Biology:Calotropis

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Short description: Genus of flowering plants

Calotropis
Calotropis gigantea R.Br. - Flickr - lalithamba.jpg
Calotropis gigantea
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae
Tribe: Asclepiadeae
Genus: Calotropis
R.Br.[1]

Calotropis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to southern Asia and North Africa.[2]

They are commonly known as milkweeds because of the latex they produce. Calotropis species are considered common weeds in some parts of the world. The flowers are fragrant and are often used in making floral tassels in some mainland Southeast Asian cultures. Fibers of these plants are called madar or mader. Calotropis species are usually found in abandoned farmland.

Botanical description

Calotropis procera

Calotropis gigantea and C. procera are the two most common species in the genus. Both plants can attain an average height of 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m) although they can occasionally become as tall as 14 to 16 ft (4.3 to 4.9 m). The leaves are sessile and sub-sessile, opposite, ovate, cordate at the base. The flowers are about 1.5 to 2 in (3.8 to 5.1 cm) in size, with umbellate lateral cymes and are colored white to pink and are fragrant in case of C. procera while the flowers of C. gigantea are without any fragrance and are white to purple colored, but in rarer cases are also light green-yellow or white. The seeds are compressed, broadly ovoid, with a tufted micropylar coma of long silky hair.[3]

Pollination is performed by bees (entomophily) by the following mechanism:

The stigmas and androecia are fused to form a gynostegium. The pollen are enclosed in pollinia (a coherent mass of pollen grains). The pollinia are attached to an adhesive glandular disc at the stigmatic angle. When a bee lands on one of these, the disc adheres to its legs, and the pollinium is detached from the flower when the bee flies away. When the bee visits another flower, the flower is pollinated by the adhering pollinium on the bee.

Species[4]
  1. Calotropis acia Buch.-Ham. - India
  2. Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. - China, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia
  3. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. - China, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Middle East, North Africa
formerly included[4]

Calotropis sussuela, synonym of Hoya imperialis

Toxicity

The milky sap of Calotropis plants is a toxic substance that can cause irritation when it comes into contact with the skin or eyes.[5][6] The sap can be collected from various parts of the plant, including the flowers, stem, and leaves.[7] The sap is extremely bitter and turns into a gluey coating that is resistant to soap, therefore it has to be treated immediately once it has fallen into the eye.[8]

Calotropis species are toxic plants; calotropin, a compound in the latex, is more toxic than strychnine.[9] Calotropin is similar in structure to two cardiac glycosides which are responsible for the cytotoxicity of Apocynum cannabinum. Extracts from the flowers of Calotropis procera have shown strong cytotoxic activity.

Cattle often stay away from the plants because of their unpleasant taste and their content of cardiac glycosides.

The toxic ingredients of Calotropis plants, including Calotropis procera, can be preserved in liquid form, and they naturally disintegrate over time.[5] Calotropis leaves are used as fodder for animals once they are dried.[10][11]

Medicinal properties

Calotropis, a genus of plants that includes species such as Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera, has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties in various cultures. The following are some of the reported medicinal uses of Calotropis:

  1. Anti-inflammatory: Calotropis extracts have been used traditionally to alleviate inflammation. The latex of the plant contains compounds that possess anti-inflammatory properties.[12] Traditional uses of Calotropis include treating skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and other inflammatory skin disorders. Its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties may contribute to these potential benefits.[13]
  2. Antimicrobial: Certain parts of Calotropis, especially the latex, have shown antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. This property has been utilized in traditional medicine to treat skin infections and wounds.[13][14][15] The antimicrobial activity of Calotropis plants has been attributed to the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids.[15] A study found that the latex of Calotropis procera has significant antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans [15]
  3. Wound Healing: The latex of Calotropis has been used topically to promote wound healing. It is believed to help in the formation of granulation tissue and facilitate the healing process.[13][16]
  4. Analgesic (Pain Relief): Some traditional practices involve using Calotropis preparations to relieve pain and discomfort.[17][11]
  5. Gastrointestinal Disorders: Some traditional medicinal practices use Calotropis to alleviate gastrointestinal issues such as constipation and dysentery. However, its laxative effects are strong and can lead to adverse effects.[15]
  6. Anti-parasitic: Calotropis extracts have been used in traditional medicine to treat parasitic infections. Some compounds in the plant have demonstrated activity against certain parasites.[18]

It is important to emphasize that Calotropis contains toxic compounds, particularly in its latex and other plant parts. Using Calotropis for its potential medicinal properties, it's best to consult a qualified healthcare professional who can provide guidance based on your specific health needs and conditions.

Cultural significance

The flowers of the plant are offered to the Hindu deities Shiva, Ganesha, Shani Dev and Hanuman.[19]

Gallery

  • Calotropis procera branch with flowers

  • Calotropis procera fruit

  • Calotropis procera

  • Calotropis procera

  • Calotropis procera

  • Calotropis gigantea

  • Floral tassels made from Calotropis flowers.

References

  1. ↑ "Calotropis R. Br". United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-03-13. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1933. 
  2. ↑ Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 202 牛角瓜属 niu jiao gua shu Calotropis R. Brown, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 39. 1810
  3. ↑ "Calotropis gigantea: Useful Weed". Purdue University. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/calotropis.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The Plant List, genus Calotropis
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pandey, Nidhi; Sahu, Vijaya (2015-09-30). "Calotropis procera induced ocular toxicity, manifestations and management – an observational study" (in en). International Journal of Medical Research and Review 3 (8): 805–809. doi:10.17511/ijmrr.2015.i8.151. ISSN 2320-8686. https://ijmrr.medresearch.in/index.php/ijmrr/article/view/326. 
  6. ↑ Kaur, Amarpreet; Batish, Daizy R.; Kaur, Shalinder; Chauhan, Bhagirath S. (2021). "An Overview of the Characteristics and Potential of Calotropis procera From Botanical, Ecological, and Economic Perspectives". Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 690806. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.690806. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 34220914. 
  7. ↑ Bhatti, Muhammad Ali; Tahira, Aneela; Hullio, Ahmed Ali; Aftab, Umair; Nafady, Ayman; Vigolo, Brigitte; Ibupoto, Zafar Hussain (2023-04-10). "Oxygenated terminals of milky sap of Calotropis procera transformed 1D ZnO structure to 0D nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and methylene blue" (in en). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 34 (10): 929. doi:10.1007/s10854-023-10290-4. ISSN 1573-482X. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-10290-4. 
  8. ↑ "Giant Milkweed (Calotropis procera)" (in en). https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/120917-Calotropis-procera. 
  9. ↑ S. Morris Kupchan; John R. Knox; John E. Kelsey; J. A. Saenz Renauld (25 December 1964). "Calotropin, a Cytotoxic Principle Isolated from Asclepias curassavica L". Science 146 (3652): 1685–6. doi:10.1126/science.146.3652.1685. PMID 14224519. Bibcode: 1964Sci...146.1685K. 
  10. ↑ "Calotropis (Calotropis procera) | Feedipedia" (in en). https://www.feedipedia.org/node/588. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kaur, A.; Batish, D. R.; Kaur, S.; Chauhan, B. S. (2021). "An Overview of the Characteristics and Potential of Calotropis procera From Botanical, Ecological, and Economic Perspectives". Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 690806. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.690806. PMID 34220914. 
  12. ↑ Arya, S.; Kumar, V. L. (2005). "Antiinflammatory Efficacy of Extracts of Latex of Calotropis procera Against Different Mediators of Inflammation". Mediators of Inflammation 2005 (4): 228–232. doi:10.1155/MI.2005.228. PMID 16192673. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Calotropis gigantea - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/calotropis-gigantea. 
  14. ↑ Amini, Mohammad Humayoon; Ashraf, Kamran; Salim, Fatimah; Meng Lim, Siong; Ramasamy, Kalavathy; Manshoor, Nurhuda; Sultan, Sadia; Ahmad, Wasim (2021-07-01). "Important insights from the antimicrobial activity of Calotropis procera". Arabian Journal of Chemistry 14 (7): 103181. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103181. ISSN 1878-5352. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Batool, Hina; Hussain, Mumtaz; Hameed, Mansoor; Ahmad, Rashid (2020-01-01). "A Review on Calotropis Procera ITS Phytochemistry and Traditional Uses". Big Data in Agriculture 2 (2): 56–58. doi:10.26480/bda.02.2020.56.58. ISSN 2682-7786. 
  16. ↑ "calotropis procera produces: Topics by Science.gov". https://www.science.gov/topicpages/c/calotropis+procera+produces. 
  17. ↑ Seraj, S.; Jahan, F. I.; Chowdhury, A. R.; Monjur-Ekhuda, M.; Khan, M. S.; Aporna, S. A.; Jahan, R.; Samarrai, W. et al. (2012). "Tribal Formulations for Treatment of Pain: A Study of the Bede Community Traditional Medicinal Practitioners of Porabari Village in Dhaka District, Bangladesh". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 10 (1): 26–34. doi:10.4314/ajtcam.v10i1.5. PMID 24082322. 
  18. ↑ Dogara, Abdulrahman Mahmoud (2023-02-24). "A systematic review on the biological evaluation of Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand". Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 9 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s43094-023-00467-3. ISSN 2314-7253. 
  19. ↑ AstroVed. "Favorite Flowers of Lord Ganesha" (in en). https://www.astroved.com/articles/favorite-flowers-of-lord-ganesha. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q310216 entry



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