Biology:Malus fusca
| Malus fusca | |
|---|---|
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| Flowers and leaves at Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge in California | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Malus |
| Species: | M. fusca
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| Binomial name | |
| Malus fusca (Raf.) C.K.Schneid.
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| Synonyms | |
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Synonymy
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Malus fusca, with the common names Oregon crabapple and Pacific crabapple, is a species of crabapple native to western North America.[1]
Description
Malus fusca is a deciduous tree growing up to 13 metres (43 feet) tall, with a trunk 20–25 centimetres (8–10 inches) thick.[2] The leaves are 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, dark green above, and both pale and fibrous beneath; they turn bright orange to red in autumn.[2]
The flowers are white or pale pink, blooming in spring. The fruits are small round apple-shaped pomes, about 2 cm (3⁄4 in) long and from red to yellow-green in colour.[3][4] They may stay on the tree until winter.[5]
The trees can reach at least 100 years of age.[2]
Botanical illustration
Tree at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Leaves
Leaf undersides
Close-up of flower
Fruit
_C.K.Schneid._cultivated_at_Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew.jpg)
Taxonomy
Archibald Menzies described the species in 1792 after finding it near today's Port Angeles, Washington.[2]
Distribution and habitat
The species can be found from Alaska, through British Columbia, to northwestern California . It grows in temperate coniferous forest, primarily in the Cascade Range and the Pacific Coast Ranges.[6][7][8][9][10]
The tree can grow in a variety of maritime conditions, its rootstock tolerating wet soils (including saltwater estuaries), poorly drained areas and heavy clay soils. It can be found in high-rainfall regions.[11][12]
Ecology
It can be found growing along with red alder, bigleaf maple, willows, and cascara. Animals including grouse and bears eat the fruit.[2]
Uses
The oblong fruit can be eaten, but has a sour flavor.[13] The fruit can also be used for extraction of pectin, useful in helping make jams and jellies from other fruits, and is also made into jams and jellies itself.[14] The bark can be used as an herbal medicine. It is also grown in parks and gardens as an ornamental plant.[citation needed]
Pacific crabapple fruits were prized by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest as a food source,[13] and were gathered all along the coast. As a traditional medicinal plant, infusions of the bark and/or fruit were used, including for stomach disorders, skin and eye infections, and as an analgesic.[15]
The tree was also valued for its tough, resilient wood, used for making implements, and for its bark, used for a wide range of medicinal purposes.[16][17]
References
- ↑ Plants for a Future−PFAF: Malus fusca
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) (in en). Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 247–248. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469. https://books.google.com/books?id=qDD4DwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Malus fusca'- Árboles ornamentales (in Spanish)
- ↑ Flora of North America, Malus fusca (Rafinesque) C. K. Schneider, 1906. Oregon or Western or Pacific crabapple
- ↑ "Malus fusca: Western Crabapple". https://www.portlandnursery.com/natives/malus-fusca.
- ↑ Biota of North America Program: 2014 county distribution map
- ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
- ↑ Calflora taxon report, University of California, Malus fusca (Raf.) C. Schneider Oregon crab apple, Oregon crabapple
- ↑ University of Washington, Burke Museum
- ↑ Biodiversity of the Central Coast: Pacific Crab Apple
- ↑ Deur Keeping it Living. University of Washington Press, 2005, p. 13.
- ↑ "Pacific Crabapple Project" (in en). October 29, 2017. https://northwestmeadowscapes.com/pages/pacific-crabapple-project.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Little, Elbert L. (1994). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 461. ISBN 0394507614.
- ↑ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 506.
- ↑ University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Malus fusca (Oregon Crabapple)
- ↑ Deur, Douglas and Turner, Nancy J. Keeping it Living. University of Washington Press, 2005, p. 13.
- ↑ Crabapples - University of Alaska Fairbanks description, photos, recipes
External links
- CalFlora Database: Malus fusca (Oregon crab apple, Oregon crabapple)
- Dreamstime, Royalty Free Stock Images: Photos of the Pacific Crabapple tree (Malus Fusca)
- UC Calphoto Photos gallery — Malus fusca
Wikidata ☰ Q2564409 entry
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