Biology:Heteractinida
| Heteractinida | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Informal group: | †"Heteractinida" Hinde, 1887 |
| Included groups | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms | |
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Heteractinida is an extinct grade of Paleozoic (Cambrian–Permian) sponges, sometimes used as a class or order. They are most commonly considered paraphyletic with respect to Calcarea (calcareous sponges),[1][2][3] though some studies instead argue that they are paraphyletic relative to Hexactinellida (glass sponges).[4] Heteractinids can be distinguished by their six-pronged (snowflake-shaped) spicules, whose symmetry historically suggested a relationship with the triradial calcarean sponges.[4]
The sponge-like Cambrian Hetairacyathidae may be related to heteractinids,[5] though most instead consider hetairacyathids to be closer to archaeocyaths and radiocyaths.[6]
Subgroups
From Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology:[5]
- Order †Octactinellida Hinde, 1887
- Family †Astraeospongiidae Miller, 1889 [Cambrian–Devonian]
- Family †Eiffeliidae Rigby, 1986 [Cambrian–Mississippian]
- Family †Nuchidae Pickett, 2002 [Cambrian]
- Family †Wewokellidae King, 1943 [Mississippian–Permian]
References
- ↑ Pickett, J. (2002). "†Order Heteractinida Hinde, 1887". in Hooper, J.N.A.; Van Soest, R.W.M.; Willenz, P.. Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 1121–1140. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_117. ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2.
- ↑ Jain, Sreepat (2017). "Sponges". Fundamentals of Invertebrate Palaeontology. Springer Geology. New Delhi: Springer India. pp. 7–30. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3658-0. ISBN 978-81-322-3656-6. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-81-322-3658-0.
- ↑ Nadhira, Ardianty; Sutton, Mark D.; Botting, Joseph P.; Muir, Lucy A.; Gueriau, Pierre; King, Andrew; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Siveter, David J. et al. (2019). "Three-dimensionally preserved soft tissues and calcareous hexactins in a Silurian sponge: implications for early sponge evolution" (in en). Royal Society Open Science 6 (7): 190911. doi:10.1098/rsos.190911. ISSN 2054-5703. PMID 31417767. PMC 6689616. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.190911.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Botting, J. P.; Butterfield, N. J.; Valentine, J. W. (2005). "Reconstructing early sponge relationships by using the Burgess Shale fossil Eiffelia globosa, Walcott". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (5): 1554–1559. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405867102. PMID 15665105.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN:0-8137-3131-3.
- ↑ Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volumes 4 & 5: Hypercalcified Porifera, Paleozoic Stromatoporoidea & Archaeocyatha, liii + 1223 p., 665 figs., 2015, available here. ISBN:978-0-9903621-2-8.
Wikidata ☰ Q16910350 entry
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