Biology:Haplogroup T-L206 (Y-DNA)

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Short description: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup T-L206
Possible time of origin26,800 BP [1]
Possible place of originWestern Asia[2][3][4]
AncestorT (T-M184)
DescendantsT1a (T-M70)

Haplogroup T-L206, also known as haplogroup T1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The SNP that defines the T1 clade is L206. The haplogroup is one of two primary branches of T (T-M184), the other subclade being T2 (T-PH110).

T1 is the most common descendant of the T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all T-M184 members in Africa and Eurasia (as well as countries to which those populations have migrated in the modern era, in the Americas and Australasia). T1 lineages are now found at high frequencies among northern Somali clans. It is hypothesized that T1* (if not some of its subclades) originated in Western Asia, and spread into Europe and North Africa with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB).

The basal clade T1* is rare, but has been found in at least three males from widely separated regions: a Berber from Tunisia, a Syrian, and a Macedonian.[5][6][7]

T-L206's sole primary branch, T1a (M70), is believed to have originated about 15,900 – 23,900 BP,[8] in the Levant. It appears that a number of individuals bearing T-M70 later migrated south to Africa.[9]

Structure

Phylogenetic T-M184 tree
  • T1 (L206, L490) Found in Syria.
    • T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Early Neolithic skeleton found in Karsdorf, Germany, 7200 years old. Also in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Ossetia, England, Italy and Portugal.
      • T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found on Eivissa, northern Anatolia and Germany.
        • T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in Upper Egypt, Horn of Africa, western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
          • T1a1a1 (P77,CTS8512) Mostly found in Middle East, Western Europe and Ashkenazi Jews.
          • T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi Jews.
            • T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria, Italian Jews and Ashkenazi Jews.
      • T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
        • T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite Jews and Palestine(P327).
        • T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
      • T1a3 (L1255) Found in Kuwait.

Subclade distribution

T1* (T-L206*)

This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Berbers Siwi (Berber) Sejenane 1/47 2.1% [5]
Syrians Unspecified Syria 1/95 1.1% [6]
Macedonians Macedonian
(Balto-Slavic)		 Macedonia 1/201 0.5% [7] Orthodox Christians of Macedonian ethnicity


T1a (M70)

Initial research on T1a-M70 (previously K2)
M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])

J. R. Luis et al. 2004, [10]

Three genetically different populations in the Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Spain
The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither [does it show] a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations ... [T]he data provided by the Pityusic population [compared] with other circumediterranean populations surprises [in] that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with ... North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: ... some markers shows affinities with [Middle Eastern] ... mtDNA variables ... but [the Pityusic population] diverges from these populations when considering other markers. [It] is a separate case, a island, not [just] in the geographical sense but [also a] genetical [island].

Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Pityusic Islands Eivissenc (Ibizan) (Romance) Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Spain 9/54 16.7% [11][12] L454+. All individuals carry typical Ibizan surnames and had paternal grandfathers born in Ibiza.
Pityusic Islands Eivissenc Ibiza 7/96 7.3% [13] L454+
Pityusic Islands Eivissenc Ibiza 3/45 6.7% [14] L454+

T1a1 (L162; xL208)

T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.

This extremely rare subclade has been found in Ibizan (Eivissan) islanders and Pontic Greeks from Giresun. The first Y-STR haplotype belonging to this lineage appeared in the paper of Tomas et al in 2006 among a sample of Eivissan individuals but is not until August 2009 when the first T1a1-L162(xL208) individual was reported in a 23andMe customer of Pontic Greek background and Metaxopoulos surname, thanks to the public Adriano Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project.

Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend from Sinope colonists and Sinope was colonised by Ionians from Miletus. It is interesting to note that there existed an Ionian colony known as Pityussa, just like the known Greek name for Eivissa Pityuses. In Eivissa, archaeological findings include the famous bust of Demeter which has been confused with the Punic goddess Tanit for decades. The bust belonging to Demeter has been analysed and was found to contain black particles of volcanic sand, originating from Mount Etna. It is thought that the bust was made in Sicily, with red clays typical of the eastern Trinacria, which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker. T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.

T1a1a (L208)

This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. First discovered and reported in August 2009 in a 23andMe customer of Iberian ancestry that participated in the public Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project and appearing there as "Avilés" and as "AlpAstur" in 23andMe. Named as "L208" at November 2009.


T1a1a1a1b1a1 (Y3782; xY3836)

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Sardinians Campidanese (Romance languages) Casteddu 1/187 0.5% [15]

T1a1a1a1b1a1a (Y3836)

This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where is found their highest diversity. The first Y-STR haplotype of this lineage, characterized by DYS437=13, was found in the public FTDNA Y-DNA Haplogroup T project, appearing there at April 2009 as kit E8011. However, is not until June 2014 when the Y-SNP Y3836 was discovered in the public YFULL project among two of their participants of Iberian ancestry, appearing there as YF01637 and YF01665.

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Panamanians Panamian Castilian (Romance languages) Los Santos Province 1/30 3.3% [16]
Colombians Colombian Castilian (Romance languages) Caldas 2/75 2.7% YHRD Mestizo individuals
Panamanians Panamian Castilian (Romance languages) Panama Province 1/43 2.3% [16]
Northwest Argentinians Argentinian Castilian (Romance languages) Mountainous region of Jujuy 1/50 2% [17] YHRD Admixed population
Puerto Ricans Puerto Rican Castilian (Romance languages) Southeast Puerto Rico 2/110 1.8% [18]
Northeastern Portuguese Jews Judaeo-Portuguese (Romance) Bragança, Argozelo, Carção, Mogadouro, and Vilarinho dos Galegos 1/57 1.8% [19][20][21]
Native Mirandese speakers Mirandese Astur-leonese (Romance) Miranda de l Douro 1/58 1.7% [22][23]
Dominicans Dominican Castilian (Romance languages) Dominican Republic 4/261 1.5% [24]
Panamanians Panamian Castilian (Romance languages) Chiriquí Province 1/92 1.1% [16]
Mecklenburgers East Low Saxon (West Germanic) Rostock 2/200 1% [25]
Colombians Colombian Castilian (Romance languages) Bogotá 2/195 1% YHRD Mestizo individuals
Colombians Colombian Castilian (Romance languages) Valle del Cauca 1/103 1% YHRD Mestizo individuals
Venezuelans Venezuelan Castilian (Romance languages) Maracaibo 1/111 0.9% [26]
Venezuelans Venezuelan Castilian (Romance languages) Central Region 1/115 0.9% [27]
Europeans Brazilian Portuguese (Romance languages) São Paulo 1/120 0.8 YHRD European descents
Ecuadorians Ecuadorian Castilian (Romance languages) Quito 1/120 0.8% [28]
Colombians Colombian Castilian (Romance languages) Antioquia 6/777 0.7% [29]
Mexicans Mexican Castilian (Romance languages) Tuxtla Gutiérrez 1/154 0.7 YHRD Mestizo individuals
Mexicans Mexican Castilian (Romance languages) Mérida 1/159 0.6% YHRD Mestizo individuals
Eastern Andalusians Andalusian (Romance) Granada 1/180 0.6% [30]
Colombians Colombian Castilian (Romance languages) Santander 1/193 0.5% YHRD Mestizo individuals
Chile ans Chilean Castilian (Romance languages) Concepción 1/198 0.5% YHRD
Mexicans Mexican Spanish (Romance languages) Guadalajara 1/246 0.4% YHRD Mestizo individuals
Europeans Brazilian Portuguese (Romance languages) Rio Grande do Sul 1/255 0.4% [31]

Geographical distribution

Europe

Cretan Greeks from Lasithi possess Haplogroup T, almost certainly T1a (M70), at a level of 18% (9/50).[32]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[33] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[34] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[34] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[34] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[34] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento,[34] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[35] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[34] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[36] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[37] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[38] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[39] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[40] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León,[40] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[39] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[39] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[41] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[42] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[43] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[41] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[44] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[33] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[33] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc,[45] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[39] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[46] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[47] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[48] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[43] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[41] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[49] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[50] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[43] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[51] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[52] 0.5% (1/186) of Poland in Podlasie[53]

Middle East & Caucasus

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Iraqi Jews Judeo-Iraqi Arabic (Central Semitic) Iraq 7/32 21.9% [6] 12.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.4% T1a3-Y11151
Armenian Sasuntzis Western Armenian dialect, Kurmanji and Dimli (Northwestern Iranian) languages Sasun 21/104 20.2% [2] T1a1 and T1a2 subclades
Kurdish Jews Judeo-Aramaic (Central Semitic) Kurdistan 9/50 18% [6] 10% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 8% T1a1-L162
Iranian Jews Judeo-Iranian (Southwestern Iranian) Iran 3/22 13.6% [6] 4.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.1% T1a3-Y11151
Mountain Jews Judeo-Tat (Southwestern Iranian) Derbentsky District 2/17 11.8% [54] All belong to T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77
Not specified Not specified Birjand 1/27 3.7% [55] All T1a3-Y12871
Not specified Not specified Mashhad 2/129 1.6% [55] 0.8% T1a3-Y11151 (xY8614)

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[56] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[57] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[56] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[57] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[58] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine,[59] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[60] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[57] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[58] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[56][61] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[59] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine,[59] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[56][61] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[56][61] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[61] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[56][61] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[59] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[61]

North & East Asia

Barghut Mongolians from |different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak have T1a (M70) at a level of 1.3% (1/76).[62] In the 12–13th centuries, the Barga (Barghuts) Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin.

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province,[63] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[64]

South Asia

Haplogroup T1a-M70 in South Asia is considered to be of West Eurasian origin.[65]

The Garo people of Tangail District appear to possess T-P77 (T1a1a1b2b2b1a) at a rate of 0.8% (1/120).[66]||Likely +

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[67] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[68] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[68] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[69] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[68] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[71] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[71] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[68] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[72] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[70] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[71] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[68] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[68] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[71] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[71] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[73] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[68] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[70]

Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).

Africa

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Somalis (Dir clan) Somali (East Cushitic) Djibouti 24/24 100% [74] The main sub-clans of the Dir clan in Djibouti are the Issa and Gadabuursi.
Somalis (Dire Dawa) Somali (East Cushitic) Dire Dawa 14/17 82.4% [75] Dir sub-clans of Dire Dawa are Issa, Gurgura and Gadabuursi.
Anteony Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy) old Antemoro Kingdom 22/37 59.5% [76] The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
Somalis (Dir clan) and Afars Somali and Afar (East Cushitic) Djibouti 30/54 56.6% [77] Mixed sample of Somali and Afar individuals.[failed verification]
Somalis (Ethiopia) Somali (East Cushitic) Shilavo (woreda) (Ogaden) 5/10 50% [74] The geographic location of this Ethiopia sample as seen in Fig.1.
Somalis (Isaaq) Somali (East Cushitic) Somaliland 4/4 100% [78] All belonging to the T1a-Y16897 subclade
Toubou Toubou Chad 31% [79] All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade
Lemba Venda and Shona (Bantu) Zimbabwe/South Africa 6/34 17.6% [6] Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians.
Baribas Baatonum (Niger–Congo) Benin 1/57 1.8% [80] T1a-M70(xT1a2-L131)

Ancient DNA

'Ain Ghazal, 9,573 BP

Ain Ghazal T-M184 Ghazal-I
ID I1707 AG83_5 Poz-81097
Y DNA T1-PF5610 (xT1a1-Z526, T1a1a-CTS9163, T1a1a-CTS2607, T1a2-S11611, T1a2-Y6031, T1a2a1-P322, T1a3a-Y9189)
Population Neolithic Farmers
Language
Culture Late Middle PPNB
Date (YBP) 9573 ± 39
House / Location Ain Ghazal
Members / Sample Size 1/2
Percentage 50%
mtDNA R0a
Isotope Sr
Eye Color Likely non-Dark
Hair Color Likely non-Dark
Skin Pigmentation Light
ABO Blood Group Likely O or B
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0)
FADS activity rs174551 (T), rs174553 (G), rs174576 (A)
Lactase Persistence Likely lactose-intolerant
Oase-1 Shared DNA 14.2%
Ostuni1 Shared DNA 6.7%
Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA 0.93%
Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA 1.2%
Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA 0.3%
Ancestral Components (AC) Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 56.82%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 24.09%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 12.51%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 4.16%, Sub Saharan: 2.04%, East European Hunter: 0.37%
puntDNAL K12 Ancient
Dodecad [dv3]
Eurogenes [K=36]
Dodecad [Globe13]
Genetic Distance
Parental Consanguinity
Age at Death
Death Position
SNPs 152.234
Read Pairs
Sample
Source [81]
Notes Evidence of a northerly origin for this population, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia.

Haplogroup T is found among the later Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (MPPNB) inhabitants from the 'Ain Ghazal archaeological site (in modern Jordan). It was not found among the early and middle MPPNB populations. It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north, i.e. north-eastern Anatolia. However, Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage – which is found among 60% of the whole PPNB population and 75% of the 'Ain Ghazal population, being present in all three MPPNB stages.

Later MPPNB populations in the Southern Levant were already witnessing severe changes in climate that would have been exacerbated by large population demands on local resources. Beginning at 8.9 cal ka BP we see a significant decrease in population in highland Jordan, ultimately leading to the complete abandonment of almost all central settlements in this region.[82]

The 9th millennium Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period in the Levant represents a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.

'Ain Ghazal (" Spring of the Gazelles") is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Wadi Zarqa, the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.

Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentiful within the site's immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of 'Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.

The Ain Ghazal settlement first appear in the MPPNB and is split into two MPPNB phases. Phase 1 starts 10300 yBP and ends 9950 yBP, phase 2 ends 9550 yBP.

The estimated population of the MPPNB site from ‘Ain Ghazal is of 259-1,349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the MPPNB ‘Ain Ghazal was likely 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the MPPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.

Notable members

Elite endurance runners

Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[83]

According to further studies,[6] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[84]

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson
Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 [now T/K1a] haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President's Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.

Turi E. King et al., [85]


A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is the third US President, Thomas Jefferson. He reportedly belongs to a subclade of T-M184 which is most commonly found in both the Iberian Peninsula (e.g. Spain) and Egypt. His most distant known ancestor is Samuel Jeffreason  [sic], born 11 October 1607 at Pettistree, Suffolk, England, although there is also a widespread belief that the President had Welsh ancestry. While all subclades of T-M184 are rare in Britain, some British males with the surname Jefferson have also reportedly been found to carry T-M184, reinforcing the idea that Thomas Jefferson's immediate paternal ancestry was British and may originate in Sephardic (Spanish) Jewish populations, who have their ultimate origins in the Middle East.[86]

There was controversy for almost two centuries regarding allegations that Thomas Jefferson had fathered the children of his slave Sally Hemings. An oral tradition in the Hemings family and other historical evidence was countered in the early 19th century by some Jefferson's grandchildren, who asserted that a son of Thomas Jefferson's sister, by the name of Carr, had been the father of Hemings' children. However, a 1998 study of Jefferson male-line DNA found that it matched that of a descendant of Sally Hemings' youngest son, Eston Hemings. Most historians now believe that Jefferson had a relationship with Hemings for 38 years, and probably fathered her six known children, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line.

Subclades

Tree

Phylogenetic Tree of the Eurasian Haplogroup T-M184 and their closest macro-lineages
Latest 2015 tree (ISOGG 2015)
Branching of T-M184
LT
 L298 
  (43900ybp)  
LT*
 (xM184, M20) 


 All cases without M184 or M20

 
T
 M184 
  (39,300‑45,100ybp)  
T*
 (xL206) 


 All cases without L206 or PH110

 
 
T1
 L206 
  (26600ybp)  
T1*
 (xM70) 


 Syria

 
 
T1a
 M70 
  (19,000-30,000ybp)[6]  
T1a*
 (xL162,L131,Y11151) 


 All cases without L162, L131 or Y11151

 
 
T1a1
 L162 
  (15400ybp)  
T1a1*
 (xL208) 


 Pityusic Islanders, Pontic Greeks from Giresun, Germany and Balkars.

 
 
T1a1a
 L208 
  (14800ybp)  
T1a1a*
 (xCTS11451, Y16897) 


 All cases without CTS11451 or Y16897

 
 
T1a1a1
 CTS11451 
  (9500ybp)  
T1a1a1*
 (xY4119, Y6671) 


 All cases without Y4119 or Y6671

 
 
T1a1a1a
 Y4119 
  (9200ybp)  
T1a1a1a*
 (xCTS2214) 


 All cases without CTS2214

 
 
T1a1a1a1
 CTS2214 
  (8900ybp)  
 
 
T1a1a1a2
 Y6671 
  (8900ybp)  

 

 
 
 
T1a1a1b
 Y6671 
  (9200ybp)  

 

 
 
 
T1a1a2
 Y16897 
  (9500ybp)  

 

 
 
 
 
T1a2
 L131 
  (15400ybp)  

 

 
 
T1a3
 Y11151 
  (15400ybp)  

 

 
 
 
T2
PH110 
  (26600ybp)  


 
 Ossetian Irons, Leoneses, Germans and Bhutaneses

 
 
L
M20
L1
M22


 West Asia, Europe, Central and South Asia.

 
 
L2
L595


 
 Widely widespread in Europe, where is found the highest diversity of this lineage.

 
 
 
Macro-Haplogroup LT

Phylogenetic history

Main page: Biology:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012 ISOGG 2013
T-M184 26 VIII 1U 25 Eu16 H5 F K* K T T K2 K2 T T T T T T
K-M70/T-M70 26 VIII 1U 25 Eu15 H5 F K2 K2 T T1 K2 K2 T T T T1 T1a T1a
T-P77 26 VIII 1U 25 Eu15 H5 F K2 K2 T2 T1a2 K2 K2 T2 T2 T2a1 T1a1b T1a1a1 T1a1a1

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001

β Underhill 2000

γ Hammer 2001

δ Karafet 2001

ε Semino 2000

ζ Su 1999

η Capelli 2001

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

Original research

Other works cited

  1. ↑ "T-L206 YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/T-L206/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Herrera, Kristian J (2011). "Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists". European Journal of Human Genetics 20 (3): 313–320. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.192. PMID 22085901. 
  3. ↑ Hallast (Nov 2014). The Y-chromosome tree bursts into leaf: 13,000 high-confidence SNPs covering the majority of known clades (Thesis). Archived from the original on 2015-01-10.
  4. ↑ "The Y-DNA Haplogroup T (former K2) Project". https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Y-Haplogroup-K2. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Frigi, Sabeh (2005). "Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs (AmpFLSTR1 YfilerTM) in two Tunisian Berber communities". International Journal of Legal Medicine 160 (1): 80–83. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.007. PMID 16005592. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Mendez, Fernando L.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Krahn, Thomas; Ostrer, Harry; Soodyall, Himla; Hammer, Michael F. (2011). "Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa". Human Biology 83 (1): 39–53. doi:10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID 21453003. "Estimates of the timing of the branching events within haplogroup T, along with a comprehensive geographic survey of the major T subclades, suggest that this haplogroup began to diversify in the Near East ~25 kya. Our survey also points to a complex history of dispersal of this rare and informative haplogroup within the Near East and from the Near East to Europe and West, East and Southern Africa.". 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jakovski, Z. (2011). "Genetic data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia". Forensic Science International: Genetics 5 (4): e108–e111. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.005. PMID 21549657. 
  8. ↑ "T-M70 YTree". https://www.yfull.com/arch-4.02/tree/T-M70/. 
  9. ↑ Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002.
  10. ↑ "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (3): 532–44. March 2004. doi:10.1086/382286. PMID 14973781. 
  11. ↑ Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan et al. (2008). "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean". The American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMID 18976729. 
  12. ↑ "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (6): 725–736. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMID 19061982. 
  13. ↑ "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci". Int. J. Legal Med. 123 (2): 137–41. March 2009. doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0302-y. PMID 19066931. 
  14. ↑ "Differential Maternal and Paternal Contributions to the Genetic Pool of Ibiza Island, Balearic Archipelago". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 129 (2): 268–278. 2006. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20273. PMID 16323196. 
  15. ↑ Morelli, Laura; Contu, Daniela; Santoni, Federico; Foster, Jamie W.; Francalacci, Paolo; Cucca, Francesco (2008). Hawks, John. ed. "Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans". PLOS ONE 3 (1): e1430. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430. PMID 18183308. Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.1430C. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Perego, Ugo Alessandro; Raveane, Alessandro (2015). "Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians". PLOS ONE 10 (12): e0144223. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144223. PMID 26636572. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1044223G. 
  17. ↑ González-Toscanini, Ulises (2016). "A comprehensive Y-STR portrait of Argentinean populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics 20: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.09.002. PMID 26433179. 
  18. ↑ Vilar, Miguel G. (2014). "Genetic diversity in Puerto Rico and its implications for the peopling of the Island and the West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 155 (3): 352–368. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22569. PMID 25043798. 
  19. ↑ "Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 141 (3): 373–81. March 2010. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21154. PMID 19918998. 
  20. ↑ "Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history". Frontiers in Genetics 6: 12. Feb 2015. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00012. PMID 25699075. 
  21. ↑ "Commentary: Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history". Frontiers in Genetics 6: 261. Aug 2015. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00261. PMID 26300912. 
  22. ↑ Monteiro, S. L.; et al. (2012). Leonese dialects in Portugal: linguistic-genetic relationships through Y chromosome analysis (Thesis). Universidade do Porto.
  23. ↑ Monteiro, Sofia L. Marques (2016). "Y chromosome diversity in a linguistic isolate (Mirandese, NE Portugal)". American Journal of Human Biology 28 (5): 671–80. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22849. PMID 26990174. 
  24. ↑ Díaz, Vilma (2008). "The distribution of Y-chromosome STRs in Dominican population". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 1: 195–197. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.163. 
  25. ↑ Seiberling, Susann (2005). "Allelverteilung Y-chromosomaler Short TandemRepeats in Vorpommern". Greifswald, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie. 
  26. ↑ Borjas, Lisbeth (2008). "Usefulness of 12 Y-STRs for forensic genetics evaluation in two populations from Venezuela". Legal Medicine 10 (2): 107–112. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.08.005. PMID 17981491. 
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  28. ↑ Baeza, Carlos (2007). "Population data for 15 Y-chromosome STRs in a population sample from Quito (Ecuador)". Forensic Science International 173 (2–3): 214–9. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.09.011. PMID 17320323. 
  29. ↑ José Builes, Juan (2005). "Y-chromosome STRs in an Antioquian (Colombia) population sample". Forensic Science International: Genetics 164 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.005. PMID 16289613. 
  30. ↑ Ambrosio, B. (2011). "'Y-STR genetic diversity in autochthonous Andalusians from Huelva and Granada provinces (Spain)". Forensic Science International. Genetics 6 (2): e66–e71. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.007. PMID 21664894. 
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  35. ↑ "Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 228–39. July 2007. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030. PMID 17275346. 
  36. ↑ Rapone, Cesare; Geraci, Antonio; Capelli, Cristian; De Meo, Adolfo; d’Errico, Giancarlo; Barni, Filippo; Berti, Andrea; Lago, Giampietro (2007). "Y chromosome haplotypes in Central-South Italy: Implication for reference database". Forensic Science International 172 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.072. PMID 16884881. 
  37. ↑ Pericic, M.; Lauc, LB; Klarić, IM; Rootsi, S; Janićijevic, B; Rudan, I; Terzić, R; Colak, I et al. (2005). "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443. 
  38. ↑ Mendizabal, Isabel; Sandoval, Karla; Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Salas, Antonio; Martinez-Fuentes, Antonio; Comas, David (2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 213. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMID 18644108. 
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  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M et al. (2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics 12 (10): 855–863. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Rodríguez, V. (2008). "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci". J Legal Med 123 (2): 137–41. doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0302-y. PMID 19066931. 
  42. ↑ Fechner, Angela (2008). "Boundaries and Clines in the West Eurasian Y-Chromosome Landscape: Insights From the European Part of Russia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20838. PMID 18470899. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Capelli, Cristian (2005). "A 9-loci Y chromosome haplotype in three Italian populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics 159 (1): 64–70. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.026. PMID 15998574. 
  44. ↑ Barac Lauc, Lovorka (2004). "Y chromosome STR polymorphisms in a Serbian population sample". Forensic Science International 150 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.07.022. PMID 15837014. 
  45. ↑ Egyed, Balazs (2005). "Population genetic study in two Transylvanian populations using forensically informative autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers". Forensic Science International 164 (2–3): 257–265. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.020. PMID 16314060. 
  46. ↑ Cerri, Nicoletta (2005). "Population data for 12 Y-chromosome STRs in a sample from Brescia (northern Italy)". Forensic Science International 152 (1): 83–87. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.006. PMID 15939179. 
  47. ↑ Elena Barbarii, Ligia (2003). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Romanian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine 117 (5): 312–315. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0397-0. PMID 12904972. 
  48. ↑ Stevanovic, Miljana (2006). "Human Y-specific STR haplotypes in population of Serbia and Montenegro". Forensic Science International 171 (2–3): 216–221. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.038. PMID 16806776. 
  49. ↑ Kovatsi, Leda (2009). "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Northern Greeks". Forensic Science International: Genetics 4 (1): e21–e22. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.01.001. PMID 19948315. 
  50. ↑ Haas, C. (2005). "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in a population sample from Switzerland (Zurich area)". Forensic Science International 158 (2–3): 213–218. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.036. PMID 15964729. 
  51. ↑ Rodig, Heike (2007). "Evaluation of haplotype discrimination capacity of 35 Y-chromosomal STR loci". Forensic Science International 174 (2–3): 182–188. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.223. PMID 17543484. 
  52. ↑ Veselinovic, Igor S. (2007). "Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in a Serbian population sample from Vojvodina province". Forensic Science International 176 (2–3): e23–e28. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.003. PMID 17482396. 
  53. ↑ Pepinski, Witold (2004). "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Podlasie, northeastern Poland". International Journal of Legal Medicine 144 (1): 77–82. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.024. PMID 15240025. 
  54. ↑ Tatiana M Karafet et al., "Coevolution of genes and languages and high levels of population structure among the highland populations of Daghestan," " Journal of Human Genetics " (2016),
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Tabrizi, Arash Alipour (2014). "Genetic profile of 17 Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in East of Iran". Forensic Science International: Genetics 14: e6–e7. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.010. PMID 25458927. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 Nasidze (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics 68 (3): 205–221. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Nasidze (2004). "Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians". Annals of Human Genetics 68 (6): 588–599. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x. PMID 15598217. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Nasidze (2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups". Annals of Human Genetics 69 (4): 401–412. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x. PMID 15996169. 
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  60. ↑ R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," The National Academy of Sciences, 2001
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  63. ↑ Bai, Rufeng (2008). "Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes in Chinese Hui ethnic group samples". Forensic Science International: Genetics 3 (1): e17–e19. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.03.004. PMID 19083856. 
  64. ↑ Meng Chang, Yuet (2008). "Haplotype diversity of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs in three native Sarawak populations (Iban, Bidayuh and Melanau) in East Malaysia". Forensic Science International: Genetics 3 (3): e77–e80. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.07.007. PMID 19414156. 
  65. ↑ Neetu Negi et al., [Human Genetics "The paternal ancestry of Uttarakhand does not imitate the classical caste system of India"]
  66. ↑ Hasan, Mahamud (2014). "Population genetics of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs loci in Garo and Santal tribal populations in Bangladesh". International Journal of Legal Medicine 129 (2): 251–252. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-0981-5. PMID 24577712. 
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  69. ↑ R. Cordaux et al. "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages"
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  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". J. Hum. Genet. 54 (1): 47–55. January 2009. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816. 
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  75. ↑ Plaster (2011). "Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia". UCL Discovery. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331901/3/1331901_CP_Thesis-SUBMITTED-DRAFT-POST-VIVA.pdf. 
  76. ↑ Mélanie Capredon et al., "Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar: Study of the Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA in the Antemoro," ^PLOS ONE, 2013
  77. ↑ Andrea Berti et al., "YHRD Contribution," ^YHRD, 2016
  78. ↑ "T-Y16897 YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/T-Y16897/. 
  79. ↑ Haber, Marc (2016). "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics 99 (6): 1316–1324. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012. PMID 27889059.  - Y-chromosomal haplogroup frequencies on Table S.4
  80. ↑ Fortes-Lima, Cesar (2015). "Genetic population study of Y-chromosome markers in Benin and Ivory Coast ethnic groups". Forensic Science International: Genetics 19: 232–237. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.07.021. PMID 26275614. 
  81. ↑ Lazaridis, Iosif (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature 536 (7617): 419–424. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMID 27459054. Bibcode: 2016Natur.536..419L. 
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  83. ↑ Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Falaschi, Francesco; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (2002). "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny". The American Journal of Human Genetics 70 (1): 265–8. doi:10.1086/338306. PMID 11719903. 
  84. ↑ Moran, Colin N.; Scott, Robert A.; Adams, Susan M.; Warrington, Samantha J.; Jobling, Mark A.; Wilson, Richard H.; Goodwin, William H.; Georgiades, Evelina et al. (2004). "Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners". Human Genetics 115 (6): 492–7. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y. PMID 15503146. 
  85. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132 (4): 584–9. April 2007. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20557. PMID 17274013. 
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Sources for conversion tables

  • Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H. et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. 
  • Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. 
  • Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265 
  • Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. 
  • Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. 
  • Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science 290 (5494): 1155–9, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453, Bibcode: 2000Sci...290.1155S 
  • Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. 
  • Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. 
  • "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup T". http://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpT.html. 

External links




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