Finance:Production quota
A production quota is a goal for the production of a good. It is typically set by a government or an organization, and can be applied to an individual worker, firm, industry or country. Quotas can be set high to encourage production, or can be used to restrict production to support a certain price level.[1]
What is a quota?
A quota refers to a measure that limits, either minimum or maximum, on a particular activity. Quotas are usually enacted by governments or organizations to protect domestic industries. In short, it limits the number of goods a country can export or import during a certain period of time.
Criticism
Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are typically used to benefit the producers of a good at the expense of consumers in that economy. Possible effects include corruption (bribes to increase a quota allocation) or smuggling (concealed actions to exceed a quota).
Quotas disrupt normal business cycles and do not help innovation.[citation needed] While it may seem like a good idea for producers to enact a production quota, it has long-term negative consequences. Customers will often try to find alternative solutions. In the case of oil, people will either purchase different natural energy sources or work towards finding renewable energy sources.[2] Quotas also create deadweight loss. When a production quota has been added, there is a loss in consumer surplus and creation of deadweight loss.[3] This triangle is also known as the "Harberger Triangle".[4]
Examples
Crude oil
- Oil production by OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a key example of an organization that uses production quotas. The 14 member states set a production quota for crude oil. This "maintains" the cost of crude oil per barrel in world markets.[5]
Agricultural produce
- Common Agricultural Policy by the European Union
- European Union milk quotas capped production from 1984 to 2015
- Agricultural policy of the United States during the Great Depression. Many production quotas were implemented. The purpose was to restrict the levels of production below competitive levels, which would increase the producer's income.[3] This was important when the price of agricultural products in the global markets had taken a dramatic decline.[6]
- Poundage quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 and successor laws in the United States. The peanut poundage quota ended in 2002, and the tobacco quota ended in 2005.
- Market Sharing Quota, dairy production quotas in Canada
Hunting
- Individual fishing quota
Other
- A 10-percent increase in production quotas for construction workers triggered the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany.
See also
- Import quota
- Planned economy
References
- ↑ Parkin, Michael; Powell, Melanie; Matthews, Kent (2007). Economics. Pearson Education. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-13-204122-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp6Ls7j3tVIC&pg=PA134. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
- ↑ Investing Answers 2019, 'Quota', Investing Answers, viewed 8 March 2020, <https://investinganswers.com/dictionary/q/quota>.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Schmitz, A, Haynes, D, & Schmitz, T G 2016, ‘The Not-So-Simple Economics of Production Quota Buyouts’, Journal of Agriculture and Applied Economics vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 119-147.
- ↑ Hines, J R Jr. 1998, 'Three Sides of Harberger Triangles', National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 6852.
- ↑ Investing Answers 2019, 'Quota', Investing Answers, viewed 8 March 2020, <https://investinganswers.com/dictionary/q/quota>
- ↑ Hurt, R D 2002, Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century, Chicago, Ivan R. Dee.
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