Biology:Shepherdia argentea
| Shepherdia argentea | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Elaeagnaceae |
| Genus: | Shepherdia |
| Species: | S. argentea
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| Binomial name | |
| Shepherdia argentea | |
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Shepherdia argentea, commonly called silver buffaloberry,[2] bull berry, or thorny buffaloberry, is a species of Shepherdia in the Oleaster family.
It is native to central and western North America, from the Prairie Provinces of Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba) southwards in the United States as far as Ventura County in California , as well as northern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico.[3][4]
Description
Shepherdia argentea is a deciduous shrub growing from 2–6 metres (6.6–19.7 ft) tall. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs (rarely alternately arranged), 2–6 cm long, oval with a rounded apex, green with a covering of fine silvery, silky hairs, more thickly silvery below than above.[5]
The flowers are pale yellow, with four sepals but no petals.[5]
The fruit is a bright red fleshy drupe 5 mm in diameter; it is edible but with a rather bitter taste.[6] Two cultivars, 'Xanthocarpa' and 'Goldeneye', form yellow fruit.[5]
The Latin specific epithet argentea refers to the silver color of the plant's leaves and stems.[7]
Distribution and habitat
Shepherdia argentea is native to the western and central parts of Canada and North America.[8] It grows in many different kinds of habitats such as riparian areas, woodlands, exposed slopes on prairies, and in dry, sandy soils of plains and canyons.[7]
Ecology
The berry is one of the mainstays of the diet of the sharp-tailed grouse, the provincial bird of Saskatchewan. The foliage provides important forage for mule deer[9] and white-tailed deer.[10] The shrub's thorny branches and thicket forming habit provide a shelter for many small animal species and an ideal nesting site for songbirds.[11] Over the extent of its range, the buffaloberry is an important species in a variety of ecological communities. For example, in the shrub-grassland communities of North Dakota it is found growing with many native grasses, while in riparian woodlands of Montana and Western North Dakota it can be found in plant communities dominated by green ash.[12]
Uses
Like the Canada buffaloberry, Sheperdia argentea has been used historically as a food, medicine, and dye.[13] Its various uses including the treatment of stomach troubles and in coming-of-age ceremonies for girls.[14]
In the Great Basin, the berries were eaten raw and dried for winter use, but more often cooked into a flavoring sauce for bison meat.[15] The buffaloberry has been a staple food to some Native Americans, who ate the berries in puddings, jellies, and in raw or dried form.[16]
The Gosiute Shoshone name for the plant is añ-ka-mo-do-nûp.[17]
References
- ↑ Tropicos, Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.
- ↑ "Shepherdia argentea". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SHAR.
- ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Shepherdia argentea | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 10 January 2018 }}
- ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Brand, Mark H. "Shepherdia argentea". UConn Plant Database of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. University of Connecticut Horticulture. http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/s/shearg/shearg1.html.
- ↑ Jepson Flora: Shepherdia argentea
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Shepherdia argentea - Plant Finder". https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=302360&isprofile=0&.
- ↑ "Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" (in en). http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1043645-2.
- ↑ "Silver Buffaloberry". N.D. Tree Handbook. NDSU Agriculture. http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/trees/handbook/th-3-5.pdf.
- ↑ R.J. Mackie; R.F. Batchelor. "Silver Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea)". Habitat Management Suggestions for Selected Wildlife Species. Montana State University, Animal and Range Sciences. http://animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/forage/Plants/SilBuffaloberry.htm.
- ↑ "Silver Buffaloberry". United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_shar.pdf.
- ↑ Esser, Lora L. "Shepherdia argentea". Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/shearg/all.html#BOTANICAL%20AND%20ECOLOGICAL%20CHARACTERISTICS.
- ↑ Benfer, Adam. "Buffaloberry". Foods Indigenous to the Western Hemisphere. Kansas University American Indian Health and Diet Project. http://www.aihd.ku.edu/foods/buffaloberry.html.
- ↑ Burns Kraft, TF; Dey, M; Rogers, RB; Ribnicky, DM; Gipp, DM; Cefalu, WT; Raskin, I; Lila, MA (23 January 2008). "Phytochemical Composition and Metabolic Performance Enhancing Activity of Dietary Berries Traditionally Used by Native North Americans". J Agric Food Chem 56 (3): 654–60. doi:10.1021/jf071999d. PMID 18211018.
- ↑ William C. Sturtevant, ed (1986). Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=g5nTRmIVQaEC&q=buffaloberry&pg=PA58. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ↑ Betty B. Derig; Margaret C. Fuller (2001). Wild Berries of the West. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 119. ISBN 0-87842-433-4.
- ↑ Chamberlin, Ralph Vary (1911). "The Ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah". Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association Vol II, Part 5. http://www.swsbm.com/Ethnobotany/Ethnobotan_of_Gosiute.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-12.[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
External links
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Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about Shepherdia argentea. |
- Jepson Manual Treatment for Shepherdia argentea
- University of Michigan—Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Silver buffaloberry
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service Fire Ecology
- Shepherdia argentea — Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California
Wikidata ☰ Q2658110 entry
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