-sadanandan-gained-the-ammo-to-take-on-nipah-1826033.html. 
  16. ↑ "Nipah virus scare: Health department issues alert - Times of India ►". https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/10-deaths-in-kerala-due-to-nipah-virus-symptoms/articleshow/64251098.cms. 
  17. ↑ "Origin of Nipah virus yet to be traced". The Hindu. 2018-06-02. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/origin-of-nipah-virus-yet-to-be-traced/article24068976.ece. 
  18. ↑ "Fruit bats were the source of deadly Nipah Virus in Kerala: Union Health Minister". The News Minute. 2018-07-03. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fruit-bats-were-source-deadly-nipah-virus-kerala-union-health-minister-84088. 
  19. ↑ "Nipah: Travellers asked to avoid 4 Kerala districts". The Economic Times. 2018-05-23. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nipah-travellers-asked-to-avoid-4-kerala-districts/articleshow/64287931.cms. 
  20. ↑ Zain, Asma Ali. "Nipah virus: UAE issues Kerala travel warning". https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/uae-health/uae-ministry-issues-travel-warning-for-nipah-virus-outbreak--. 
  21. ↑ "Pinarayi inaugurates first Institute of Advanced Virology" (in en). https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/pinarayi-inaugurates-first-institute-of-advanced-virology--1.3557924. 
  22. ↑ Ghafur, Abdul; Kumar, A. S. Anoop; Devadasan, N.; Meena, Amit; Jose, U. V.; Zachariah, Arun; Mohandas, A. C.; Indu, P. S. et al. (2019). "Outbreak Investigation of Nipah Virus Disease in Kerala, India, 2018" (in en). The Journal of Infectious Diseases 219 (12): 1867–1878. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy612. PMID 30364984. 
  23. ↑ Joseph, Mithosh (2018-06-01). "Holy Communion to be served on hand" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/holy-communion-to-be-served-on-hand/article24061311.ece. 
  24. ↑ "Cooperation is key: Three Kerala govt officials on what they learnt from tackling Nipah". The News Minute. 2018-06-13. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cooperation-key-three-kerala-govt-officials-what-they-learnt-tackling-nipah-82995. 
  25. ↑ "Nipah outbreak in Kerala: HC commends government's efforts". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/nipah-outbreak-in-kerala-hc-commends-governments-efforts/articleshow/64577125.cms. 
  26. ↑ "Institute of Human Virology in Baltimore commends Kerala govt for containing Nipah". The News Minute. 2018-07-07. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/institute-human-virology-baltimore-commends-kerala-govt-containing-nipah-84362. 
  27. ↑ "Lini Puthussery died of the Nipah virus on May 21st". The Economist. 2018-06-02. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/obituary/2018/06/02/lini-puthussery-died-of-the-nipah-virus-on-may-21st. 
  28. ↑ "'Hero' nurse who died battling Nipah" (in en-GB). 2018-05-22. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44207740. 
  29. ↑ "Lini Puthussery award Tuesday" (in en). 2019-05-19. https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190519/lini-puthussery-award-tuesday.html. 
  30. ↑ "lini puthussery: Award instituted in Lini's memory | Thiruvananthapuram News" (in en). 28 June 2018. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/award-instituted-in-linis-memory/articleshow/64773163.cms. 
  31. ↑ "WHO director pays homage to Kerala’s ‘hero’ nurse who died battling Nipah virus" (in en-IN). 2018-06-05. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lini-puthussery-who-director-pays-homage-to-kerala-hero-nurse-who-died-battling-nipah-virus-5203862/. 
  32. ↑ "പരിശോധനാ ഫലം ലഭിച്ചു; യുവാവിന് നിപ തന്നെ". Mathrubhumi. 4 June 2019. https://www.mathrubhumi.com/health/specials/nipah-virus/nipah-virus-confirmed-health-minister-verify-1.3846610. 
  33. ↑ "Ernakulam district declared Nipah virus free, says Kerala health minister". Press Trust of India. India Today. 23 July 2019. https://www.indiatoday.in/health/story/ernakulam-district-declared-nipah-virus-free-says-kerala-health-minister-1572681-2019-07-23. 
  34. ↑ "Nipah virus - India". 31 May 2018. https://www.who.int/csr/don/31-may-2018-nipah-virus-india/en/. 
  35. ↑ Sharma, Neetu Chandra (2018-05-22). "Third outbreak of Nipah Virus in India since 2001. What are the reasons?". Mint. https://www.livemint.com/Science/NoQYN3C3YhDUFyjK8nfrjI/Third-outbreak-of-Nipah-Virus-in-India-since-2001-What-are.html. 
  36. ↑ "12yr-old dies of Nipah in Kerala; 17 primary contacts placed under observation". The Indian Express. 2021-09-05. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/suspected-case-of-nipah-virus-in-keralas-kozhikode-7489260/. 
  37. ↑ "Central Team Rushed To Kerala As Boy, 12, Dies Of Nipah Virus Infection". https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-boy-dies-due-to-nipah-virus-2530262. 
  38. ↑ "Nipah resurfaces in Kerala's Kozhikode, Centre rushes support team" (in en-IN). The Hindu. 2021-09-05. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nipah-resurfaces-in-kozhikode/article36298311.ece. 
  39. ↑ Tom, Disney (5 September 2021). "Kerala: 12-year-old dies of Nipah virus; all contacts traced, says health minister" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-12-year-old-dies-of-nipah-virus-all-contacts-traced-says-health-minister/articleshow/85941439.cms. 
  40. ↑ Unnithan, P. S. Gopikrishnan (5 September 2021). "12-year-old boy dies of Nipah virus in Kerala's Kozhikode" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/boy-dies-nipah-virus-kerala-kozhikode-1849329-2021-09-05. 
  41. ↑ "Health minister confirms Nipah death in Kozhikode" (in en). https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/health-minister-confirms-nipah-death-in-kozhikode-nipah-strict-vigil-1.5974419. 
  42. ↑ Jacob, Shine (2021-09-05). "Nipah resurfaces in Kerala; claims one life, two health workers infected". Business Standard India. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/nipah-resurfaces-in-kerala-claims-one-life-two-health-workers-infected-121090500526_1.html. 
  43. ↑ "Latest updates: Andhra Pradesh reports 1,623 new Covid-19 cases, 8 deaths" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/live-news-from-cities-night-curfew-in-up-rajasthan-mp-jharkhand-chhattisgarh-05-september-2021/liveblog/85940019.cms. 
  44. ↑ "12-year-old dies of Nipah virus infection in Kerala's Kozhikode" (in en). 2021-09-05. https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/050921/12-year-old-admitted-in-keralas-kozhikode-hospital-nipah-virus-infec.html. 
  45. ↑ "Nipah virus: TN steps up measures to screen people at border areas after reports of infection in Kerala" (in en). 2021-09-05. https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/nipah-virus-tn-steps-up-measures-to-screen-people-at-border-areas-after-reports-of-infection-in-kerala-10626251.htm. 
  46. ↑ "12-Year-Old Succumbs to Nipah Virus in Kerala; Two Health Workers Who Were in Contact with the Patient Develop Symptoms | The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com" (in en-IN). https://weather.com/en-IN/india/health/news/2021-09-05-nipah-virus-kills-one-in-kerala-health-workers-symptomatic. 
  47. ↑ "Amid Rising Covid Cases, Kerala Faces New Challenges With Nipah Virus". https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amid-rising-covid-19-cases-kerala-faces-new-challenges-with-nipah-virus-infections-2530614. 
  48. ↑ "Jagran Explainer: How Centre and Kerala govt are preparing to deal with Nipah virus" (in en). 2021-09-05. https://english.jagran.com/india/jagran-explainer-how-centre-and-kerala-govt-are-preparing-to-deal-with-nipah-virus-10031673. 
  49. ↑ ലേഖകൻ, മാധ്യമം (2021-09-06). "നിപ പകർന്നത് ആടിൽ നിന്നല്ല, റംബുട്ടാനിൽ നിന്നാണോയെന്ന് പരിശോധിക്കുന്നു- ആരോഗ്യമന്ത്രി" (in ml). https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/checking-whether-the-transmission-of-nipah-was-from-a-rambutan-and-not-from-a-goat-health-minister-844907. 
  50. ↑ "നിപ: കുട്ടിയുടെ അമ്മയ്ക്ക് പനി; ഉടന്‍ മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളജിലേക്ക് മാറ്റും" (in ml). https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/09/05/mother-of-12-year-old-boy-who-died-of-nipah-virus-has-shows-symptoms.html. 
  51. ↑ "12-yr-old dies of Nipah in Kerala; 17 primary contacts placed under observation" (in en). 2021-09-05. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/suspected-case-of-nipah-virus-in-keralas-kozhikode-7489260/. 
  52. ↑ "Nipah death in Kerala: Symptoms, prevention, treatment. All you need to know" (in en). 2021-09-05. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nipah-death-in-kerala-symptoms-prevention-treatment-all-you-need-to-know-101630836947242.html. 
  53. ↑ "TN steps up thermal screening at 9 border districts after Nipah virus death in Kerala" (in en). 2021-09-05. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-steps-thermal-screening-9-border-districts-after-nipah-virus-death-kerala-154893. 
  54. ↑ "Breaking news: 4 killed, 17 injured after tractor-trolley overturns in MP" (in en). 2021-09-05. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/breaking-news-updates-september-05-2021-101630798650701.html. 
  55. ↑ "Two Health Workers Show Symptoms of Nipah Virus Infection; Kerala Health Minister" (in en). 2021-09-05. https://www.news18.com/news/india/two-health-workers-show-symptoms-of-nipah-virus-infection-kerala-health-minister-4168064.html. 
  56. ↑ https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/one-more-tests-positive-for-nipah-in-kozhikode/article67310380.ece/amp/
  57. ↑ "India's Kerala state reports two deaths from Nipah virus" (in en). Reuters. 2023-09-12. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-kerala-state-reports-two-deaths-due-nipah-virus-official-2023-09-12/. 
  58. ↑ "Kerala reports 4 cases of Nipah virus, 2 deaths. What we know so far" (in en). 2023-09-12. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-reports-4-cases-of-nipah-virus-2-deaths-101694534327800.html. 
  59. ↑ "Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala" (in ml). https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/indepth/nipah-virus-outbreak-in-kerala.html. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Kerala: India state on alert after Nipah virus deaths" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2023-09-13. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66793836. 
  61. ↑ Jain, Rupam (2023-09-13). "India's Kerala shuts schools and offices to curb deadly Nipah virus" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-kerala-state-closes-schools-banks-seven-villages-due-nipah-deaths-2023-09-13/. 
  62. ↑ "Malayalam movie 'Virus' based on 2018 Nipah outbreak to release this Friday". The News Minute. 2019-06-05. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-movie-virus-based-2018-nipah-outbreak-release-friday-103069. 

External links



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