Medicine:Neocardiogenesis
In cardiology neocardiogenesis is the homeostatic regeneration, repair and renewal of sections of malfunctioning adult cardiovascular tissue. This includes a combination of cardiomyogenesis (the regeneration of cardiac muscle) and angiogenesis (the regeneration of blood vessels).[1]
Definition and scope
The term neocardiogenesis comes from cardiogenesis, which refers to the development of the heart in the embryo; neocardiogenesis, in turn, means the development of the heart in adults. The heart has mechanisms already in place that are responsible for small scale repair. However, these repair mechanisms are not sufficient for large scale repair, made necessary by events such as myocardial infarctions. Neocardiogenesis replaces dead cardiac muscle cells with living cells so that both the structure and function of the heart are maintained. This improves myocardial pumping of fluid around the body.[2]
Background
The human heart has been thought of as a postmitotic organ. Cardiomyocytes (muscle cells of the heart) were thought to be terminally differentiated cells that were irreplaceable and thus required to maintain cardiac function throughout life. However it is now known that the heart is able to regenerate new small vessels needed to repair an ischemic (lacking blood) myocardium. The belief that humans are born with a fixed number of cardiomyocytes, and that the growth of these cells was directly responsible for the growth of the heart, has also been disproven.[3] Reports of the heart's ability to repair itself have started to appear in peer reviewed journals[4] and a paper has been published that has shown the potential of bone marrow cells to regenerate myocardium (myogenesis).[5] Other studies into the regeneration of myocardium have reported evidence of angiogenesis,[6] although such studies have been found to contain discrepancies.[7]
It has been reported that improvement in heart contractility has occurred as a result of the induction of angiogenesis.[8] The results of these studies suggest that there is a possibility that, during neocardiogenesis, angiogenesis and myogenesis are interlinked and operate simultaneously in the process of cardiac regeneration. The possibility of such a linkage necessitates more research. There is also the need for a clearer definition of neocardiogenesis.[citation needed]
Mechanism
The activation of cardiac progenitor cells (a special type of stem cell with long telomeres located in the storage areas of the heart) and circulating stem cells induce cardiomyocytes to proliferate. These cells are activated by a mixture of transcriptional factors, genes, growth factors, receptors, the extracellular matrix and signalling pathways. The cells then move to affected areas where they can reverse some of the damage by generating a new population of cardiomyocytes.[9]
Features of progenitor cells and stem cells
Clinical importance
The heart has the potential to repair itself when damaged using progenitor and stem cells.[10] Clinical trials have shown that heart muscle has not previously been able to regenerate itself. New noninvasive drugs, which may make this possible in humans, are required to induce the cardiac myocytes to proliferate. Studies have been done in an attempt to find such a treatment.[11]
References
- ↑ Zimmet, H. and Krum, H. 2008. "Using Adult Stem Cells to Treat Heart Failure- Fact or Fiction?" Heart, Lung and Circulation 17S:S48-S54.
- ↑ Wollert, K.C. 2008. "Cell Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction." Current Opinion in Pharmacology 8:202-210.
- ↑ Quaini F, Cigola E, Lagrasta C, Saccani G, Quaini E, Rossi C, Olivetti G and Anversa P. End-stage cardiac failure in humans is coupled with the induction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and nuclear mitotic division in ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 1994;75:1050–1063.
- ↑ Beltrami AP, Urbanek K, Kajstura J, Yan SM, Finato N, Bussani R, Nadal-Ginard B, Silvestri F, Leri A, Beltrami CA and Anversa P. Evidence that human cardiac myocytes divide after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1750–1757.
- ↑ Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, Jakoniuk I, Anderson SM, Li BS, Pickel J, McKay R, Nadal-Ginard B, Bodine DM, Leri A and Anversa P. Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature, 2001; 5:410 (6829):701-5.
- ↑ Strauer BE, Brehm M, Zeus T, Kostering M, Hernandez A, Sorg RV, Kogler G and Wernet P. Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation 2002;106:1913-8.
- ↑ Francis, DP; Mielewczik, M; Zargaran, D; Cole, GD (Jun 26, 2013). "Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapy in heart disease: Discrepancies and contradictions.". International Journal of Cardiology 168 (4): 3381–403. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.04.152. PMID 23830344. http://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273%2813%2900801-2. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ↑ Kastrup, J. Jorgensen E, Ruck A, Tagil K, Glogar D, Ruzyllo W, Botker HE, Dudek D, Drvota V, Hesse B, Thuesen L, Blomberg P, Gyongyosi M and Sylven C. Direct intramyocardial plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 gene therapy in patients with stable severe angina pectoris: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study: the Euroinject One Trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005; 45, 982–988.
- ↑ Gonzalez A, Rota M, Nurzynska D, Misao Y, Tillmanns J, Ojaimi C, Padin-Iruegas ME, Muller P, Esposito G, Bearzi C, Vitale S, Dawn B, Sanganalmath SK, Baker M, Hintze TH, Bolli R, Urbanek K, Hosoda T, Anversa P, Kajstura J, Leri A. 2008. "Activation of cardiac progenitor cells reverses the failing heart senescent phenotype and prolongs lifespan." Journal of the American Heart Association. 102:597-606
- ↑ Gonzalez A, Rota M, Nurzynska D, Misao Y, Tillmanns J, Ojaimi C, Padin-Iruegas ME, Muller P, Esposito G, Bearzi C, Vitale S, Dawn B, Sanganalmath SK, Baker M, Hintze TH, Bolli R, Urbanek K, Hosoda T, Anversa P, Kajstura J, Leri A. 2008. "Activation of cardiac progenitor cells reverses the failing heart senescent phenotype and prolongs lifespan." Journal of the American Heart Association. 102:597-606
- ↑ Author unknown, 2008. Cardio Series Meta Report # MRCS-01: Neocardiogenesis Celebrating the Birth of Regenerative Cardiology Chapter 5 "The Change of Heart." Available from: http://www.metareports.net/chapter5.htm [Accessed 02/02/09]
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