Biology:Herpothallon
| Herpothallon | |
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| Herpothallon rubrocinctum | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Arthoniomycetes |
| Order: | Arthoniales |
| Family: | Arthoniaceae |
| Genus: | Herpothallon Tobler (1937) |
| Type species | |
| Herpothallon sanguineum (Vain.) Tobler (1937)
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| Species | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Herpothallon is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It has about 50 species.[2]
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed in 1930 by German lichenologist Friedrich Tobler, with Herpothallon sanguineum assigned as the type species. Tobler erroneously believed that the fungus was a member of the Basidiomycota.[3][4] After it was recognized as an ascolichen, it was referred to either Chiodecton (family Roccellaceae) or Cryptothecia (family Arthoniaceae).[5]
In 2009, Herpothallon was resurrected following a publication by André Aptroot, Göran Thor, Robert Lücking, and John Elix, in which they recognized 29 species worldwide.[6] The type species is now known as Herpothallon rubrocinctum,[7] or in the vernacular as the "Christmas lichen".[8]
Description
Herpothallon is characterized by the byssoid (a wispy or cottony texture) prothallus (i.e., the first purely fungal layer upon which an algae-containing thallus develops) and hypothallus (i.e., a growth of undifferentiated purely fungal mycelium present as a distinct layer on the underside of the thallus). The texture of the thallus is somewhat felt-like, and its form is heteromerous, meaning that more or less distinct tissues are present, in particular, the mycobiont and photobiont components occur in well-marked layers, with the photobiont in a more or less distinct zone between the upper cortex and the medulla. Another thallus feature common to all species is the felty pseudoisidia; these are isidia-like outgrowths that, unlike true isidia, lack internal differentiation and have no distinct cortex. The thallus also has pustules (blister-like elevations), and granules ranging in form and size from soredia-like to minute. The photobiont partner of the Herpothallon lichen is from Trentepohlia, a genus of green algae.[9] In Herpothallon, the asci do not develop in true ascomata. Only two members of the genus, H. fertile and H. inopinatum, are known to be fertile.[10]
Species
(As of January 2022), Species Fungorum accepts 42 species of Herpothallon.
- Herpothallon adnatum G.Thor (2009)[11]
- Herpothallon alae Sipman (2018)[12] – Vanuatu
- Herpothallon aurantiacoflavum (B.de Lesd.) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[13]
- Herpothallon australasicum (Elix) Elix & G.Thor (2009)[14]
- Herpothallon biacidum Frisch, Elix & G.Thor (2010)[15] – Australia
- Herpothallon brialmonticum Aptroot & Elix (2009)[16]
- Herpothallon capilliferum P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[17] – China
- Herpothallon cinereum G.Thor (2009)[16]
- Herpothallon confluenticum Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[18]
- Herpothallon confusum G.Thor (2009)[19]
- Herpothallon corallinum G.Thor (2009)[20]
- Herpothallon coralloides Jagad.Ram (2014)[21] – Andaman Islands
- Herpothallon echinatum Aptroot, Lücking & Will-Wolf (2009)[22]
- Herpothallon elegans G.Thor (2009)[23]
- Herpothallon fertile Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[24]
- Herpothallon flavominutum Jagad.Ram, G.P.Sinha & Elix (2009)[9] – India
- Herpothallon furfuraceum G.Thor (2009)[25]
- Herpothallon globosum G.Thor (2009)[26]
- Herpothallon globuliferum Jagad.Ram (2014)[21] – Andaman Islands
- Herpothallon granulare (Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[27]
- Herpothallon granulosum Jagad.Ram & G.P.Sinha (2009)[5] – India
- Herpothallon himalayanum Jagad.Ram & G.P.Sinha (2009)[9] – India
- Herpothallon hypoprotocetraricum G.Thor (2009)[27]
- Herpothallon hyposticticum Bungartz & Elix (2013)[28] – Galápagos Islands
- Herpothallon inopinatum Frisch & G.Thor (2014)[10] – Mexico
- Herpothallon isidiatum Jagad.Ram & G.P.Sinha (2009)[5] – India
- Herpothallon japonicum (Zahlbr.) G.Thor (2009)[29]
- Herpothallon kigeziense Frisch & G.Thor (2013)[30] – Uganda
- Herpothallon lutescens Jagad.Ram (2014)[21] – Andaman Islands
- Herpothallon minimum Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[31]
- Herpothallon minutum Jagad.Ram (2014)[21] – Andaman Islands
- Herpothallon nigroisidiatum G.Thor (2009)[32]
- Herpothallon philippinum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[33]
- Herpothallon polyisidiatum P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[17] – China
- Herpothallon purpureum Aptroot & M.F.Souza (2021)[34] – Brazil
- Herpothallon pustulatum G.Thor (2009)[35]
- Herpothallon queenslandicum (Elix) Elix (2009)[36]
- Herpothallon roseocinctum (Fr.) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[37]
- Herpothallon rubrocinctoides (G.Thor) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[38]
- Herpothallon rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[39]
- Herpothallon rubroechinatum Frisch & G.Thor (2010)[40]
- Herpothallon rubromaculatum G.Thor (2009)[41]
- Herpothallon saxorum Bungartz & Elix (2013)[28] – Galápagos Islands
- Herpothallon subglobosum P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[17] – China
- Herpothallon tricolor Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2017)
- Herpothallon viridi-isidiatum P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[17] – China
- Herpothallon weii Y.L.Cheng & H.Y.Wang (2012)[42] – China
References
- ↑ "Synonymy: Herpothallon Tobler, Flora, Regensburg 131: 446 (1937)". Species Fungorum. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=2305.
- ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
- ↑ Tobler, F. (1937). "Entwicklungsgeschichtliche" (in de). Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 55: 158–164.
- ↑ Tobler, F. (1937). "Über den Bau der Hymenolichenen and eine neue zu ihnen gehörende Gattung" (in de). Flora 131: 437–438.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Sinha, G.P.; Singh, K.P. (2009). "New species and new records of Cryptothecia and Herpothallon (Arthoniales) from India". The Lichenologist 41 (6): 605–613. doi:10.1017/s0024282909008123.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009.
- ↑ "Record Details: Herpothallon sanguineum (Sw.) Tobler, Flora, Regensburg 131: 447 (1937)". Index Fungorum. http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=366532.
- ↑ Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-300-08249-4.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Sinha, G.P. (2009). "New species and new records of Herpothallon (lichenized Ascomycetes) from India". Mycotaxon 110: 37–42. doi:10.5248/110.37. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233492486.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Frisch, A.; Rudolphi, Jörgen; Thor, Göran (2014). "Herpothallon inopinatum (Arthoniaceae), a new lichen species from Mexico". Annales Botanici Fennici 51 (1–2): 63–68. doi:10.5735/085.051.0108.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 28.
- ↑ Sipman, H.J.M. (2018). "Three new lichen species and 48 new records from Vanuatu". Australasian Lichenology 82: 106–129. https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/AL82.pdf.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 31.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 33.
- ↑ Frisch, Andreas; Elix, John A.; Thor, Göran (2010). "Herpothallon biacidum, a new lichen species from tropical Australia". The Lichenologist 42 (3): 285–289. doi:10.1017/s0024282909990697.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 34.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Chen, Pengfei; Liu, Linlin; Xie, Congmiao; Zhang, Lulu (2022). "Four new species of Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, Ascomycota) from China". Phytotaxa 536 (1): 83–91. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.5.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 35.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 36.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 37.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M. (2014). "The genus Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae) in the Andaman Islands, India". The Lichenologist 46 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000571.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 38.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 39.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 40.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 41.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 42.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 43.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Bungartz, Frank; Dután-Patiño, Valeria Leonor; Elix, John A. (2013). "The lichen genera Cryptothecia, Herpothallon and Helminthocarpon (Arthoniales) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador". The Lichenologist 45 (6): 739–762. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000522. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259147283.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 44.
- ↑ Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Sheil, Douglas (2014). "Four new Arthoniomycetes from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Nova Hedwigia 98: 295–312. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0155. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263725781.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 53.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 55.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 56.
- ↑ Aptroot, André; Souza, Maria Fernanda (2021). "New crustose lichens from a tropical coastal area in Paraná (Brazil)". Cryptogamie, Mycologie 42 (12): 191–197. doi:10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a12.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 57.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 58.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 59.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 50.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 61.
- ↑ Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Elix, John (2010). "Herpothallon rubroechinatum (Arthoniaceae), a new species from tropical and subtropical America". The Bryologist 113 (1): 144–148. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.1.144.
- ↑ Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 63.
- ↑ Cheng, Yu-Liang; Ning, Jing; Xu, Hou-Ping; Zhang, Lu-Lu; Wang, Hai-Ying; Zhao, Zun-Tian (2012). "Herpothallon weii, a new lichen from China". Mycotaxon 119: 439–443. doi:10.5248/119.439. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0119/0439.htm.
Cited literature
- Aptroot, André; Thor, Göran; Lücking, Robert; Elix, John A.; Chaves, J.L. (2009). "The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated". Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichens: Liber Amicorum Harrie Sipman. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 99. J. Cramer. pp. 19–66. ISBN 978-3-443-58078-0.
Wikidata ☰ Q10522484 entry
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