Biology:Gonyaulax
| Gonyaulax | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Myzozoa |
| Superclass: | Dinoflagellata |
| Class: | Dinophyceae |
| Order: | Gonyaulacales |
| Family: | Gonyaulacaceae |
| Genus: | Gonyaulax Diesing, 1866 |
| Species | |
Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates with the type species Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing. Gonyaulax belongs to red dinoflagellates and commonly causes red tides. It can produce yesotoxins: for example, strains of Gonyaulax spinifera from New Zeland are yessotoxin producers.[4]
Structure
The plate formula in the genus Gonyaulax Diesing was redefined as Po, 3', 2a, 6", 6c, 4-8s, 5'", 1p, 1"".[5]
Classification
All species are marine, except for one freshwater species, Gonyaulax apiculata.[5]
It previously included several species, which are now considered to belong to a separate genus, e.g.:[5]
- Gonyaulax tamarensis (now: Alexandrium tamarense)
- Gonyaulax grindleyi (now: Protoceratium reticulatum)
- Gonyaulax polyedra (now: Lingulodinium polyedra)
Adaptations
Gonyaulax dinoflagellates can produce resting cysts that belong to the cyst-defined genus Spiniferites and other genera [6]
Effect on humans
Although some Gonyaulax species can produce yessotoxins, which can accumulate in shellfish, no harmful effects to humans have been clearly demonstrated; however abalone mortalities have been related to blooms of Gonyaulax membranaceae.[7]
Red tide
A Red tide is a discoloration of the sea water by pigmented cells like Gonyaulax spp., some of which may produce toxins. Gonyaulax spinifera has been connected to the production of yessotoxins (YTXs), a group of structurally related polyether toxins, which can accumulate in shellfish.[8]
References
- ↑ syn. G. schuettii Lemmermann 1899 AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma
- ↑ syn. Steiniella fragilis Schütt AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis
- ↑ "Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization". J. Phycol. 51 (3): 560–73. 2015. doi:10.1111/jpy.12304. PMID 26986670.
- ↑ Rhodes, L.A.; McNabb, P.; de Salas, M.; Briggs, L.; Beuzenberg, V.; Gladstone, M.. "Yessotoxin production by Gonyaulax spinifera.". Harmful Algae 5: 148–55.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Dodge, J.D. (1989). "Some revisions of the family Gonyaulacaceae (Dinophyceae) based on scanning electron microscope study". Botanica Marina 32 (4): 275–298. doi:10.1515/botm.1989.32.4.275.
- ↑ André Rochon, Jane Lewis, Marianne Ellegaard, Ian C. Harding, The Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae) “complex”: Perpetuating the paradox?, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Volume 155, Issues 1–2, 2009, Pages 52-60, ISSN 0034-6667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.12.017. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034666709000050)
- ↑ Grant C. Pitcher, Charles J. Foord, Brett M. Macey, Lisa Mansfield, Anna Mouton, Marie E. Smith, Steven J. Osmond, Lynndal van der Molen, Devastating farmed abalone mortalities attributed to yessotoxin-producing dinoflagellates,Harmful Algae,Volume 81,2019,Pages 30-41, ISSN 1568-9883,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.006.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318301677)
- ↑ https://toxins.hais.ioc-unesco.org/toxingroup/21/
Wikidata ☰ Q5582128 entry
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