Biology:Exophthalmus

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Exophthalmus
Exophthalmus sp. Weevil from Costa Rica (26616930281).jpg
Exophthalmus sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Family:
Curculionidae
Subfamily:
Entiminae
Tribe:
Eustylini
Genus:
Exophthalmus

Schönherr, 1823

Exophthalmus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae.[1] It contains 85 described species.[2][3]

Taxonomy

Exophthalmus was named for the first time by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1823 (column 1140).[4] It belongs in the tribe Eustylini.[1]

In revising the Jamaican species, Vaurie offers an overview to the genus and its taxonomic conflicts.[5] A preliminary phylogeny for Exophthalmus and its allies was presented by Franz.[6] It is part of the so-called "Exophthalmus genus complex" [6] which involves members of the genera Diaprepes, Compsus, Lachnopus, among others. Based on morphological and molecuelar evidence, it has been proposed that the genus needs to be reclassified to better reflect the actual distribution of natural clades.[7]

Dorsal view of ''Exophthalmus parentheticus'' in the field in Ecuador.
Dorsal view of Exophthalmus parentheticus in the field in Ecuador. By Diego Inclan

Description

In general, Exophthalmus species are characterized by the smooth and broad longitudinal bridge running longitudinally across the rostrum. There is a lot of variation in sizes, density, coloration, and patterning of the scale coverage.

Distribution

Species of this genus are present in Central America, northern South America and the Caribbean.[2]

Selected species

  1. Exophthalmus agrestis (Boheman, 1834): 291:[8][2][3] Mexico, Paraguay.
  2. Exophthalmus albidus Champion, 1911: 255:[9] Mexico.
  3. Exophthalmus albofasciatus (Champion, 1911): 180:[9][10] Honduras.
  4. Exophthalmus albolineatus Champion, 1911: 262:[9] Mexico.
  5. Exophthalmus albosquamosus (Sallé, 1855): 268:[11] Dominican Republic.
  6. Exophthalmus albovittatus Champion, 1911: 263:[9] Guatemala.
  7. Exophthalmus annulonotatus Waterhouse, 1879: 423:[12] Colombia, Ecuador.
  8. Exophthalmus aurarius (Gyllenhal, 1834): 12:[8] Guadeloupe.
  9. Exophthalmus bilineatus Champion, 1911: 265:[9] Guatemala.
  10. Exophthalmus caeruleovittatus Champion, 1911: 264:[9] Guatemala.
  11. Exophthalmus carinirostris (Boheman, 1840): 187:[13] Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
  12. Exophthalmus carneipes Champion, 1911: 257:[9] Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama.
  13. Exophthalmus chrysopus Chevrolat, 1880: 165:[14] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  14. Exophthalmus cinerascens (Fabricius, 1792): 452:[15] Hispaniola, French Guiana.
  15. Exophthalmus clathratus Champion, 1911: 264:[9] Mexico.
  16. Exophthalmus consobrinus (Marshall, 1922): 190:[16] Colombia.
  17. Exophthalmus costatus (Gyllenhal, 1834): 18:[8] Hispaniola.
  18. Exophthalmus crassicornis Kirsch, 1868: 238:[17] Panama, Colombia.
  19. Exophthalmus cupreipes Champion, 1911: 257:[9][18] Mexico.
  20. Exophthalmus cuprirostris Champion, 1911: 247:[9] Costa Rica.
  21. Exophthalmus depressicollis (Gyllenhal, 1834): 22:[8] Hispaniola.
  22. Exophthalmus distigma Champion, 1911: 259:[9] Guatemala.
  23. Exophthalmus dufaui (Hustache, 1929): 198:[19] Guadeloupe.
  24. Exophthalmus duplicatus Champion, 1911: 263:[9] Mexico.
  25. Exophthalmus farr Vaurie, 1961: 35:[5] Jamaica.
  26. Exophthalmus fasciatus Champion, 1911: 252:[9] Mexico.
  27. Exophthalmus foveicollis (Chevrolat, 1880): 175:[20] Guadeloupe.
  28. Exophthalmus frenatus (Marshall, 1934): 624:[21] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  29. Exophthalmus gundlachi Chevrolat, 1880: 165:[14] Cuba.
  30. Exophthalmus haitiensis Bovie, 1907: 68:[22] Haiti.
  31. Exophthalmus hemigrammus (Chevrolat, 1880): 197:[23] Martinique.
  32. Exophthalmus hieroglyphicus Chevrolat, 1879: XCVII:[24] Hispaniola.
  33. Exophthalmus humeridens (Marshall, 1934): 623:[21] Cuba.
  34. Exophthalmus humilis (Gyllenhal, 1834): 28:[8] Brazil .
  35. Exophthalmus hybridus (Chevrolat, 1858): 210:[25] Cuba.
  36. Exophthalmus impositus (Pascoe, 1880): 427:[26] Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
  37. Exophthalmus impressus (Fabricius, 1781): 192:[27] Jamaica.
  38. Exophthalmus inaequalis (Gyllenhal, 1834): 23:[8] Hispaniola.
  39. Exophthalmus interpositus Champion, 1911: 253:[9] Mexico.
  40. Exophthalmus interruptus (Chevrolat, 1880): 165:[14] Guadeloupe.
  41. Exophthalmus jekelianus (White, 1858): 357:[28] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia.
  42. Exophthalmus laetus (Olivier, 1807): 326:[29] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  43. Exophthalmus lepidus (Chevrolat, 1858): 210:[25] Cuba.
  44. Exophthalmus leucographus (Gyllenhal, 1834): 19:[8] Hispaniola.
  45. Exophthalmus lunaris Champion, 1911: 266:[9] Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.
  46. Exophthalmus maculosus Chevrolat, 1879: XCVIII:[24] Cuba.
  47. Exophthalmus mannerheimi Boheman, 1840: 338:[13] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  48. Exophthalmus margaritaceus Champion, 1911: 255:[9] Honduras, Nicaragua.
  49. Exophthalmus marginicollis (Chevrolat, 1880): 175:[20] Guadeloupe.
  50. Exophthalmus marmoreus (Gyllenhal, 1840): 352:[13] Guadeloupe.
  51. Exophthalmus martinicensis Chevrolat, 1879: XCVIII:[24] Martinique.
  52. Exophthalmus mixtus Chevrolat, 1880: 165:[14] Cuba.
  53. Exophthalmus murinus (Rosenschoeld, 1840): 354:[13] Suriname.
  54. Exophthalmus nicaraguensis Bovie, 1907: 327:[22] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
  55. Exophthalmus nubilus (Rosenschoeld, 1840): 355:[13] Mexico.
  56. Exophthalmus obsoletus (Olivier, 1807): 325:[29] Haiti.
  57. Exophthalmus opulentus (Boheman, 1840): 365:[13] Guatemala, Mexico.
  58. Exophthalmus ornatus Champion, 1911: 253:[9] Guatemala.
  59. Exophthalmus parentheticus (Marshall, 1922): 191:[16] Ecuador.
  60. Exophthalmus pictus (Guérin-Méneville, 1847): 9:[30] Cuba.
  61. Exophthalmus plicatus Champion, 1911: 268:[9] Panama.
  62. Exophthalmus pugnax (Olivier, 1807): 349:[29] Haiti.
  63. Exophthalmus pulchellus Boheman, 1834: 5:[8] South America.
  64. Exophthalmus pulverulentus (Champion, 1911): 180:[9][10] Nicaragua.
  65. Exophthalmus quadrivittatus (Olivier, 1807): 325:[29] Dominican Republic, Haiti.
  66. Exophthalmus quindecimpunctatus (Olivier, 1807): 300:[29] Puerto Rico.
  67. Exophthalmus roralis (Boheman, 1840): 356:[13] Mexico.
  68. Exophthalmus roseipes (Chevrolat, 1876): CCXXVII:[31] Puerto Rico.
  69. Exophthalmus scalaris (Boheman, 1840): 349:[13] Costa Rica, Cuba.
  70. Exophthalmus scalptus Champion, 1911: 259:[9] Costa Rica.
  71. Exophthalmus similis (Drury, 1773): pl. XXXIII:[32] Jamaica.
  72. Exophthalmus sphacelatus (Olivier, 1807): 319:[29] Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.
  73. Exophthalmus squamipennis Gemminger, 1871: 119:[33] Hispaniola.
  74. Exophthalmus sulcicrus Champion, 1911: 268:[9] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia.
  75. Exophthalmus sulcipennis Champion, 1911: 265:[9] Guatemala.
  76. Exophthalmus sulphuratus Chevrolat, 1879: XCVII:[24] Cuba.
  77. Exophthalmus tessellatus Champion, 1911: 262:[9] Costa Rica.
  78. Exophthalmus triangulifer Champion, 1911: 261:[9] Costa Rica, Panama.
  79. Exophthalmus verecundus (Chevrolat, 1833): 16:[34] El Salvador, Mexico.
  80. Exophthalmus vermiculatus Champion, 1911: 264:[9] Mexico.
  81. Exophthalmus viridilineatus Champion, 1911: 266:[9] Panama.
  82. Exophthalmus viridipupillatus (Cockerell, 1893): 374:[35][5] Jamaica.
  83. Exophthalmus vitraci (Fleutiaux & Sallé, 1889): 380:[36] Guadeloupe.
  84. Exophthalmus vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758): 380:[37] Jamaica.
  85. Exophthalmus vitticollis Champion, 1911: 256:[9] Belize, Guatemala.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A.; Lyal, C. H. C. (1999). A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) excluding Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Barcelona, Spain: Entomopraxis. pp. 315 pp. https://weevil.myspecies.info/sites/weevil.info/files/Alonso-Zarazaga%20%26%20Lyal,%201999_World%20Catalogue%20%28searchable%29.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Wibmer, G. J.; O’Brien, C. W. (1986). "Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)". Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 39: 1–563. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 O’Brien, C.W.; Wibmer, G.J. (1982). "Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)". Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 34: 1–382. http://academic.uprm.edu/~franz/WeevilCourseResources/OBrienWibmer1982-WeevilsNCAWI.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Schönherr, C. J. (1823). Curculionides [Tabula synoptica familiae Curculionidum]. Isis von Oken. pp. 1132–1146. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13257284. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Vaurie, P. (1961). "A review of the Jamaican species of the genus Exophthalmus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchinae)". American Museum Novitates (2062): 1–41. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3431. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Franz, Nico M. (2012). "Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164 (3): 510–557. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00774.x. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00774.x. 
  7. ↑ Guanyang Zhang; Franz, Nico (2015) (in en). Systematics of Eustylini - Reclassification of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae). doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2677.1923. http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.2677.1923. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Schönherr, C.J. (1834). Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae, tomus secundus, pars prima. 2. Paris: Roret. pp. 673 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4112093. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 Sharp, D.; Champion, G.C. (1911). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Volume 4. part 3. Rhynchophora. Curculionidae. 4. London: R. H. Porter. pp. 354 + pl. 15 pp. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/581470. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 O'Brien, C.W.; Kovarik, P.W. (2000). "The Genus Diaprepes - Its Origin and Geographical Distribution in the Caribbean Region". https://irrec.ifas.ufl.edu/flcitrus/short_course_and_workshop/diaprepes/genus_diaprepes.shtml. 
  11. ↑ Sallé, M.A. (1855). "Description de dix espèces nouvelles de Coléoptères, recueillis de 1849 a 1851 dans la Répubique Dominicaine (Ancienne partie espagnole de l'ile de Saint Domingue ou Haïti)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Série 3 3: 263–272. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32541915. 
  12. ↑ Waterhouse, C.O. (1879). "Descriptions of new Coleoptera from Medellin, Colombia, recently added to the British Museum collection". Cistula Entomologica 2: 421–429. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10891087. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Schönherr, C.J. (1840). Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et entomologis aliis illustratae, tomus sextus, pars prima. 6. Paris: Roret. pp. 474 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4114879. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1880). "Diagnoses de Curculionides des Antilles". Le Naturaliste 2: 165–166. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33928597. 
  15. ↑ Fabricius, J.C. (1792). Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus descriptionibus, tom. 1, pars 2. 1. Hafniae: Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft.. pp. 538 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52755487. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Marshall, Guy A. K. (1922). "VI. On New Genera and Species of Neotropical Curculionidae." (in en). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 70 (1–2): 181–224. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1922.tb02830.x. ISSN 1365-2311. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1922.tb02830.x. 
  17. ↑ Kirsch, Th. (1867). "Beiträge zur Käferfauna von Bogotà" (in en). Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift 11 (3–4): 215–243. doi:10.1002/mmnd.18670110303. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mmnd.18670110303. 
  18. ↑ Bautista-Martínez, Néstor; Illescas-Riquelme, Carlos Patricio; López-Bautista, Everardo; Jones, Robert W.; López-Buenfil, José Abel (2020-01-23). "Exophthalmus cupreipes Champion (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Citrus Crops in Mexico". Florida Entomologist 102 (4): 708. doi:10.1653/024.102.0406. ISSN 0015-4040. https://bioone.org/journals/florida-entomologist/volume-102/issue-4/024.102.0406/Exophthalmus-cupreipes-Champion-Coleoptera--Curculionidae-in-Citrus-Crops-in/10.1653/024.102.0406.full. 
  19. ↑ Hustache, A. (1929). Curculionides de la Guadeloupe. Partie 1. In: Faune des Colonies Françaises. Paris: Société d’Éditions. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6391468p. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1880). "Diagnoses de Diaprepes, genre de Curculionides de la Guadeloupe". Le Naturaliste 2: 175. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33928582. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Marshall, Guy A.K. (1934). "LXIV.— New West Indian Curculionidæ ( Col. )" (in en). Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14 (84): 621–635. doi:10.1080/00222933408654938. ISSN 0374-5481. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00222933408654938. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Bovie, A. (1907). "Notes sur les Curculionides [Première partie"]. Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique 51: 67–71. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12284564. 
  23. ↑ Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1880). "Diagnoses de Curculionides de la Martinique". Le Naturaliste 2: 197–198. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33928604. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1879). "Descriptions de quatre nouvelles espèces de Curculionides des Antilles, appartenant au genre Exophthalmus". Annales de la Société entomologique de France, Bulletin des Séances 9: XCVII–XCVIII. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8250773. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1858). "Descriptions de Coléoptères de la partie méridionale de l'île de Cuba". Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée 2: 209–212. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2316532. 
  26. ↑ Pascoe, F.P. (1880). "New Neotropical Curculionidae. Part I". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 5 (29): 419–428. doi:10.1080/00222938009459433. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16336574. 
  27. ↑ Fabricius, Johann Christian (1781). Species insectorum, exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin, adjectis observationibus, descriptionibus.. Hamburgi et Kilonii: impensis C. E. Bohnii. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.36509. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/36509. 
  28. ↑ Jekel, H. (1858). "Spicilegia Entomologica II: Descriptions of new Curculionidous beetles collectedon the voyage of H. M. S. Herald". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3: 356–351. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18659256. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 Olivier, G.A. (1807). Entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des insectes: avec leurs caractères génériques et spécifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminée. Coléoptères. Tome Cinquieme. Paris: De l’Imprimerie de Baudoin. pp. 612 pp. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61905. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61905. 
  30. ↑ Guérin-Méneville, F.E. (1847). "Décade entomologique". Revue Zoologique 10: 2–11. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2271611. 
  31. ↑ Chevrolat, L.A.A. (1876). "donne la description de Curculionites provenant des captures de M. le docteur Gundlach à l'île de Porto-Rico". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 5: CCXXVII–CCXXIX. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8236221. 
  32. ↑ Drury, D. (1773). Illustrations of natural history. Wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects, according to their different genera; very few of which have hitherto been figured by any author, being engraved and coloured from nature, with the greatest accuracy, and under the author's own inspection, on fifty copper-plates. With a particular description of each insect: interspersed with remarks and reflections on the nature and properties of many of them, volume 2. 2. London: B. White. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40637789. 
  33. ↑ Gemmiger, M.; von Harold, E. (1871). Catalogus coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Curculionidae. 8. Monachii: Gummi. pp. 2181–2668. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9649110. 
  34. ↑ Chevrolat, Auguste (1834). Coléoptères du Mexique. Strasbourg: Impr. de G. Silbermann. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/47510. 
  35. ↑ Cockerell, T.D.A. (1893). "The Jamaican species of Praepodes, Schön". Journal of the Institute of Jamaica 1: 374–375. https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00024651/00017/images/46. 
  36. ↑ Fleutiaux, E.; Sallé, A. (1889). "Liste des Coléoptères de la Guadeloupe et descriptions d'espèces nouvelles". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. Série 6 9: 351–484. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32438903. 
  37. ↑ Linné, Carl von (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae : Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis.. 1. Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. pp. 824 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277. 

Wikidata ☰ Q14923797 entry



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