Biology:Inflammatory reflex
The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion. All reflexes have an afferent and efferent arc. The Inflammatory reflex has a sensory afferent arc, which is activated by cytokines, and a motor or efferent arc, which transmits action potentials in the vagus nerve to suppress cytokine production. Increased signaling in the efferent arc inhibits inflammation and prevents organ damage.
It has also been shown that the brain can use this circuit not only to regulate the immune response but also to extend the immunological memory[1][2]
Molecular mechanism
The molecular basis of cytokine-inhibiting signals requires the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor receptor expressed on cytokine-producing cells.[3][4] The release of acetylcholine in spleen suppresses the production of TNF and other cytokines which causes damaging inflammation.[5] Signaling in the efferent arc of the inflammatory reflex, termed the "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway," provides a regulatory check on the innate immune system response to invasion and injury. The action potentials that arise in the vagus nerve are transmitted to the spleen, where a subset of specialized T cells are activated to secrete acetylcholine. The net effect of the reflex is to prevent the damage caused by excessive cytokine production.[6]
Therapeutic potential
Evidence from experimental disease models of arthritis, colitis, sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, and congestive heart failure indicate that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can prevent or reverse these diseases.[7] Some research suggests that it is possible to implant nerve stimulants to replace anti-inflammatory drugs that target cytokine activity (e.g. anti-TNF and anti-IL-1 antibodies).[8]
See also
- Interoception
- Pavlovian conditioning
References
- ↑ Koren, Tamar; Yifa, Re’ee; Amer, Mariam; Krot, Maria; Boshnak, Nadia; Ben-Shaanan, Tamar L.; Azulay-Debby, Hilla; Zalayat, Itay et al. (2021-11-08). "Insular cortex neurons encode and retrieve specific immune responses" (in English). Cell 184 (24): 5902–5915.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.013. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34752731.
- ↑ L, Esther; huis (2021-11-08). "The Brain Can Recall and Reawaken Past Immune Responses" (in en). https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-science-shows-immune-memory-in-the-brain-20211108/.
- ↑ Tracey KJ (June 2009). "Reflex control of immunity". Nat Rev Immunol 9 (6): 418–28. doi:10.1038/nri2566. PMID 19461672.
- ↑ Tracey, Kevin J. (December 2002). "The inflammatory reflex" (in en). Nature 420 (6917): 853–859. doi:10.1038/nature01321. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12490958. Bibcode: 2002Natur.420..853T. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01321.
- ↑ "Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (31): 11008–13. August 2008. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803237105. PMID 18669662. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..10511008R.
- ↑ "Acetylcholine-Synthesizing T Cells Relay Neural Signals in a Vagus Nerve Circuit". Science 334 (6052): 98–101. 2011. doi:10.1126/science.1209985. PMID 21921156. Bibcode: 2011Sci...334...98R.
- ↑ Tracey KJ (February 2007). "Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway". Journal of Clinical Investigation 117 (2): 289–96. doi:10.1172/JCI30555. PMID 17273548.
- ↑ Fox, Douglas (2017). "The shock tactics set to shake up immunology". Nature 545 (7652): 20–22. doi:10.1038/545020a. PMID 28470211. Bibcode: 2017Natur.545...20F.
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