Biology:Upstream open reading frame
An upstream open reading frame (uORF) is an open reading frame (ORF) within the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of an mRNA. uORFs can regulate eukaryotic gene expression.[1][2] Translation of the uORF typically inhibits downstream expression of the primary ORF. However, in some genes such as yeast GCN4, translation of specific uORFs may increase translation of the main ORF.[3] In bacteria, uORFs are called leader peptides and were originally discovered on the basis of their impact on the regulation of genes involved in the synthesis or transport of amino acids.
Approximately 50% of human genes contain uORFs in their 5'UTR, and when present, these cause reductions in protein expression.[4] Human peptides derived from translated uORFs can be detected from cellular material with a mass spectrometer.[5]
See also
References
- ↑ "Regulation of fungal gene expression via short open reading frames in the mRNA 5'untranslated region". Molecular Microbiology 49 (4): 859–67. August 2003. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03622.x. PMID 12890013.
- ↑ "Ribosome regulation by the nascent peptide". Microbiological Reviews 60 (2): 366–85. June 1996. doi:10.1128/MMBR.60.2.366-385.1996. PMID 8801438.
- ↑ Hinnebusch, Alan G. (1997-08-29). "Translational Regulation of Yeast GCN4: A window on factors that control initiator-tRNA binding to the ribosome *" (in English). Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (35): 21661–21664. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.21661. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9268289. https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(19)65604-8/abstract.
- ↑ "Upstream open reading frames cause widespread reduction of protein expression and are polymorphic among humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7507–12. May 2009. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810916106. PMID 19372376. PMC 2669787. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..106.7507C. http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/50259/1/Calvo-2009-Upstream%20open%20readin.pdf.
- ↑ "Peptidomic discovery of short open reading frame-encoded peptides in human cells". Nature Chemical Biology 9 (1): 59–64. January 2013. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1120. PMID 23160002.
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