Biology:Pinus massoniana

Short description: Species of conifer

Masson's pine
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Gymnospermae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae
Genus:	Pinus
Subgenus:	P. subg. Pinus
Section:	P. sect. Pinus
Subsection:	P. subsect. Pinus
Species:	P. massoniana
Binomial name
Pinus massoniana Lamb.

Pinus massoniana (English: Masson's pine, Chinese red pine, horsetail pine; Chinese: 馬尾松) is a species of pine, native to Taiwan, a wide area of central and southern China, and northern Vietnam.

Description

bark close-up

It is an evergreen tree reaching 25–45 metres (82–148 feet) in height, with a broad, rounded crown of long branches. The bark is thick, grayish-brown, and scaly plated at the base of the trunk, and orange-red, thin, and flaking higher on the trunk. The leaves are needle-like, dark green, with two per fascicle, 12–20 centimetres (4 ¹⁄₂–8 inches) long and 0.8–1 millimetre (¹⁄₃₂–³⁄₆₄ in) wide, the persistent fascicle sheath 1.5–2 cm (⁵⁄₈–³⁄₄ in) long. The cones are ovoid, 4–7 cm (1 ⁵⁄₈–2 ³⁄₄ in) long, chestnut-brown, opening when mature in late winter to 4–6 cm (1 ⁵⁄₈–2 ³⁄₈ in) broad. The seeds are winged, 4–6 mm (⁵⁄₃₂–¹⁄₄ in) long with a 10–15 mm (³⁄₈–⁹⁄₁₆ in) wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing 18–20 months after.

Distribution and habitat

It is native to Taiwan, a wide area of central and southern China including Hong Kong, and northern Vietnam, growing at low to moderate altitudes, mostly below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) but rarely up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level.

Ecology

In the 1970s and 80s, the Pinewood nematode from North America and pine-needle scale insect from Taiwan, together virtually eliminated the native Pinus massoniana in Hong Kong.

Fossil record

A fossil seed cone and several needles of Pinus massoniana have been described from the upper Miocene Wenshan flora, Yunnan, SW China. The fossils most resemble the variety P. massoniana var. hainanensis, which is a tropical montane thermophilic tree restricted to Hainan Island in southern China.

Uses

The species is a common tree used in plantation forestry for replacing or compensating for the loss of the natural forest in southern China. Chinese rosin is obtained mainly from the turpentine of P. massoniana and slash pine (P. elliottii).

Logs are mainly used to make pulp for paper industry.

Leaves are used to give special smoke flavor to a local black tea, such as Lapsang souchong of Fujian.

Habit

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References

• Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus massoniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42379A2976356. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42379A2976356.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42379/2976356. 
• Pinus massoniana - Plants For A Future database report
• eFloras, Missouri Botanical Garden & Harvard University Herbaria, Pinus massoniana, 4, p. 14, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005343, retrieved 23 October 2009 

Wikidata ☰ Q716571 entry