Biology:Phyllary
In botanical terminology, a phyllary, also known an involucral bract or tegule, is a single bract of the involucre of a composite flower.[1][2][3] The involucre is the grouping of bracts together. Phyllaries are reduced leaf-like structures that form one or more whorls immediately below a flower head.[1]
Function
Phyllaries provide protection to developing flowers and fruits.[4] In the dandelion hybrid Taraxacum japonicum × officinale, recurved phyllaries help defend the flowers from herbivory by slugs.[5]
They sometimes assist in the dispersal of fruits.[4] The hooked phyllaries of burdock species (Arctium) cling to the fur and feathers of animals, dispersing the seeds away from the parent plant (exozoochory).[6][7]
Structure and arrangement
Phyllary morphology is useful in plant identification as between species of the Asteraceae family, they may vary in number, shape, width, length, hairiness, presence of glands, or texture.[3]
Balsamorhiza hookeri phyllaries are widely separated, hairy, stiff, and point away from the stem.
These Silphium pinnatifidum phyllaries are graduated, with those closer to the flower longer than the outer layers.
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Jepson Herbarium: Jepson Flora Project: Jepson eFlora: Glossary". http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/glossary.html.
- ↑ "NYGB Steele Herbarium Glossary". http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/glossary-list/?TerTerm=phyllary.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Reznicek, A.A.; Voss, E.G.; Walters, B.S.. "Asteraceae". Michigan Flora. https://michiganflora.net/family.aspx?id=ASTERACEAE.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Glossary of botanical terms for Compositae". http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/boliviacompositae/glossary.html.
- ↑ Wu, Fu-Yu; Yahara, Tetsukazu (1 May 2017). "Recurved Taraxacum phyllaries function as a floral defense: experimental evidence and its implication for Taraxacum evolutionary history" (in en). Ecological Research 32 (3): 313–329. doi:10.1007/s11284-017-1444-5. ISSN 1440-1703.
- ↑ Hawthorn, Wayne R.; Hayne, P. D. (1 January 1978). "Seed production and predispersal seed predation in the biennial composite species, Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. and A. lappa L." (in en). Oecologia 34 (3): 283–295. doi:10.1007/BF00344907. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 28309875. Bibcode: 1978Oecol..34..283H.
- ↑ Clark, Patterson. "Burdock: Sowing seeds with fur and bur" (in en). The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/metro/urban-jungle/pages/121120.html?noredirect=on.
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