Engineering:Ultrasonic pulse velocity test

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Ultrasonic pulse velocity is being used to obtain typical wave velocities for granite. Note transmitter on one side of the column and receiver on opposite.

An ultrasonic pulse velocity test is an in-situ, nondestructive test to check the quality of concrete and natural rocks. In this test, the strength and quality of concrete or rock is assessed by measuring the velocity of an ultrasonic pulse passing through a concrete structure or natural rock formation.

This test is conducted by passing a pulse of ultrasonic through concrete to be tested and measuring the time taken by pulse to get through the structure. Higher velocities indicate good quality and continuity of the material, while slower velocities may indicate concrete with many cracks or voids.

Ultrasonic testing equipment includes a pulse generation circuit, consisting of electronic circuit for generating pulses and a transducer for transforming electronic pulse into mechanical pulse having an oscillation frequency in range of 40 kHz to 50 kHz, and a pulse reception circuit that receives the signal.[1][2]

The transducer, clock, oscillation circuit, and power source are assembled for use. After calibration to a standard sample of material with known properties, the transducers are placed on opposite sides of the material. Pulse velocity is measured by a simple formula:

[math]\displaystyle{ Pulse \;Velocity = \frac{\;Width \;of structure}{Time \;taken \;by \;pulse \;to \;go \;through} }[/math].[3][4][5][6]

Applications

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity can be used to:

  • Evaluate the quality and homogeneity of concrete materials
  • Predict the strength of concrete
  • Evaluate dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete,
  • Estimate the depth of cracks in concrete.
  • Detect internal flaws, cracks, honeycombing, and poor patches.

The test can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of crack repair.[7] Ultrasonic testing is an indicative and other tests such as destructive testing must be conducted to find the structural and mechanical properties of the material.[8][9][10] [11]

Regulation and standards

A procedure for ultrasonic testing is outlined in ASTM C597 - 09.[7]

In India, till 2018 ultrasonic testing was conducted according to IS 13311-1992.From 2018, procedure and specification for Ultrasonic pulse velocity test is outlined in IS 516 Part 5:Non destructive testing of concrete Section 1:Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Testing. This test indicates the quality of workmanship and to find the cracks and defects in concrete.[12][13][14][15][16][17]

Factors affecting testing

The important factors that affect/influence the ultrasonic pulse velocity test are:

  1. Surface Conditions of Concrete
  2. Moisture Content of Concrete
  3. Path Length of Concrete Structure
  4. Shape and Size of Concrete Structure
  5. Temperature of Concrete
  6. Stress to Which the Structure is Subjected
  7. Reinforcing Bars
  8. Contact Between the Transducer and Concrete
  9. Cracks and Voids in Concrete
  10. Density and Modulus of Elasticity of Aggregate[18]

Usage

This test is recommended in some of testing done by the Indian government to certify and check construction of residential buildings.[19][20][21][22][23][24]

References

  1. ↑ "Ultrasonic Pulse Echo for Concrete Testing Using the Pundit PL-200PE Model by Proceq : Quote, RFQ, Price and Buy" (in en). https://www.azom.com/equipment-details.aspx?EquipID=2646. 
  2. ↑ Leeb, Rockwell & UCI. "Equotip portable hardness testers". https://www.proceq.com/compare/advanced-ultrasonic-pulse-velocity-and-pulse-echo-testing/. 
  3. ↑ "A Comparison Between Direct and Indirect Method of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity in Detecting Concrete Defects". https://www.ndt.net/article/v08n05/sutan/sutan.htm. 
  4. ↑ "Concrete testing by Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity". 13 November 2013. http://www.iamcivilengineer.com/2013/11/concrete-testing-by-ultrasonic-pulse.html. 
  5. ↑ "Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method". 14 September 2008. https://www.engineeringcivil.com/ultrasonic-pulse-velocity-method.html. 
  6. ↑ "What is Ultrasonic Testing of Concrete for Compressive Strength?". 28 February 2016. http://theconstructor.org/concrete/ultrasonic-pulse-velocity-upv-test/2847/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "ASTM C597 - 09 Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete". astm.org. http://www.astm.org/Standards/C597.htm. 
  8. ↑ Singh, Gurpreet; Siddique, Rafat (January 2012). "Effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of sand on the strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and permeability of concrete". Construction and Building Materials 26 (1): 416–422. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.041. 
  9. ↑ Komlos̆, K.; Popovics, S.; Nürnbergerová, T.; Babál, B.; Popovics, J.S. (January 1996). "Ultrasonic pulse velocity test of concrete properties as specified in various standards". Cement and Concrete Composites 18 (5): 357–364. doi:10.1016/0958-9465(96)00026-1. 
  10. ↑ Qasrawi, Hisham Y. (May 2000). "Concrete strength by combined nondestructive methods simply and reliably predicted". Cement and Concrete Research 30 (5): 739–746. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00226-X. 
  11. ↑ Vasconcelos, Graça; Lourenço, Paulo B.; Alves, C. A. Simões; Pamplona, J. (4 April 2019). "Prediction of the mechanical properties of granites by ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt hammer hardness". http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/9166. 
  12. ↑ ftp://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.13311.1.1992.pdf
  13. ↑ Illston, J. M.; Domone, Peter (11 September 2002). Construction Materials: Their Nature and Behaviour, Third Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9780203478981. https://books.google.com/books?id=wAK7rTQWq10C&q=%22Ultrasonic+pulse+velocity+test%22&pg=PA187. 
  14. ↑ Aguado, A.; Gettu, R.; Shah, S. (10 November 1994). Concrete Technology: New Trends, Industrial Applications: Proceedings of the International RILEM workshop. CRC Press. ISBN 9780419201502. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd5ZkLw4tFgC&q=%22Ultrasonic+pulse+velocity+test%22&pg=PA242. 
  15. ↑ Richardson, J. G. (2 September 2003). Supervision of Concrete Construction 2. CRC Press. ISBN 9780203210055. https://books.google.com/books?id=BcqWtqYeEgAC&q=%22Ultrasonic+pulse+velocity+test%22&pg=PA107. 
  16. ↑ Tse, Peter W.; Mathew, Joseph; Wong, King; Lam, Rocky; Ko, C. N. (9 December 2014). Engineering Asset Management - Systems, Professional Practices and Certification: Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Engineering Asset Management (WCEAM 2013) & the 3rd International Conference on Utility Management & Safety (ICUMAS). Springer. ISBN 9783319095073. https://books.google.com/books?id=GLHLBQAAQBAJ&q=%22Ultrasonic+pulse+velocity+test%22&pg=PA852. 
  17. ↑ Neville (4 April 1963). Properties Of Concrete, 4/E. Pearson Education. ISBN 9788177585872. https://books.google.com/books?id=-NaoPNkFk8oC&q=%22Ultrasonic+pulse+velocity+test%22&pg=PA631. 
  18. ↑ "Factors Affecting Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test". https://www.civilalliedgyan.com/2022/07/factors-affecting-ultrasonic-pulse-velocity.html. 
  19. ↑ "Technical Advisory Committee comes to rescue of residents who feared they might lose their homes to redevelopment". 22 January 2015. https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-technical-advisory-committee-comes-to-rescue-of-residents-who-feared-they-might-lose-their-homes-to-redevelopment-2054617. 
  20. ↑ Ahmedabad Mirror (Sep 9, 2014). "Shoddy job puts builders in the dock". https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/crime/Shoddy-job-puts-builders-in-the-dock/articleshow/42057288.cms. Retrieved Apr 6, 2019. 
  21. ↑ "Civic chief wants dilapidated bldgs in island city to be vacated within 7 days - Times of India". 29 April 2014. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Civic-chief-wants-dilapidated-bldgs-in-island-city-to-be-vacated-within-7-days/articleshow/34342177.cms. 
  22. ↑ "Civic body to get expert hand for demolition drive in Kolhapur - Times of India". 12 May 2014. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Civic-body-to-get-expert-hand-for-demolition-drive-in-Kolhapur/articleshow/34995671.cms. 
  23. ↑ "'Mandatory soil testing not done before start of work' - Times of India". 16 January 2014. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Mandatory-soil-testing-not-done-before-start-of-work/articleshow/28859825.cms. 
  24. ↑ "Ultrasonic". http://tbk.vcp.ir/page-Ultrasonic-26407.html. 



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