Software:Microsoft Azure Quantum

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Microsoft Azure Quantum
Developer(s)Microsoft
Initial releaseFebruary 1, 2021; 3 years ago (2021-02-01)[1]
Website{{{1}}}

Microsoft Azure Quantum is a public cloud computing platform that provides access to quantum hardware and software.[1][2] The platform includes multiple quantum hardware modalities such as trapped ion, neutral atom, and superconducting systems.[3]

Azure Quantum Elements software uses AI, high-performance computing and quantum processors to run molecular simulations and calculations in computational chemistry and materials science.[3]

Microsoft is developing a topological quantum computer based on Majorana zero modes.[4][1]

History

In 2000, physicist Alexei Kitaev proposed using Majorana particles for topological quantum computing.[5][6]

Michael Freedman and Kitaev authored a paper in 2002 demonstrating how a topological quantum computer could perform any computation that a conventional quantum computer could.[7]

In 2005, Sankar Das Sarma, Freedman and Chetan Nayak proposed creating a topological qubit using the fractional quantum Hall effect.[8]

In 2006 and 2008, Sarma, Freedman and Nayak developed theoretical proposals for topological quantum computing based on non-abelian anyons.[9][10]

In 2015, Microsoft developed its theoretical framework of Majorana zero modes for information processing through braiding-based topological quantum computing.[11]

Microsoft released Q#, a programming language for quantum algorithms in 2017.[1]

Azure Quantum was officially released for public preview in 2021.[1]

In 2023, Azure Quantum researchers found evidence consistent with the creation and control of Majorana quasiparticles for topological quantum computing.[12][4]

In 2024, Microsoft created 4 logical qubits from 30 physical qubits, demonstrating resilient quantum computing with reliable logical qubits while reducing the logical error rate by 800x compared to the physical error rate.[13]

Hardware

Microsoft is developing a topological quantum computer with qubits that are inherently resistant to error. The approach is based on Majorana quasiparticles, which act as their own antiparticle and have a charge and energy equal to zero, making qubits that are more resilient to disturbances.[3][4]

In 2023, Microsoft introduced three levels of implementation for quantum computing: Foundational (noisy physical qubits), Resilient (reliable logical qubits), and Scale (quantum supercomputers).[3][14]

In 2024, Microsoft developed a qubit virtualization system that used active syndrome extraction to complete over 14,000 error-free experiments on a trapped ion quantum computer. Improving upon the physical error rate by 800 times, the quantum error correction technique created 4 reliable logical qubits from 30 physical qubits.[13]

Later that year, Photonic and Microsoft performed a teleported CNOT gate between qubits physically separated by 40 meters, confirming remote quantum entanglement between T-centers - a first requirement for long-distance quantum communication.[15]

Software

In 2021, Azure Quantum developed Q# (pronounced Q Sharp), a quantum programming language, and an open-source quantum development kit for algorithm development and simulation.[1]

The Azure Quantum Resource Estimator estimates resources required to execute a given quantum algorithm on a fault-tolerant quantum computer.[16]

In 2023, Azure Quantum Elements added Copilot, a GPT-4 based large language model tool to query and visualize data, write code, and initiate simulations.[3]

The same year, Microsoft developed Quantum Intermediate Representation (QIR) from LLVM as a common interface between programming languages and target quantum processors.[17]

Benchmarking

In 2023, Microsoft introduced a benchmark for quantum computer performance called reliable Quantum Operations Per Second [rQOPS], which combines three metrics: logical error rates, clock speed and a number of reliable qubits.[14]

rQOPS is calculated as rQOPS=Q x f, at a corresponding logical error rate pL., where Q is the number of logical qubits and f is the logical clock speed.[14]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Leprince-Ringuet, Daphne (1 Feb 2021). "Microsoft's quantum cloud computing plans take another big step forward" (in en-US). https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsofts-quantum-cloud-computing-plans-take-another-big-step-forward/. 
  2. ↑ Gillis, Alexander. "What is Azure Quantum?". https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/Azure-Quantum. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Russell, John (22 Jun 2023). "Microsoft Debuts Azure Quantum Elements and Azure Quantum Copilot LLM" (in en-US). https://www.hpcwire.com/2023/06/22/microsoft-debuts-azure-quantum-elements-and-azure-quantum-copilot-llm/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Padavic-Callghan, Karmela (21 Jun 2023). "Microsoft says its weird new particle could improve quantum computers" (in en-US). https://www.newscientist.com/article/2378782-microsoft-says-its-weird-new-particle-could-improve-quantum-computers/. 
  5. ↑ Kitaev, Alexei (2001). "Unpaired Majorana fermions in quantum wires" (in en-US). Physics-Uspekhi 44 (10S): 131–136. doi:10.1070/1063-7869/44/10S/S29. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/1063-7869/44/10S/S29. Retrieved 2024-06-26. 
  6. ↑ "Microsoft hopes to build topological quantum computer" (in en-US). https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/microsoft-hopes-to-build-topological-quantum-computer/. 
  7. ↑ Freedman, Michael; Kitaev, Alexei; Larsen, Michael; Wang, Zhenghan (2002). "Topological Quantum Computation" (in en-US). American Mathematical Society 40: 31–38. https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2003-40-01/S0273-0979-02-00964-3/. Retrieved 2024-08-30. 
  8. ↑ Das Sarma, Sankar; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (2005). "Topologically Protected Qubits from a Possible Non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall State" (in en-US). Physical Review Letters 94 (16): 166802. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.166802. PMID 15904258. Bibcode: 2005PhRvL..94p6802D. https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.166802. Retrieved 2024-06-26. 
  9. ↑ Das Sarma, Sankar; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (2006). "Topological quantum computation" (in en-US). Physics Today 59 (7): 32–38. doi:10.1063/1.2337825. Bibcode: 2006PhT....59g..32S. https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article-abstract/59/7/32/1040851/Topological-quantum-computationThe-search-for-a?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Retrieved 2024-06-26. 
  10. ↑ Nayak, Chetan; Simon, Steven H.; Stern, Ady; Freedman, Michael; Das Sarma, Sankar (2008). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation" (in en-US). Reviews of Modern Physics 80 (3): 1083–1159. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083. Bibcode: 2008RvMP...80.1083N. https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083. Retrieved 2024-06-26. 
  11. ↑ Sarma, Sankar Das; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (2015). "Majorana zero modes and topological quantum computation" (in en-US). npj Quantum Information 1: 15001. doi:10.1038/npjqi.2015.1. Bibcode: 2015npjQI...115001S. https://www.nature.com/articles/npjqi20151. Retrieved 2024-06-26. 
  12. ↑ Aghaee, Morteza et al. (2023). "InAs-Al hybrid devices passing the topological gap protocol" (in en-US). Physical Review B 107 (24): 245423. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.107.245423. Bibcode: 2023PhRvB.107x5423A. https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.107.245423. Retrieved 2024-06-26. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 David, Emilia (8 Apr 2024). "Microsoft says it's cracked the code on an important quantum computing problem" (in en-US). https://www.theverge.com/2024/4/8/24120103/microsoft-says-its-cracked-the-code-on-an-important-quantum-computing-problem. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Finke, Doug; Shaw, David (21 Sep 2023). "A Deeper Dive Into Microsoft's Topological Quantum Computer Roadmap" (in en-US). https://quantumcomputingreport.com/a-deeper-dive-into-microsofts-topological-quantum-computer-roadmap/. 
  15. ↑ "Photonic Inc. Demonstrates Distributed Entanglement Between Two Modules Separated by 40 Meters of Fiber" (in en-US). 30 May 2024. https://quantumcomputingreport.com/photonic-inc-demonstrates-distributed-entanglement-between-two-modules-separated-by-40-meters-of-fiber/. 
  16. ↑ Swayne, Matt (29 Jun 2024). "The Azure Quantum Resource Estimator: An In-Depth Look at an Important Quantum Tool" (in en-US). https://thequantuminsider.com/2024/06/29/the-azure-quantum-resource-estimator-an-in-depth-look-at-an-important-quantum-tool/. 
  17. ↑ Krill, Paul (29 Sep 2020). "Microsoft taps LLVM for quantum computing" (in en-US). https://www.infoworld.com/article/2260508/microsoft-taps-llvm-for-quantum-computing.html. 


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