Biology:Ephedra distachya
| Ephedra distachya | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Gnetophyta |
| Class: | Gnetopsida |
| Order: | Ephedrales |
| Family: | Ephedraceae |
| Genus: | Ephedra |
| Species: | E. distachya
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| Binomial name | |
| Ephedra distachya | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Ephedra distachya is a shrub in the family Ephedraceae that stands about 25 cm to 50 cm high. The shrub grows in many parts of the world, including southern and central Europe and western and central Asia.[2][3] Its local names include somlatha.[clarification needed][citation needed] Ephedra distachya lives on grey dunes which are fixed and stable sand dunes that are covered in continuous vegetation.
Subspecies
- Ephedra distachya subsp. distachya – central + southern Europe, southwestern + central Asia
- Ephedra distachya subsp. helvetica (C.A.Mey.) Asch. & Graebn. – Switzerland, France, Italy, Slovenia, Austria
History
Ephedra is part of a group of plants called ‘gnetophytes’. These plants have hardly changed in the past 100 million years, and are thought to be relics of an ancient flora. The leaves of Ephedra are tiny and scale-like. Gnetophyte leaves evolved independently from leaves in flowering plants. Ephedra produces the alkaloid ephedrine, which has been shown to interfere with insect thermoregulation and may also have effects on insect neurotransmitters. This may be the method by which the plant deters insect herbivores.[4]
Uses
Ephedra distachya is used to relieve acute muscular and rheumatic pains (when it is called teamsters' tea), as a stimulant, and in the cardio tonics in Ayurveda.[citation needed] It is sometimes identified with the legendary drug soma, as described in the Avesta and the Rig Veda, the respective ancient sacred texts of the Zoroastrian and Hindu faiths.
Ephedrine, an alkaloid, is obtained from its dried branches and is used as a stimulant, often to control asthma. It was isolated from the plant by Nagayoshi Nagai in 1885. All parts of the plant contain up to 3% ephedrine.[5]
Side effects
Although Ephedra has many benefits, side effects include insomnia and a fast heart rate.[4]
Gallery
Botanical illustration.
Male plant in bloom.
Pollen cones.
Female cones.
Ripe cones with seeds.
Female plant with ripe cones.
Rhizome and bark.
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References
- ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Ephedra distachya | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2008-04-18 }}
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Efedra distachia, Ephedra distachya L.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Sea Grape (Ephedra distachya)" (in en-US). https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/learning/trails/medicines/sea-grape-ephedra-distachya/.
- ↑ "Meerträubel (Ephedra distachya) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. http://www.giftpflanzen.com/ephedra_distachya.html. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
Schneider-Binder, & Kuhlke, F. (2015). HABITATS WITH SEA GRAPE (EPHEDRA DISTACHYA) ON THE DUNES OF LETEA (DANUBE DELTA, ROMANIA)/Lebensräume mit Meerträubchen (Ephedra distachya) auf den Dünen von Letea (Donau-Delta, Rumänien)/Habitatele cu Ephedra distachya de pe dunele de la Letea (Delta Dunarii, România). Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research, 17(2), 45–. https://doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0062
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ephedra distachya. |
- Gymnosperm Database: Ephedra distachya. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
Wikidata ☰ Q162784 entry
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