Biology:Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)
| Haplogroup K2b1 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 30,000-40,000 |
| Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia; Oceania. |
| Ancestor | K2b (P331) |
| Descendants | S (K2b1a) and M (K2b1b) |
| Defining mutations | P397, P399 [1][2] |
Haplogroup K2b1, known sometimes as haplogroup MS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).[3][2]
It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians. It is also carried by Negrito and Melanesian minorities in Philippines as well as Indonesia.
Structure
K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.
Its only primary branches are the major haplogroups S (B254), also known as K2b1a (and previously known as Haplogroup S1 or K2b1a4) and M (P256), also known as K2b1b (previously K2b1d).
Distribution
K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia (especially the island of New Guinea) and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta of the Philippines .[4] The vast majority of living males carrying K2b1 are members of downstream subclades within the major haplogroups M (also known as K2b1b) and S (K2b1a).
Studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that, before contact with Europeans, about 29% of Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander males belonged to downstream subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308),[4] and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders.[5] (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)
| Population | K2b1 (including Haplogroups M & S) as a % [6] |
|---|---|
| Papua New Guinea | 82.76% |
| New Zealand | 03.82% (i.e. 1.95% of the 51% Maori males with indigenous Y-DNA) |
| Fiji | 60.75% |
| Solomon Islands | 71.9% |
| French Polynesia | 08.00% |
| Vanuatu | 76.5% |
| Guam | 33.3% (small sample size) |
| Samoa | 08.04% |
| Kiribati | 0% (small sample size) |
| Tonga | 20.69% |
| Micronesia FDR | 66.67% |
| Marshall Islands | 63.64% |
| Palau | 61.5% small sample size |
| Cook Islands | 03.9% |
| Wallis and Futuna | 26% |
| Tuvalu | 36% |
| Nauru | 28.6% (small sample size) |
| Niue | 0% (small sample size) |
| Tokelau | 50% (small sample size) |
| Hawaii | 20% (small sample size from FTDNA) |
| Aboriginal Australians | 29% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous) [5] |
| Timor | 25% |
| Aeta | 60% |
| Filipinos | 04.00% (samples includes a diverse number of minority Filipino ethno-linguistic groups and ethnic minorities.) |
| Malaysia | 02.40% ( small sample size ) |
| Flores | 35% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities ) |
| Sulawesi | 11.3% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities ) |
| Eastern Indonesia (Wallacea) | 25.9% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities ) |
| Java | 0% |
| Bali | 0.9% |
| Sumatra | 0% |
| Borneo (Indonesia) | 05.80% ( samples includes diverse ethnic minorities ) |
| West Papua | 52.6% |
| Papua Province | 82.6% |
| Sumba | 25.2% |
| Chuukkese people (Micronesia) | 76.5% |
| Pohnpeian people (Micronesia) | 70% (small sample size) |
References
- ↑ "PhyloTree y - Minimal y tree". http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/index.htm.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Eur J Hum Genet 23 (3): 369–373. June 2014. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMID 24896152.
- ↑ "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–191. Feb 2014. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. http://www.phylotree.org/Y.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Karafet 2014
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
- ↑ (i. e. individuals indigenous to Oceania are assumed to be K2b1)
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